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79-700: East New York is a residential neighborhood in the eastern section of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City, United States. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise, are roughly the Cemetery Belt and the Queens borough line to the north; the Queens borough line to the east; Jamaica Bay to the south, and the Bay Ridge Branch railroad tracks and Van Sinderen Avenue to

158-416: A jarrah tramway lay upon 2.3-metre-long (7.5 ft) sleepers , bounded by two 70-centimetre-wide (28 in) strips of jarrah planks for cart and carriage wheels. The 90-centimetre (35 in) gap was filled with limestone rubble to be used by horses. This reduced the cost of road building by up to 85% after its widespread introduction in 1908. However, increased traffic and suburban development rendered

237-410: A residents' committee ; these are subdivided into residents' small groups of fifteen to forty families. In most urban areas of China, neighbourhood , community , residential community , residential unit , residential quarter have the same meaning: 社区 or 小区 or 居民区 or 居住区 , and is the direct sublevel of a subdistrict ( 街道办事处 ), which is the direct sublevel of a district ( 区 ), which

316-590: A $ 10,000 interest-free loan per house. Buyers pay $ 43,500 (their median income was $ 27,000; 40 percent moved from public or subsidized housing)." New developments are rising in the area, including the Gateway Center shopping mall located on what was once part of a landfill near Jamaica Bay . Gateway Center, in Spring Creek , is a suburban-style shopping complex with multiple large stores. Gateway Center consists of two structures. Gateway Center South,

395-470: A college education or higher, 23% have less than a high school education and 56% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of East New York students excelling in reading and math has been increasing, with reading achievement rising from 26 percent in 2000 to 32 percent in 2011, and math achievement rising from 19 percent to 43 percent within

474-551: A community center. The area contains a shopping center as well. A number of parcels of undeveloped land totaling 13 acres (5.3 ha) were separated out from the residential site as part of the refinancing. The development was designed by Herman Jessor , organized in the towers in the park layout. The buildings utilize a simple " foursquare " design. The residential portion of the property has eight "sections" each including several buildings, its own field, recreational area ( jungle gym , park, handball court, basketball court) and

553-422: A contracted social services provider called CAMBA, Inc. on their sites and as well as with Douglaston Development ; L+M Development Partners ; Dantes Partners ; SMJ Development Corp ; Clinton Management ; and C&C Apartment Management LLC to manage Linden Houses and Pennsylvania Avenue-Wortman Avenue Houses with a contracted social services provider called University Settlement on their sites. With

632-548: A five-story parking garage for residents in that section. These sections are Ardsley, Bethel, Croton, Delmar, Elmira, Freeport, Geneva, and Hornell; each named after municipalities in New York State . The community had its own newspaper, known as the Spring Creek Sun . The Hole is an isolated section that is also a part of Queens. A run-down neighborhood considered "lost", it has the lowest elevation within

711-800: A high level of regulation of social life by officials. For example, in the Tang period Chinese capital city Chang'an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation. Ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. Economic specialists, including craft producers, merchants, and others, could be concentrated in neighbourhoods, and in societies with religious pluralism neighbourhoods were often specialised by religion. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities

790-473: A relatively low population of residents who are uninsured , or who receive healthcare through Medicaid . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 7%, which is lower than the citywide rate of 12%. The concentration of fine particulate matter , the deadliest type of air pollutant , in East New York is 0.0077 milligrams per cubic metre (7.7 × 10 oz/cu ft), lower than

869-461: A result of increasing crime rates and racial tensions between White and non-White residents and there have been some reported cases during the 1960s of Italian youths and Black/Puerto Rican Youths getting into racially physical fights. Thabit also describes how the construction of public housing projects in East New York further contributed to its decline, noting that many of the developments were built by corrupt managers and contractors. He argues that

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948-544: A significant role in the downturn of the area. Puerto Ricans were moving to New York City in the late 1950s, at a time when unemployment rates in Puerto Rico soared to 25 percent, and left Puerto Rico on the brink of poverty. By 1966, Blacks and Puerto Ricans were the majority of the neighborhood with around 48,000 Black residents, 30,000 Puerto Rican residents, and 22,000 remaining White residents mostly Italian and Jewish residents, though eventually pretty much almost all of

