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25-616: The park has about 5,000 trees, including Japanese red spruce, yew, ginkgo , Sargent's cherry , black acacia, and Japanese elm. The largest feature of the park is Shobu Pond, located near the center of the park. The park contains the Sapporo Concert Hall , also known as "Kitara". Opened on 1997, it is the largest concert hall in Hokkaido, and houses a large main hall, small chamber music hall, and rehearsal rooms. A restaurant, nursery room, and museum shop are also located in

50-527: A City Park. Ginkgo Salisburia Sm. Ginkgo is a genus of non-flowering seed plants , assigned to the gymnosperms . The scientific name is also used as the English common name. The order to which the genus belongs, Ginkgoales , first appeared in the Permian , 270  million years ago , and Ginkgo is now the only living genus within the order. The rate of evolution within

75-464: A low, open, shrubby canopy . The large seeds of Ginkgo and its habit of " bolting "—growing to a height of approx. 10 metres (30 feet) before elongating its side branches—may be adaptations to such an environment. Diversity in the genus Ginkgo dropped through the Cretaceous (along with that of ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids) at the same time the flowering plants were on the rise, which supports

100-581: A species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the ginkgo's life-history parameters fit. These are: extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting distribution , coupled with, as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record, extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments). Modern-day G. biloba grows best in well-watered and drained environments, and

125-510: Is a sister to a clade composed of conifers and gnetophytes, and that Ginkgo and cycads form a clade within the gymnosperms . A 2013 study examined the reasons for the discrepant results and concluded that the best support was for the monophyly of Ginkgo and cycads. The genus name is a mis‐ transliteration of the Japanese pronunciation gin kyo for the kanji Japanese : 銀杏 , lit.   'silver apricot'. This name

150-534: Is adopted from Chinese, the name being found in Chinese herbology literature such as Daily Use Materia Medica ( 日用本草 ) (1329) and Compendium of Materia Medica ( 本草綱目 ) published in 1578. Despite its spelling, which is due to a complicated etymology including a transcription error, "ginkgo" is usually pronounced / ˈ ɡ ɪ ŋ k oʊ / , which has given rise to the common alternative spelling "gingko". The spelling pronunciation / ˈ ɡ ɪ ŋ k ɡ oʊ /

175-481: Is also documented in some dictionaries. Engelbert Kaempfer first introduced the spelling ginkgo in his book Amoenitatum Exoticarum , taking it from Japanese herbalist Tekisai Nakamura  [ ja ] in his manuscript, Kinmō Zu'i  [ ja ] , acquired in Dejima between 1689–91. It is considered that he may have misspelled ginkyo or ginkio as ginkgo . This misspelling

200-656: Is also popular for boating in summer, on the Shobu Pond, and cross-country skiing in winter. Prior to the construction of Nakajima Park, in 1874, a sluice gate was constructed on the Kamokamo River and a lumberyard was open. Lumber felled from the mountain were stored in the lumberyard before being floated down the Toyohira River . In 1887, the lumberyard and its surrounded area, were converted into an amusement park. In 1957, Nakajima Park officially became

225-534: Is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of Ginkgo can be reliably distinguished. Given the slow pace of evolution and morphological similarity between members of the genus, there may have been only one or two species existing in the Northern Hemisphere through the entirety of the Cenozoic : present-day G. biloba (including G. adiantoides ) and G. gardneri from

250-564: Is estimated to be extremely ancient, dating to the early Carboniferous . Fossils attributable to the genus Ginkgo with reproductive organs similar to the modern species first appeared in the Middle Jurassic , and the genus diversified and spread throughout Laurasia during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous . It declined in diversity as the Cretaceous progressed with the extinction of species such as Ginkgo huolinhensis , and by

275-598: The International Journal of Plant Sciences . The chosen specific name cranei was in honor of Sir Peter Crane who, with Steven Manchester and David Dilcher, first discovered the Almont Ginkgo fossils. G. cranei ovulate organs are noted for the presence of distinct epidermal cells that have thick, dome-like periclinal walls. Overall the ovulate organs range from 10–19 millimetres (0.39–0.75 in) by 12–17 millimetres (1.2–1.7 cm). Both

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300-658: The Palaeocene , only a few Ginkgo species, Ginkgo cranei and Ginkgo adiantoides , remained in the Northern Hemisphere , while a markedly different (and poorly documented) form persisted in the Southern Hemisphere . At the end of the Pliocene , Ginkgo fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of central China, where the modern species survived . It

325-410: The Permian , 270 million years ago. The closest living relatives of the clade are the cycads , which share with the extant G. biloba the characteristic of motile sperm. Motile sperm is believed to be a basal trait of green plants , as it is also found in most non- seed plants such as ferns and mosses, as well as green algae, which are believed to be the base of the green plant clade,

