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63-535: Nampula [nɐ̃ˈpulɐ] is the capital city of Nampula Province in Northern Mozambique . With a population of 743,125 (2017 census), it is the third-largest city in Mozambique after Maputo and Matola . The city is located in the interior of Nampula Province, approximately 200 kilometers from the coast and is surrounded by plains and rocky outcrops. The city is a major regional centre for

126-958: A BSc in Ophthalmic Technology, requiring 4 years of training; and a BSc in Optical Dispensary, completed in 4 years. The FOVS also offers MSc and PhD degrees in optometry. The FOVS is the only institute of its kind in Sudan and was the first institution of higher education in Optometry in the Middle East and Africa. In 2010, Alneelain University Eye Hospital was established as part of the FOVS to expand training capacity and to serve broader Sudanese community. The Ghana Optometric Association (GOA) regulates

189-978: A Professional Diploma. There are around 2000 optometrists registered in Hong Kong, 1000 of which are Part I. There is one Part I optometrist to about 8000 members of the public. The Polytechnic University runs the only optometry school. It produces around 35 Part I optometrists a year. In 2010, it was estimated that India needed 115,000 optometrists. In contrast, India has approximately 15,000 optometrists Bachelor of Optometry (4-year trained as per University Grant Commission Notification 5 July 2014 ) and 50,000 Diploma in Optometry (2-year trained diploma conferred By State Medical Faculty). In order to prevent blindness or visual impairment more well-trained optometrists are required in India. The definition of optometry differs considerably in different countries. India needs more optometry schools offering four-year degree courses with

252-913: A degree in optometry. As of 2022, optometry courses have been well received by citizens, with nearly 3,000 registered optometrists. More universities and higher education studies are about to implement the courses, such as the National Institute of Ophthalmic Sciences in Petaling Jaya , which is the academic arm of The Tun Hussein Onn National Eye Hospital . Other public universities that offer this course include University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), and International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). There are also private universities that offer this course such as Management and Science University (MSU) and SeGi University . After completing

315-469: A five/four-year Doctor/ Bachelors/ Bachelors with Honors course at many institutions notable among which are Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (DOVS) FAHS, ICBS, Lahore, Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology (PICO) Peshawar, Pakistan institute of Rehabilitation science Isra University campus Islamabad (PIRS), College of Ophthalmology & Allied Vision Sciences (COAVS) Lahore and Al-Shifa Institute of Ophthalmology Islamabad. After graduation,

378-500: A four-year college degree, a four-year medical degree, and at least four years of residency training after medical school. The term "optometry" comes from the Greek words ὄψις ( opsis ; "view") and μέτρον ( metron ; "something used to measure", "measure", "rule"). The word entered the language when the instrument for measuring vision was called an optometer , (before the terms phoropter or refractor were used). The root word opto

441-680: A new distribution center, to raise the height of the Nacala Dam from 17 metres (56 ft) to 19 metres (62 ft) and to expand a treatment plant to enable it to process 1041 cubic meters of water per hour. An evaluation report was published in 2020. UNICEF and USAID have subsequently funded and constructed water and sanitation facilities at Ramiane Health Centre and 8 other health centres in Nampula Province. Religion in Nampula Province According to

504-572: A syllabus similar to that in force in those countries where the practice of optometry is statutorily regulated and well established with an internationally accepted definition. In 2013, it was reported in the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology that poor spectacle compliance amongst school children in rural Pune resulted in significant vision loss. In 2015, it was reported that optometrists need to be more involved in providing core optometry services like binocular vision and low vision. 1. In

567-504: A wide range of economic and social areas. In colonial times there was a Nampula Town Hall with a very limited mandate which was dissolved in 1979. The Municipal Council of Nampula was created in 1998, alongside those of other major Mozambican cities. FRELIMO won the first local elections that year, and in the subsequent elections in 2003, 2008, and 2011. An opposition party, the Democratic Movement of Mozambique (MDM) , won

630-666: Is a hub for local transport in northern Mozambique. Nampula is the centre of business in Northern Mozambique, benefitting from highly productive agricultural areas, proximity to the Nacala Development Corridor, and a fast-growing city population. Nampula is home to the Mozambican National Ethnographic Museum, several markets , cathedrals , mosques , universities , training institutes and schools. The city