1027-420: A small area within a town or city. The label is commonly used to refer to organisations which relate to such a very local structure, such as neighbourhood policing or Neighbourhood watch schemes. In addition, government statistics for local areas are often referred to as neighbourhood statistics, although the data themselves are broken down usually into districts and wards for local purposes. In many parts of

1106-496: A specific geographic area and functionally as a set of social networks. Neighbourhoods, then, are the spatial units in which face-to-face social interactions occur—the personal settings and situations where residents seek to realise common values, socialise youth, and maintain effective social control." In the words of the urban scholar Lewis Mumford , "Neighborhoods, in some annoying, inchoate fashion exist wherever human beings congregate, in permanent family dwellings; and many of

1185-490: A unit of analysis. In mainland China , the term is generally used for the urban administrative division found immediately below the district level, although an intermediate, subdistrict level exists in some cities. They are also called streets (administrative terminology may vary from city to city). Neighbourhoods encompass 2,000 to 10,000 families. Within neighbourhoods, families are grouped into smaller residential units or quarters of 100 to 600 families and supervised by

1264-496: A wealthy Connecticut merchant who visualized it as a great city rivaling New York. The Panic of 1837 smashed his hopes. After 1853, a modest development began. By the 1930s, the residents were chiefly Italians , Jews , Germans , and Russians who moved in from Brownsville , Bushwick , and other near-by crowded localities. Many of the Slavic families continue to burn candles before icons, and observe religious fetes according to

1343-416: Is 52% in East New York, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, East New York is considered to be low-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying . During the 1960s, East New York transitioned from being predominately Jewish and Italian to being predominately African American and Puerto Rican. However, now East New York

1422-426: Is a geographically localized community within a larger city , town , suburb or rural area , sometimes consisting of a single street and the buildings lining it. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members. Researchers have not agreed on an exact definition, but the following may serve as a starting point: "Neighbourhood is generally defined spatially as

1501-661: Is bordered by Highland Park Boulevard and Jamaica Avenue on the north, Eldert Lane on the east, Atlantic Avenue and Conduit Boulevard on the south, and Pennsylvania Ave on the west. The Cypress Hills and Arlington branches of the Brooklyn Public Library serve this community. This neighborhood is demographically mixed with Dominican-Americans , Stateside Puerto Ricans , South Asian-Americans , Caribbean Americans , Caucasians and African Americans . The Hispanic or Latino population were 60.9%. Area schools include: Starrett City (also known as Spring Creek Towers)

1580-589: Is bounded by Atlantic Avenue , Sheffield Avenue, Sutter Avenue and Powell Street. Public housing developments of various type and a smaller number of tenements populate the area. There are eleven New York City Housing Authority developments located in East New York. Starting in 2016, New York City Housing Authority began to convert some of their developments into the RAD PACT Section 8 Management with public–private partnership leases with private real estate developers and companies to help manage

1659-553: Is covered by ZIP Codes 11207 and 11208, though Starrett City is covered by its own zip code, 11239. The United States Post Office operates the East New York Station at 2645 Atlantic Avenue and the Spring Creek Station at 1310 Pennsylvania Avenue. East New York generally has a lower ratio of college-educated residents than the rest of the city as of 2018. While 21% of residents age 25 and older have

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1738-699: Is more diversified, with large African American , Puerto Rican , Dominican , West Indian , and South Asian populations. According to the 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning , Black residents make up the majority of East New York, but there are also significant populations of Hispanic residents. In East New York North, there are between 20,000 and 29,999 Black residents and between 10,000 and 19,999 Hispanic residents. City Line has about an equal population of Black and Hispanic residents (10,000 to 19,999) and 5,000 to 9,999 Asian residents. East New York New Lots has 30,000 to 39,999 Black residents and 10,000 to 19,999 Hispanic residents. Cypress Hills

1817-769: Is on display at the permanent exhibition of the Archaeological Museum Hamburg in Harburg, Hamburg . This type of plank road is known to have been used as early as 4,000 BC with, for example, the Post Track found in the Somerset levels near Glastonbury , England. This type of road was also constructed in Roman times. From the mid-1840s and to mid 1850s, the United States experienced

