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68-602: The primary focus of NJTPD is providing police services to the numerous bus depots , rail and light rail stations throughout New Jersey. The New Jersey Transit Police Department is the only transit police agency in the United States with statewide authority and jurisdiction. The NJ Transit Police Department was created on January 1, 1983, and it evolved as a result of the passage of the Public Transportation Act of 1979 and subsequent legislation on

136-409: A "fax profile" subset of JBIG (ITU-T T.85). JBIG-compressed pages result in 20% to 50% faster transmission than MMR-compressed pages, and up to 30 times faster transmission if the page includes halftone images. JBIG performs adaptive compression , that is, both the encoder and decoder collect statistical information about the transmitted image from the pixels transmitted so far, in order to predict

204-515: A further development in fax technology, allowing users to send signatures over long distances, thus allowing the verification of identification or ownership over long distances. On May 19, 1924, scientists of the AT&;T Corporation "by a new process of transmitting pictures by electricity" sent 15 photographs by telephone from Cleveland to New York City, such photos being suitable for newspaper reproduction. Previously, photographs had been sent over

272-421: A greater number of lines to be coded by MR than in T.4. This is because T.6 makes the assumption that the transmission is over a circuit with a low number of line errors, such as digital ISDN . In this case, the number of lines for which the differences are encoded is not limited. In 1999, ITU-T recommendation T.30 added JBIG (ITU-T T.82) as another lossless bi-level compression algorithm, or more precisely

340-586: A number of heavy duty rescue type trucks. NJ Transit Bus Operations NJ Transit Bus Operations is the bus division of NJ Transit , providing bus service throughout New Jersey along with service along with the Newark Light Rail service. Many of the agency's bus routes travel over state lines to New York City or Philadelphia . In 2023, the bus system had a ridership of 131,253,500. Prior to 1948, most public transportation in New Jersey

408-471: A precaution, thermal fax paper is typically not accepted in archives or as documentary evidence in some courts of law unless photocopied. This is because the image-forming coating is eradicable and brittle, and it tends to detach from the medium after a long time in storage. A CNG tone is an 1100 Hz tone transmitted by a fax machine when it calls another fax machine. Fax tones can cause complications when implementing fax over IP . One popular alternative

476-591: A single character. (JBIG implements a similar technique called "typical prediction", if header flag TPBON is set to 1.) Group 3 fax machines transfer one or a few printed or handwritten pages per minute in black-and-white (bitonal) at a resolution of 204×98 (normal) or 204×196 (fine) dots per square inch. The transfer rate is 14.4 kbit/s or higher for modems and some fax machines, but fax machines support speeds beginning with 2400 bit/s and typically operate at 9600 bit/s. The transferred image formats are called ITU-T (formerly CCITT) fax group 3 or 4. Group 3 faxes have

544-546: A tenfold increase in requests for bomb detection . This caused a problem for New Jersey Transit , according to the agency's then police chief, Mary F. Rabadeau. At Penn Station in Newark, the transit authority had been dependent on the Essex County Sheriff's bomb squad to respond to every bomb threat or suspicious parcel. That disrupted the station, sometimes for hours, having an immense impact on transportation in

612-556: A widely noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908, used until the wider distribution of the radiofax. Its main competitors were the Bélinographe by Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s the Hellschreiber , invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell , a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission. The 1888 invention of the telautograph by Elisha Gray marked

680-495: Is a list of all facilities and the buses housed in them. The Northern Division consists of six garages. •Bought by NJT in 2022, to relieve congestion in Oradell • Service began for this garage on September 3, 2022 The Central Division consists of eight garages and one light rail operations facility. The Southern Division consists of five garages. These companies operate service under contract to New Jersey Transit. Service

748-550: Is a traditional dark blue uniform, LAPD Navy in color, similar to the uniforms of the NYPD , Newark Police Department , Boston Police Department , Baltimore City Police Department , and numerous other northeast police departments. Officers in Special Operations wear a B.D.U. uniform and tactical outer vest. Patrol Officers wear a traditional police uniform with leather duty gear. All sworn police officers are issued