693-656: Is a major producer of cotton, and is known as the Cotton Belt of Nampula. Also produced in the province are cashew nuts , tobacco , gems and other minerals. Many of the cotton and tobacco farms in Nampula Province are state-owned. The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) was involved in a $ 507 million project with Mozambique to develop the water delivery system in Nampula Province over five years (2008-2013), to benefit an estimated 1.2 million people. The project aimed to lay down some 16 kilometers of transmission pipes, constructing or rehabilitating four pumping stations and

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756-510: Is a shortened form derived from the Greek word ophthalmos meaning, "eye." Like most healthcare professions, the education and certification of optometrists are regulated in most countries. Optometric professionals and optometry-related organizations interact with governmental agencies, other healthcare professionals, and the community to deliver eye and vision care. The World Council of Optometry , World Health Organization and about 75 optometry organizations from over 40 countries have adopted

819-666: Is a specialized health care profession that involves examining the eyes and related structures for defects or abnormalities. Optometrists are health care professionals who typically provide comprehensive eye care. In the United States of America and Canada , optometrists are those that hold a Doctor of Optometry degree. They are trained and licensed to practice medicine for eye related conditions, in addition to providing refractive (optical) eye care. Within their scope of practice, optometrists are considered physicians and bill medical insurance(s) (example: Medicare) accordingly. In

882-488: Is derived from Sanskrit vaidurya . Etymologically, brille is derived from beryl , Latin beryllus , from Greek beryllos , from Prakrit verulia , veluriya , from Sanskrit vaidurya , of Dravidian origin from the city of Velur (modern Belur ). Medieval Latin berillus was also applied to eyeglasses, hence German brille , from Middle High German berille , and French besicles (plural) spectacles , altered from old French bericle . Benito Daza de Valdes published

945-516: Is diverse, with the native eMakhuwa population being the largest group but with a visible Indian, European, Chinese, Lebanese, Somali, and Nigerian population. The name "Nampula" is said to be derived to the eMakhuwa word "Whampula", which according to local legend refers to a tribal leader of the area in the past. Nampula is a relatively new city. It was founded by the Portuguese colonial army in 1907 and elevated to city status in 1956. During

1008-490: Is divided into seven administrative zones, which are also subdivided into localities, as follows: Urbano Central, Anchilo, Muatala, Muhala, Namikopo, Napipine, and Natikiri. Nampula's dominant religions are Christianity and Islam . A small community of Hindus are also present in the city. Its Cathedral of Our Lady of Fatima is the archiepiscopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nampula . The city

1071-680: Is home to the Faculty of Health Science, Universidade Lurio. In 2009 a course in optometry was launched, the first of its kind in Mozambique . The course was supported through the Mozambique Eyecare Project. The other partners include the Dublin Institute of Technology , University of Ulster and Brien Holden Vision Institute . As of 2019, 61 Mozambican students have graduated with optometry degrees from Universidade Lurio (34 male and 27 female). The optometry course

1134-653: Is not yet 20 years since there was discovered the art of making eyeglasses". Spectacles were manufactured in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands by 1300. Needham stated spectacles were first made shortly after 1286. In 1907, Laufer stated in his history of spectacles 'the opinion that spectacles originated in India is of the greatest probability and that spectacles must have been known in India earlier than in Europe'. However, as already mentioned, Joseph Needham showed that

1197-723: Is not yet a regulated field in Pakistan as there is no professional licensing board or authority responsible for issuing practise licenses to qualified optometrists. This creates difficulty for Pakistani optometrists who wish to register abroad. The University of Lahore has recently launched Doctor of Optometry (OD). Imam Hussain Medical University also launched the Doctor of Optometry Program. The chairman of Imam Hussain Medical University, Sabir Hussain Babachan, vowed to regulate

1260-595: Is now fully embedded within Universidade Lurio's systems and continues to recruit new students every year. Importantly, optometry is now registered as a profession in Mozambique and is recognized through membership of the African Council of Optometry (AFCO). Of the graduates, 26 are now working in public hospitals. In addition, 10 have university teaching posts (five male and five female). Seven of