350-648: The geology collections maintained at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois . A total of only seven G. cranei ovulate organ fossils were known at the time of the species description. The specimens were studied by paleobotanist Zhiyan Zhou of Nanjing University , Cheng Quan of Jilin University and Yu-Sheng (Christopher) Liu of East Tennessee State University . Zhou and associates published their 2012 type description for G. cranei in

375-605: The Palaeocene of Scotland . At least morphologically, G. gardneri and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised. The remainder may have been ecotypes or subspecies . The implications would be that G. biloba had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and, though evolving genetically, never showed much speciation . While it may seem improbable that

400-459: The building. The Sapporo Astronomical Observatory, Nakajima Sports Center , Puppet Theatre, Children's Hall, Hokkaido Museum of Literature, a Japanese Garden, Hasso-an (tea house), and Hōheikan , (historical building and wedding venue), are among the attractions of the Park. The park also contains some sports grounds (tennis courts). These are open between April and November every year. The park

425-485: The extremely similar fossil Ginkgo favoured similar environments. The sediment records at the majority of fossil Ginkgo localities indicate it grew primarily in disturbed environments along streams and levees . Ginkgo therefore presents an " ecological paradox " because, while it possesses some favourable traits for living in disturbed environments ( clonal reproduction ), many of its other life-history traits (slow growth, large seed size, late reproductive maturity) are

450-467: The genus has been slow, and almost all its species had become extinct by the end of the Pliocene . The sole surviving species, Ginkgo biloba , is found in the wild only in China, but is cultivated around the world. The relationships between ginkgos and other groups of plants are not fully resolved. The ginkgo ( Ginkgo biloba ) is a living fossil , with fossils similar to the modern plant dating back to

475-403: The group in which the last common ancestor of land plants emerged. Motile sperm have been lost in all seed plants except for the ginkgo and the cycads, making it a shared conserved trait —a plesiomorphy —and implying these two groups themselves form a clade, sharing a common ancestor also with the trait, which diverged early from the rest of the seed plant lineage. The time of this divergence

500-885: The notion that flowering plants, with their better adaptations to disturbance, displaced Ginkgo and its associates over time. Trichopitys heteromorpha from the earliest Permian of France, is one of the earliest fossils ascribed to the Ginkgophyta. It had multiple-forked non-laminar leaves with cylindrical, thread-like ultimate divisions. Sphenobaiera (early Permian–Cretaceous) had wedge-shaped leaves divided into narrow dichotomously- veined lobes, lacking distinct petioles (leaf stalks). Baiera (Triassic–Jurassic) had similar multiple-lobed leaves but with petioles. As of February 2013 , molecular phylogenetic studies have produced at least six different placements of Ginkgo relative to cycads , conifers , gnetophytes and angiosperms . The two most common are that Ginkgo

525-447: The opposite of those exhibited by "younger", more-recently emerged plant species that thrive in disturbed settings. Given the slow rate of evolution of the genus, it is possible that Ginkgo represents a pre- angiosperm strategy for survival in disturbed streamside environments. Ginkgo evolved in an era before angiosperms (flowering plants), when ferns , cycads , and cycadeoids dominated disturbed streamside environments, forming

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550-565: The ovulate organs are fossil leaves that were formerly assigned to the taxon Ginkgo adiantoides . The type specimens for G. cranei include two ovulate organ fossils, a holotype and a paratype . The holotype is numbered number UWSP42706 which, along with four other specimens, is currently preserved in the paleobotanical collections of University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point in Stevens Point, Wisconsin . The paratype, number PP34187, along with one additional specimen, are part of

575-411: The shales are often three-dimensionally preserved with stem and seed structure intact. The age of the formation is based on the recovery of late Tiffanian mammals in the upper section of the formation along with the floral and palynological assemblages of the formation. Many of the G. cranei seeds are preserved as casts with hollow crystalline interiors and exterior cuticle present. Associated with

600-503: The state of North Dakota , US. It is the first Ginkgo species to be described from Paleogene period with reproductive structures. Ginkgo cranei is represented by a group of fossil specimens from the Upper Paleocene aged Sentinel Butte Formation exposed near the town of Almont, North Dakota . The specimens are preserved in a fine-grained yellow- to brown-colored shale with a notably high iron content. Fossils found in

625-412: Was included by Carl Linnaeus in his book Mantissa plantarum II and has become the name of the tree's genus. In Korea, the seed flesh is eaten with rice. Ginkgo cranei Ginkgo cranei is an extinct Ginkgo species in the family Ginkgoaceae described from a series of isolated fossil ovulate organs and leaves . The species is known from upper Paleocene sediments exposed in

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