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816-412: Is designed to work with VoIP services and often supported by analog telephone adapters used by legacy fax machines that need to connect through a VoIP service. Scanned documents are limited to the amount of time the user takes to load the document in a scanner and for the device to process a digital file. The resolution can vary from as little as 150 DPI to 9600 DPI or more. This type of faxing

884-413: Is not related to the e-mail–to–fax service that still uses fax modems at least one way. Computer modems are often designated by a particular fax class, which indicates how much processing is offloaded from the computer's CPU to the fax modem. Several different telephone-line modulation techniques are used by fax machines. They are negotiated during the fax- modem handshake , and the fax devices will use

952-430: Is preferable to use depends on factors such as hardware, software, modem firmware, and expected use. Fax machines from the 1970s to the 1990s often used direct thermal printers with rolls of thermal paper as their printing technology, but since the mid-1990s there has been a transition towards plain-paper faxes: thermal transfer printers , inkjet printers and laser printers . One of the advantages of inkjet printing

1020-424: Is provided using New Jersey Transit-branded buses. Fax Fax (short for facsimile ), sometimes called telecopying or telefax (short for telefacsimile ), is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier ), which processes

1088-457: Is still used by amateur radio operators. In 1964, Xerox Corporation introduced (and patented) what many consider to be the first commercialized version of the modern fax machine, under the name (LDX) or Long Distance Xerography. This model was superseded two years later with a unit that would set the standard for fax machines for years to come. Up until this point facsimile machines were very expensive and hard to operate. In 1966, Xerox released

1156-407: Is that inkjets can affordably print in color ; therefore, many of the inkjet-based fax machines claim to have color fax capability. There is a standard called ITU-T30e (formally ITU-T Recommendation T.30 Annex E ) for faxing in color; however, it is not widely supported, so many of the color fax machines can only fax in color to machines from the same manufacturer. Stroke speed in facsimile systems

1224-401: Is the rate at which a fixed line perpendicular to the direction of scanning is crossed in one direction by a scanning or recording spot . Stroke speed is usually expressed as a number of strokes per minute. When the fax system scans in both directions, the stroke speed is twice this number. In most conventional 20th century mechanical systems, the stroke speed is equivalent to drum speed. As

1292-468: Is to prevent errors propagating throughout the whole fax, as the standard does not provide for error correction. This is an optional facility, and some fax machines do not use MR in order to minimise the amount of computation required by the machine. The limited number of lines is 2 for "Standard"-resolution faxes, and 4 for "Fine"-resolution faxes. The ITU-T T.6 recommendation adds a further compression type of Modified Modified READ (MMR), which simply allows

1360-402: Is to subscribe to an Internet fax service, allowing users to send and receive faxes from their personal computers using an existing email account . No software, fax server or fax machine is needed. Faxes are received as attached TIFF or PDF files, or in proprietary formats that require the use of the service provider's software. Faxes can be sent or retrieved from anywhere at any time that

1428-665: The Axon Body 2 body-worn camera for use while in uniform on patrol. The standard issue firearm for New Jersey Transit Police is the SIG Sauer P320 chambered in 9mm . Transit Police also utilize the Heckler and Koch UMP 40 submachine gun, Remington 870 Police Magnum shotgun, and Colt M4 Police Carbine rifle. The SIG MCX VIRTUS in the SBR configuration has also been seen issued as of early 2020. Department snipers assigned to

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1496-504: The suffix .g3 and the MIME type image/g3fax . The most basic fax mode transfers in black and white only. The original page is scanned in a resolution of 1728 pixels /line and 1145 lines/page (for A4 ). The resulting raw data is compressed using a modified Huffman code optimized for written text, achieving average compression factors of around 20. Typically a page needs 10 s for transmission, instead of about three minutes for

1564-628: The 1970s, the New Jersey Department of Transportation began funding the routes of Public Service, now renamed Transport of New Jersey (TNJ), contracting with TNJ and other companies to operate local bus service throughout New Jersey. NJ Transit came into being as the result of the New Jersey Public Transportation Act of 1979 to "acquire, operate, and contract for transportation services in the public interest". NJ Transit Bus Operations came into being