1323-521: Is part of the Mozambique Eyecare Project. University of Ulster , Dublin Institute of Technology and Brien Holden Vision Institute are supporting partners. As of 2019, 61 Mozambican students had graduated with optometry degrees from UniLúrio (34 male and 27 female). In Nigeria, optometry is regulated by the Optometrists and Dispensing Opticians Registration Board of Nigeria established under

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1386-623: Is still pending for unknown reason. In China, optometric education only began in 1988 at the Wenzhou Medical University . Since that time, the discipline and the profession have emerged as a five-year, medically based program within the medical education system of China. Students in the program receive the highest level of training in Optometry and are provided with the credentials needed to assume positions of leadership in China's medical education and health care systems. In 2000,

1449-738: Is the Faculty of Optometry and Visual Sciences (FOVS), originally established in 1954 as the Institute of Optometry in Khartoum; the Institute joined with the Ministry of Higher Education in 1986 as the High Institute of Optometry, and was ultimately annexed into Alneelain University in 1997 when it was renamed the FOVS. The FOVS offers several programs: a BSc in Optometry, which takes 5 years and includes sub-specialization in orthoptics , contact lenses, ocular photography, or ocular neurology;

1512-498: Is then used by eye doctors to assess staging of pathological processes and confirm clinical diagnoses. Subsequent OCT scans are used to assess the efficacy of managing diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma Optometry is officially recognized in many jurisdictions. Most have regulations concerning education and practice. Optometrists, like many other healthcare professionals, are required to participate in ongoing continuing education courses to stay current on

1575-605: The Mozambican War of Independence , Nampula was a strategic military centre for the colonial army in the fight against the FRELIMO liberation movement. After independence in 1975, the Portuguese abandoned Nampula and rural populations migrated to the city, squatting in unplanned areas on the city outskirts. This migratory movement dramatically increased during the Mozambican Civil War , affecting Nampula in

1638-685: The Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram (formerly Trivandrum) in Kerala. 3. The Elite School of Optometry (ESO) was established in 1985 in Chennai (The first school of optometry/college started by Prof.(Dr) S. Badrinath) and was the first to offer a four-year degree course Baccalaureate of Science in Optometry (B.S. Optometry). The degree was conferred only by the Shanker Netraliya (Elite School of Optometry and

1701-664: The United Kingdom , optometrists may also provide some medical care (e.g. prescribe some medications) for eye-related conditions in addition to providing refractive care. The Doctor of Optometry degree is rarer in the UK. Many optometrists participate in academic research for eye-related conditions and diseases. Optometrists receive training in refraction and monitoring of common uncomplicated eye conditions. They are not trained in any forms of surgery or laser procedures. Ophthalmologists are medical doctors and surgeons who typically hold

1764-670: The University Grants Commission (India) , a statutory body responsible for maintaining standards of higher education in India. Optometrists across India are encouraged to register under the National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions Act, 2021, which was enacted by the Parliament of India in 2021. The Delhi Optometrists Association (DOA) has endorsed all updates related to optometry education in India. It takes four years to complete

1827-532: The 1997 census, the province had 2,975,747 inhabitants and an area of 78,197 square kilometres, hence resulting in a population density of 38.05 inhabitants per km². Between 1997 and 2007, the population grew by 25.34%. At the time of the 2007 census, a population of 3,985,613 residents was recorded. With an area 79,010 square kilometres, the population density was about 50.44 people per km². 15°15′S 39°30′E  /  15.250°S 39.500°E  / -15.250; 39.500 Optometry Optometry

1890-573: The 2013 municipal elections, led by Mahamudo Amurane. Mayor Amurane was assassinated in October 2017, and investigations into his death proved to be inconclusive. Amurane's death led to a collapse of the MDM's support base in Nampula and another opposition party, RENAMO , won subsequent municipal elections led by Paulo Vahanle. Since the establishment of the city, Nampula has had numerous mayors: Nampula

1953-471: The Board may be registered to Part III, thereby restricted to practice only work related to refraction . Those who have a Higher Certificate in Optometry or have passed the Board's optometry examination may be registered to Part II, thereby restricted in their use of diagnostic agents, but may otherwise practice freely. Part I optometrists may practice without restrictions and generally hold a bachelor's degree or

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2016-650: The Degree in Optometry, optometrists who practice in Malaysia must register with the Malaysian Optical Council (MOC), which is an organization under the Ministry of Health. The Association of Malaysian Optometrists (AMO) is the only body that represents the Malaysian optometrist profession. All of the members are either local or overseas graduates in the field of optometry. Optometry is taught as

2079-734: The Diploma course to a 3-year B.Sc. (H) in Ophthalmic Technique in 1975. After that, the nomenclature to degree and course of duration changed from B.Sc. (H) to Bachelor of Optometry, four-year duration as per UGC Notification 2014 in the year new first batch of students passed out in the year 2019. 6. At present, there are more than fifty schools of optometry and colleges in India, and over 100 universities confer Bachelor of Optometry (B.Optom) and Master of Optometry (M.Optom) professional degrees. Additionally, Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Optometry are awarded by universities recognized by

2142-549: The Doctor of Optometry program. The University of Benin upgraded its program to the Doctor of Optometry degree in 1994. Subsequently, Doctor of Optometry programs were established at other public and private universities. The Doctor of Optometry degree is awarded after six years of training at one of the accredited universities located in Edo, Imo, Kano, Kwara, and Abia states. Optometry was first introduced in Bangladesh in 2010 at

2205-489: The Institute of Community Ophthalmology under the Faculty of Medicine, University of Chittagong . This institute offers a four-year Bachelor of Science in Optometry (B.Optom) course. As of 2017, there are 200 graduate optometrists in Bangladesh. The association that controls the quality of optometry practice across the country is the Optometrists Association of Bangladesh, which is also a country member of

2268-531: The Ministry of Health formally accepted Optometry as a subspecialty of medicine. The Optometrists Board of the Supplementary Medical Professions Council regulates the profession in Hong Kong. Optometrists are listed in separate parts of the register based on their training and ability. Registrants are subject to restrictions depending on the part they are listed in. Those who pass the examination on refraction conducted by

2331-501: The Netherlands. It is unknown when the first spectacles were made. The British scientist and historian Sir Joseph Needham , in his Science and Civilization in China , reported the earliest mention of spectacles was in Venetian guild regulations c.  1300 . He suggested that the occasional claim that spectacles were invented in China may have come from a paper by German-American anthropologist Berthold Laufer . Per Needham,

2394-612: The OD curriculum according to international standards. Optometry is regulated by the Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippines . To be eligible for licensing, each candidate must have satisfactorily completed a doctor of optometry course at an accredited institution and demonstrate good moral character with no previous record of professional misconduct. Professional organizations of optometry in

2457-646: The Optometrists and Dispensing Opticians (Registration etc.) Act of 1989 (Cap O9 Laws of Federation of Nigeria 2004). The Board publishes from time to time lists of approved qualifications and training institutions in the federal government gazette. Optometry education began at the University of Benin in 1970, initially as a four-year bachelor's degree program, making it the first optometry school in West Africa. In 1980, Abia State University introduced

2520-593: The World Council of Optometry (WCO). In 2018, Chittagong Medical University was established, and the BSc in Optometry course was transferred to this university. In Bangladesh, optometrists perform primary eye care like diagnosis and primary management of some ocular diseases, prescribe eye glasses, low vision rehabilitation, provide vision therapy, contact lens practice and all type of orthoptic evaluations and therapies. Registration from Government’s Health Ministry

2583-640: The beginning optometry education started in India during British rule in 1927, the first college was established in West Bengal with the name The Indian College of Optics and the certification was diploma in optometry. After the independence of India, the Directorate General Of Health Services (DGHS) Government of India in 1958, introduced the first (by the Central Government of india) optometry education in