1632-665: The Emergency Service Unit utilize the Remington 700 Sniper rifle. New Jersey Transit Police utilize several different models of vehicles in their fleet. Among the vehicles, referred to as an "RMP" (Radio Motor Patrol), are the Chevrolet Caprice , Ford Explorer , Ford Taurus , Chevrolet Tahoe , Ford Expedition , Ford F-150 and the Chevrolet Suburban . Transit Police officers also ride

1700-538: The Essex County, New Jersey Sheriff's Department to train the Transit Police on New Jersey Transit property—on trains and buses and in stations and other facilities where the teams would be working. The program was fairly inexpensive, using dogs that had washed out of seeing-eye training but were calm and obedient, which were fine for bomb detection. New Jersey Transit customized three road vehicles so that

1768-521: The Magnafax Telecopiers, a smaller, 46 lb (21 kg) facsimile machine. This unit was far easier to operate and could be connected to any standard telephone line. This machine was capable of transmitting a letter-sized document in about six minutes. The first sub-minute, digital fax machine was developed by Dacom , which built on digital data compression technology originally developed at Lockheed for satellite communication. By

1836-599: The NHS, was engaged in a process of removing its fax machines in early 2019. This involved quite a lot of e-fax solutions because of the need to communicate with pharmacies and nursing homes which may not have access to the NHS email system and may need something in their paper records. In 2018 two-thirds of Canadian doctors reported that they primarily used fax machines to communicate with other doctors. Faxes are still seen as safer and more secure and electronic systems are often unable to communicate with each other. Hospitals are

1904-829: The State..." The authorized strength of the Department includes 250+ sworn officers and 70+ non-sworn members (which include Fare Enforcement Officers) serving the more than 500,000 commuters who use the NJ Transit system daily. In addition to NJT's rail and bus network, the New Jersey Transit Police is responsible for policing NJT's Hudson-Bergen Light Rail , Newark Light Rail , and River Line systems. The New Jersey Transit Police Department has its headquarters located at One Penn Plaza East in Newark . However,

1972-403: The T.85 "fax profile": A proprietary compression scheme employed on Panasonic fax machines is Matsushita Whiteline Skip (MWS). It can be overlaid on the other compression schemes, but is operative only when two Panasonic machines are communicating with one another. This system detects the blank scanned areas between lines of text, and then compresses several blank scan lines into the data space of

2040-469: The Trenton and Princeton areas, was folded into NJ Transit Bus Operations. In 2010, Morris County operations were taken over under the subsidiary NJ Transit Morris, Inc. NJ Transit Bus Operations owns, leases, or subleases over 3,000 buses, and many more have been purchased for community shuttles. Routes are numbered by where they operate in the state of New Jersey, however, there are a few exceptions to

2108-432: The advantage of reducing costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound analog phone lines needed by an office. The once ubiquitous fax machine has also begun to disappear from the small office and home office environments. Remotely hosted fax-server services are widely available from VoIP and e-mail providers allowing users to send and receive faxes using their existing e-mail accounts without

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2176-400: The area, because the station is host to hundreds of daily Amtrak and New Jersey Transit trains, plus two rapid transit lines and intercity and local buses. The best resource the agency could provide with the most apparent and immediate impact was canine bomb-detection teams. After interviewing people at other agencies that had their own canine bomb-detection squads , New Jersey Transit chose

2244-470: The buses and railways to provide more direct policing. In addition, NJTPD has several mobile command centers and mobile processing vehicles at strategic locations. In 2011, the agency received a Pierce Rescue/Pumper truck, known as ESU 7 (197), which is capable of going off-road (Hi-Rail) and onto the rails where needed and is capable of extinguishing fires. It has a 1500 gpm pump, 350 gallon water tank, and 30 gallon foam tank. The Emergency Service Unit operates

2312-471: The contents (text or images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a bitmap , and then transmitting it through the telephone system in the form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy. Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a continuous or analog manner. Since the 1980s, most machines transmit an audio-encoded digital representation of

2380-687: The counter-terrorism capabilities of the New Jersey Transit Police. The governor allowed the purchase of a Police Mobile Command Vehicle, which is a 40-foot (12 m) transit bus converted into a mobile response unit for the New Jersey Transit Police Department. The vehicle contains outside phone lines, a fax machine , portable computers and printers, and an on-board radio system with several frequency bands to communicate with other law-enforcement agencies, as well as other regional transit agencies. The following measures were also enacted: The New Jersey Transit Police uniform

2448-597: The dashboard of Western Union 's "Telecar" telegram delivery vehicles. In the 1960s, the United States Army transmitted the first photograph via satellite facsimile to Puerto Rico from the Deal Test Site using the Courier satellite . Radio fax is still in limited use today for transmitting weather charts and information to ships at sea. The closely related technology of slow-scan television

2516-422: The department has seven different districts to provide coverage to New Jersey Transit's extensive system of railways and bus terminals. District 1: District 2: District 3: District 4: District 5: District 6: District 7: Each of the regional commands provide different police services for their geographical area they cover, the different divisions within the department can be categorized as

2584-598: The digital revolution has largely bypassed it. In June 2018 the Labour Party said that the NHS had at least 11,620 fax machines in operation and in December the Department of Health and Social Care said that no more fax machines could be bought from 2019 and that the existing ones must be replaced by secure email by March 31, 2020. Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust , generally viewed as digitally advanced in

2652-403: The fax machines to transfer the image. The two methods defined in T.4 are: An additional method is specified in T.6: Later, other compression techniques were added as options to ITU-T recommendation T.30, such as the more efficient JBIG (T.82, T.85) for bi-level content, and JPEG (T.81), T.43, MRC (T.44), and T.45 for grayscale, palette, and colour content. Fax machines can negotiate at

2720-483: The first photo picture reproduced by transoceanic radio facsimile. Commercial use of Ranger's product began two years later. Also in 1924, Herbert E. Ives of AT&T transmitted and reconstructed the first color facsimile, a natural-color photograph of silent film star Rudolph Valentino in period costume, using red, green and blue color separations. Beginning in the late 1930s, the Finch Facsimile system

2788-434: The first scanned line using MH. The next line is compared to the first, the differences determined, and then the differences are encoded and transmitted. This is effective, as most lines differ little from their predecessor. This is not continued to the end of the fax transmission, but only for a limited number of lines until the process is reset, and a new "first line" encoded with MH is produced. This limited number of lines

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2856-495: The following year, when it acquired Transport of New Jersey from PSE&G. Other purchases and buyouts in the 1980s expanded the bus division of NJ Transit, including the assumption of service for Somerset Bus Company in 1982 and the acquisition of the Atlantic City Transportation Company in 1987. In 1992 NJ Transit Mercer, Inc., which was the successor to the former "Mercer Metro" operation in

2924-472: The following, The NJTPD has the following rank structure, in descending order: One of the primary missions of the New Jersey Transit Police Department is the prevention of terrorism on all of New Jersey Transit's trains and buses. This is especially relevant since the 2004 terrorist attacks of the transit system in Madrid , Spain . After September 11, 2001, the Essex County, New Jersey Sheriff's Office had

2992-634: The general rule due to subsequent changes to some routes operating in Central and North Jersey. Fare and route can also be further elucidated on some of the individual route schedules or the trip planner. In most cases, routes retain the same numbers they had under the Public Service/Transport of New Jersey umbrella. NJ Transit Bus Operations is divided into the Northern, Central, and Southern Divisions, and contract operations. Below

3060-508: The highest data rate that both fax devices support, usually a minimum of 14.4 kbit/s for Group 3 fax. "Super Group 3" faxes use V.34bis modulation that allows a data rate of up to 33.6 kbit/s. As well as specifying the resolution (and allowable physical size) of the image being faxed, the ITU-T ;T.4 recommendation specifies two compression methods for decreasing the amount of data that needs to be transmitted between

3128-497: The invention of the telephone . In 1880, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the scanning phototelegraph that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. An account of Henry Sutton's "telephane" was published in 1896. Around 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the Bildtelegraph , widespread in continental Europe especially following

3196-446: The late 1970s, many companies around the world (especially Japanese firms) had entered the fax market. Very shortly after this, a new wave of more compact, faster and efficient fax machines would hit the market. Xerox continued to refine the fax machine for years after their ground-breaking first machine. In later years it would be combined with copier equipment to create the hybrid machines we have today that copy, scan and fax. Some of