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2646-548: The decade between 1982 and 1992. When the war ended the Mozambican Government expected the refugees to return to the countryside, but they remained in the city. After a few years of migratory slow‐down, the growth of the city resumed, as the rapid economic development of Mozambique materialized mostly in the urban areas. Nampula, in the post‐war period, developed into a major Mozambican growth centre, attracting an increasing number of public and private investments in

2709-560: The disability of astigmatism and it was George Biddell Airy who designed glasses to correct that problem that included sphero-cylindrical lens. Although the term optometer appeared in the 1759 book A Treatise on the Eye: The Manner and Phenomena of Vision by Scottish physician William Porterfield, it was not until the early twentieth century in the United States and Australia that "optometry" began to be used to describe

2772-579: The entire Northern region of Mozambique, as well as parts of Central Mozambique and border areas of Malawi and Tanzania . The city links the port city of Nacala with land-locked Southern African countries, particularly Malawi through a road and railway line. The city has a small international airport connecting to Nairobi in Kenya , Johannesburg in South Africa , Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania and

2835-473: The eye, and the rehabilitation of conditions of the visual system. Optometric history is tied to the development of The history of optometry can be traced back to the early studies on optics and image formation by the eye. The origins of optical science (optics, as taught in a basic physics class) date back a few thousand years as evidence of the existence of lenses for decoration has been found in Greece and

2898-453: The first full book on opticians in 1623, where he mentioned the use and fitting of eyeglasses. In 1692, William Molyneux wrote a book on optics and lenses where he stated his ideas on myopia and problems related to close-up vision. The scientists Claudius Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler also contributed to the creation of optometry. Kepler discovered how the retina in the eye creates vision . From 1773 until around 1829, Thomas Young discovered

2961-410: The first principal was Dr. E. Vaithilingam) instead of any University or State Government Authority etc. After that, the B.S. in Optometry (under off-campus mode) was affiliated with Bitis Pilani University, Rajasthan, and now the same course re-affiliated with the new University of State of Tamilnadu, India. 4. The School of Optometry at Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune , established in 1998,

3024-407: The following definition, to be used to describe optometry and optometrist. Optometry is a healthcare profession that is autonomous, educated, and regulated (licensed/registered), and optometrists are the primary healthcare practitioners of the eye and visual system who provide comprehensive eye and vision care, which includes refraction and dispensing, detection/diagnosis and management of disease in

3087-1211: The form of a Diploma in Optometry with the collaboration of UP State Medical Faculty, Government Of Utter Pradesh, under the 2nd 5-year plan. The government offered diplomas in optometry courses of two years duration conferred by State Medical Faculties, empowered under the Indian Medical Degree Act, 1916 (as per Government of India Notification Department of Education, Health and Lands No,1964 dated 16 December 1926, effective from 15 November 1929). The first two schools of optometry were established at Gandhi Eye Hospital, Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh, (the first School of Optometry started by Prof.(Dr) Mohan Lal) and at Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital , Hyderabad in Telangana. 2. Subsequently, four more schools were opened across India, situated at Sitapur Eye Hospital, Sitapur in Uttar Pradesh; Chennai (formerly Madras) in Tamil Nadu; Bengalooru (formerly Bangalore) in Karnataka; and

3150-440: The graduates have enrolled on postgraduate programmes (five male and seven female). There is a Portuguese international school, Escola Lusófona de Nampula, as well as four international English schools, with the oldest being Stella Maris International School. The city of Nampula lies in the centre of the province of Nampula and is surrounded by plains and rocky outcrops. The city lies amongst rolling hills and mountains, typical of

3213-537: The interior of northern Mozambique. Nampula has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification : Aw ). Abel Xavier , a Portuguese football player, Carlos Queiroz , a Portuguese football manager formerly in charge of Real Madrid , and football manager, Paulo Fonseca were also from Nampula, at that time a city of the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique . Nazira Abdula , pediatrician and Mozambican Minister of Health,

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3276-524: The latest standards of care. In 1993 there were five countries in Africa with optometric teaching institutes: Sudan , Ghana , Nigeria , South Africa and Tanzania . Ethiopia started in 2002 at UoG. There are currently two universities ( MMUST & Kaimosi Friends University) offering Bachelor of Science in Optometry and Vision Sciences in Kenya. Sudan's major institution for the training of optometrists