3264-491: The leading users for fax machines in the United States where some doctors prefer fax machines over emails, often due to concerns about accidentally violating HIPAA . There are several indicators of fax capabilities: group, class, data transmission rate, and conformance with ITU-T (formerly CCITT ) recommendations. Since the 1968 Carterfone decision , most fax machines have been designed to connect to standard PSTN lines and telephone numbers. Group 1 and 2 faxes are sent in

3332-525: The lesser known capabilities of the Xerox fax technologies included their Ethernet enabled Fax Services on their 8000 workstations in the early 1980s. Prior to the introduction of the ubiquitous fax machine, one of the first being the Exxon Qwip in the mid-1970s, facsimile machines worked by optical scanning of a document or drawing spinning on a drum. The reflected light, varying in intensity according to

3400-417: The light and dark areas of the document, was focused on a photocell so that the current in a circuit varied with the amount of light. This current was used to control a tone generator (a modulator ), the current determining the frequency of the tone produced. This audio tone was then transmitted using an acoustic coupler (a speaker, in this case) attached to the microphone of a common telephone handset . At

3468-452: The more probable pixel is then encountered. The ITU-T T.85 "fax profile" constrains some optional features of the full JBIG standard, such that codecs do not have to keep data about more than the last three pixel rows of an image in memory at any time. This allows the streaming of "endless" images, where the height of the image may not be known until the last row is transmitted. ITU-T T.30 allows fax machines to negotiate one of two options of

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3536-512: The need for any hardware or dedicated fax lines. Personal computers have also long been able to handle incoming and outgoing faxes using analog modems or ISDN , eliminating the need for a stand-alone fax machine. These solutions are often ideally suited for users who only very occasionally need to use fax services. In July 2017 the United Kingdom's National Health Service was said to be the world's largest purchaser of fax machines because

3604-557: The page, using data compression to transmit areas that are all-white or all-black, more quickly. Initially a niche product, fax machines became ubiquitous in offices in the 1980s and 1990s. They have largely been rendered obsolete by Internet -based technologies such as email and the World Wide Web , but are still used in some medical administration and law enforcement settings. Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical-mechanical fax-type devices and in 1846 Bain

3672-419: The probability for each next pixel being either black or white. For each new pixel, JBIG looks at ten nearby, previously transmitted pixels. It counts, how often in the past the next pixel has been black or white in the same neighborhood, and estimates from that the probability distribution of the next pixel. This is fed into an arithmetic coder , which adds only a small fraction of a bit to the output sequence if

3740-618: The radio using this process. The Western Union "Deskfax" fax machine, announced in 1948, was a compact machine that fit comfortably on a desktop, using special spark printer paper. As a designer for the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), in 1924, Richard H. Ranger invented the wireless photoradiogram, or transoceanic radio facsimile , the forerunner of today's "fax" machines. A photograph of President Calvin Coolidge sent from New York to London on November 29, 1924, became

3808-566: The receiving end, a handset's speaker was attached to an acoustic coupler (a microphone), and a demodulator converted the varying tone into a variable current that controlled the mechanical movement of a pen or pencil to reproduce the image on a blank sheet of paper on an identical drum rotating at the same rate. In 1985, Hank Magnuski , founder of GammaLink , produced the first computer fax board, called GammaFax . Such boards could provide voice telephony via Analog Expansion Bus . Although businesses usually maintain some kind of fax capability,

3876-477: The same manner as a frame of analog television , with each scanned line transmitted as a continuous analog signal. Horizontal resolution depended upon the quality of the scanner, transmission line, and the printer. Analog fax machines are obsolete and no longer manufactured. ITU-T Recommendations T.2 and T.3 were withdrawn as obsolete in July 1996. A major breakthrough in the development of the modern facsimile system

3944-557: The same uncompressed raw data of 1728×1145 bits at a speed of 9600 bit/s. The compression method uses a Huffman codebook for run lengths of black and white runs in a single scanned line, and it can also use the fact that two adjacent scanlines are usually quite similar, saving bandwidth by encoding only the differences. Fax classes denote the way fax programs interact with fax hardware. Available classes include Class 1, Class 2, Class 2.0 and 2.1, and Intel CAS. Many modems support at least class 1 and often either Class 2 or Class 2.0. Which