3339-544: The optometrists can join a four-tiered service delivery level (Centre of Excellence, Tertiary/Teaching, District headquarter and sub-district /Tehsil headquarters). M.Phil. in Optometry is also available at select institutions such as King Edward Medical University, Lahore. Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (DOVS) FAHS, ICBS, Lahore started bridging programmes for Bachelors/ Bachelors with Honors to become Doctor of Optometry OD, Post Professional Doctor of Optometry (PP-OD), Transitional Doctor of Optometry (t-OD). Optometry

3402-399: The original hamlet given to the exponents of the craft by royal decree. But the date of King Bhuvanekabahu is decades after the mention of spectacles in the Venetian guild regulations and after the 1306 sermon by Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa, where da Pisa said the invention of spectacles was both recent and that he had personally met the inventor The German word brille (eyeglasses)

3465-429: The paper by Laufer had many inconsistencies, and that the references in the document used by Laufer were not in the original copies but added during the Ming dynasty. Early Chinese sources mention the eyeglasses were imported. Research by David A. Goss in the United States shows they may have originated in the late 13th century in Italy as stated in a manuscript from 1305 where a monk from Pisa named Rivalto stated "It

3528-410: The practice of Optometry in Ghana . After the six-year training at any of the two universities offering the course, the O.D degree is awarded. The new optometrist must write a qualifying exam, after which the optometrist is admitted as a member of the GOA, leading to the award of the title MGOA. The first optometry course in Mozambique was started in 2009 at Universidade Lurio , Nampula . The course

3591-466: The profession. By the early twenty-first century, however, marking the distinction with dispensing opticians , it had become the internationally accepted term. A partial list of the common diseases optometrists diagnose/manage: Following are examples of examination methods performed during an eye examination that enables diagnosis Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical technological platform used to assess ocular structures. The information

3654-423: The province and Cabo Delgado Province. Napula Province borders Niassa Province to the northwest and west, Zambezia Province to the southwest, and the Indian Ocean to the east. The Ligonha River separates it from Zambezia Province; the Makua peoples inhabit the area to the north of the river. From the south, the Malema River flows from the Namuli hills into the Ligonha. The Meluli River flows down through

3717-419: The province in a southeasterly direction, flowing into the Indian Ocean to the south of Angoche Island . To the west of the city of Nampula, which lies in the heart of the province, are several hilly areas. Mountains in the province include Mount Inago (1804 m), Mount Ribaue , Mount Panda and Mount Nairucu . Nampula Province is divided into the 18 districts of: and the municipalities of: The region

3780-419: The references Laufer cited were not in the older and best versions of the document Laufer used, leaving his claims unsupported. In Sri Lanka, it is well-documented that during the reign of King Bhuvanekabahu the IV (AD 1346 – 1353) of the Gampola period the ancient tradition of optical lens making with a natural stone called Diyatarippu was given royal patronage. A few of the craftsmen still live and practice in

3843-441: Was born in Nampula. Rui Águas , Portuguese racing driver, was born in Nampula. 15°07′00″S 39°16′00″E  /  15.11667°S 39.26667°E  / -15.11667; 39.26667 Nampula Province Under Portuguese rule this province was named Moçambique but with independence, the name Mozambique was used for the entire country and the province renamed for its capital. The island, Ilha de Moçambique ,

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3906-427: Was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. Massive refugee movements due to 15 years of civil war have destroyed a unique coexistence of many cultures on this island. Nampula Province is located in northeastern Mozambique. It is bordered on the north by Cabo Delgado Province and the Lúrio River , which the Mozambican government has plans to build a 120-megawatt hydroelectric plant on to supply electricity to

3969-450: Was the first to offer a four-year degree course and confer a Bachelor of Clinical Optometry. The university also provided a pathway for diploma holders to upgrade their education to a Degree of Optometry through a lateral entry program. Also, the first 2 years of the Master of Optometry course were introduced in 2003. 5. AIIMS-Delhi introduced a two-year Diploma in Clinical Technology-Optometry (D.C.T. in Optometry) in 1973 and then upgraded

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