4012-815: The slightly re-sized content of the sent fax in the electronic confirmation-slip, in A4 paper size. Use of fax machines for reporting cases during the COVID-19 pandemic has been criticised in Japan for introducing data errors and delays in reporting, slowing response efforts to contain the spread of infections and hindering the transition to remote work . In many corporate environments, freestanding fax machines have been replaced by fax servers and other computerized systems capable of receiving and storing incoming faxes electronically, and then routing them to users on paper or via an email (which may be secured). Such systems have

4080-522: The start of the T.30 session to use the best technique implemented on both sides. Modified Huffman (MH), specified in T.4 as the one-dimensional coding scheme, is a codebook-based run-length encoding scheme optimised to efficiently compress whitespace. As most faxes consist mostly of white space, this minimises the transmission time of most faxes. Each line scanned is compressed independently of its predecessor and successor. Modified READ, specified as an optional two-dimensional coding scheme in T.4, encodes

4148-484: The state and federal levels. At that time, the original complement included thirty-nine Commissioned Rail Police Officers. On January 12, 1990, NJS 27:25-15.1 was enacted into law, and it established the New Jersey Transit Police Department as a sworn law enforcement agency with the "general authority, without limitation, to exercise police powers and duties, as provided for police officers and law enforcement officers, in all criminal and traffic matters at all times throughout

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4216-514: The teams could operate statewide, presenting themselves without notice. By patrolling Penn Station, the teams have "hardened it as a target and are welcomed by passengers, said Rabadeau". Because a large percentage of bomb alerts turn out to be false, the fast response minimizes disruption to the flow of trains and passengers. The teams also give demonstrations at schools and terminals and provide assistance to other agencies. During his tenure, former Governor James McGreevy helped dramatically expand

4284-575: The technology has faced increasing competition from Internet -based alternatives. In some countries, because electronic signatures on contracts are not yet recognized by law , while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business. In Japan , faxes are still used extensively as of September 2020 for cultural and graphemic reasons. They are available for sending to both domestic and international recipients from over 81% of all convenience stores nationwide. Convenience-store fax machines commonly print

4352-493: Was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received British patent 9745 on May 27, 1843, for his "Electric Printing Telegraph". Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. The Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli . He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyon in 1865, some 11 years before

4420-956: Was provided by the Public Service Corporation of New Jersey , a utility company that also operated the Public Service Railway division. In 1948, the Public Service Corporation was divided into two entities: the Public Service Electric and Gas Company , which inherited the utility operations, and the Public Service Coordinated Transportation Company (PSCT), which inherited the transit operations. PSCT provided service throughout New Jersey, originally using trolleys and then transitioning to trolley buses , and buses. During

4488-802: Was the result of digital technology, where the analog signal from scanners was digitized and then compressed, resulting in the ability to transmit high rates of data across standard phone lines. The first digital fax machine was the Dacom Rapidfax first sold in late 1960s, which incorporated digital data compression technology developed by Lockheed for transmission of images from satellites. Group 3 and 4 faxes are digital formats and take advantage of digital compression methods to greatly reduce transmission times. Fax Over IP ( FoIP ) can transmit and receive pre-digitized documents at near-realtime speeds using ITU-T recommendation T.38 to send digitised images over an IP network using JPEG compression. T.38

4556-469: Was too small. After more than ten years of repeated attempts by Finch and others to establish such a service as a viable business, the public, apparently quite content with its cheaper and much more substantial home-delivered daily newspapers, and with conventional spoken radio bulletins to provide any "hot" news, still showed only a passing curiosity about the new medium. By the late 1940s, radiofax receivers were sufficiently miniaturized to be fitted beneath

4624-401: Was used to transmit a "radio newspaper" to private homes via commercial AM radio stations and ordinary radio receivers equipped with Finch's printer, which used thermal paper. Sensing a new and potentially golden opportunity, competitors soon entered the field, but the printer and special paper were expensive luxuries, AM radio transmission was very slow and vulnerable to static, and the newspaper

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