1896-668: Is part of Brooklyn Community District 5 , and its primary ZIP Codes are 11207, 11208, and 11239. It is patrolled by the 75th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) property in the area is patrolled by P.S.A. 2. Coverage by the Fire Department of New York is provided by Battalions 39 & 44. Politically it is represented by the New York City Council 's 37th and 42nd Districts. At

1975-597: Is the direct sublevel of a city ( 市 ). (See Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China ) The term has no general official or statistical purpose in the United Kingdom, but is often used by local boroughs for self-chosen sub-divisions of their area for the delivery of various services and functions, as for example in Kingston-upon-Thames or is used as an informal term to refer to

2054-648: Is the largest subsidized rental apartment complex in the United States. Its boundaries, starting from the north and moving clockwise are: Flatlands Avenue to the north, Hendrix Street to the east, Jamaica Bay to the south and the Fresh Creek Basin. Opened in 1974, the Starrett City site spanned over 153 acres (0.62 km) before being subdivided in 2009 as part of a refinancing. The housing development contains 5,881 apartment units in 46 buildings. The residential site also includes eight parking garages and

2133-523: Is the name given to each of two historic plank roads or boardwalks , trackway No. I being discovered in 1898 and trackway No. II in 1904 in the Wittmoor bog in northern Hamburg , Germany. The trackways date to the 4th and 7th century AD, both linked the eastern and western shores of the formerly inaccessible, swampy bog. A part of the older trackway No. II dating to the period of the Roman Empire

2212-403: Is the only section of East New York that has a majority Hispanic community, with 20,000 to 29,999 Hispanic residents and 5,000 to 9,999 Black residents. In all parts of East New York except for City Line, there were less than 5,000 white and Asian residents. East New York covers a relatively large area, abutting the Queens border to the north and east. North of East New York is Highland Park ,

2291-547: The Brooklyn Public Library . After months of effort, the burial ground was finally confirmed and formally recognized. City Line is a sub-section of East New York bordering the neighborhoods of Cypress Hills to the north and southwest and Ozone Park ( Queens ) to the east. The neighborhood is named "City Line" for its location in the former City of Brooklyn near the border with Queens County before Brooklyn and parts of Queens County were consolidated into New York City in 1898 . Many Italians, Germans and Irish originally lived in

2370-487: The Cemetery Belt , and the neighborhoods of Ridgewood and Glendale in Queens. The neighborhoods of Bushwick and Bedford–Stuyvesant are northwest of East New York, while Brownsville is to the west and Canarsie is to the southwest. Jamaica Bay and the Shirley Chisholm State Park are located on the southern shore, while Woodhaven , Ozone Park , and Howard Beach in Queens are located to

2449-523: The Long Island Rail Road , or LIRR) opened through the area; it did not originally stop in East New York, but a stop there was added by 1844. The LIRR moved its terminus to Queens in 1860, and the line through Brooklyn was shortened to end at East New York. In 1852, New Lots was officially ceded from the Town of Flatbush. In the middle 19th century, the road between Brooklyn and Jamaica became

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2528-712: The Plank Road Boom and a subsequent bust. The first plank road in the US was built in North Syracuse, New York , to transport salt and other goods; it appears to have copied earlier roads in Canada, which had copied Russian ones. The plank road boom, like many other early technologies, promised to transform the way people lived and worked and led to permissive changes in legislation seeking to spur development, speculative investment by private individuals, etc. Ultimately,

2607-486: The city government largely ignored the community when it could have helped turn it around. Writing in the New York Press , Michael Manville accused Thabit of poor research, sweeping generalizations, and a failure to distinguish the actions of allegedly racist individuals from the effects of what he describes as "a racist capitalist system", and contends that much of the urban renewal and public housing efforts of

2686-404: The crack and heroin epidemics, violent crime continues to be widespread in the community. East New York's 75th Police Precinct reported the highest murder rate in the city in 2011, according to crime reports compiled by DNAinfo.com. East New York has significantly higher dropout rates and incidences of violence in its schools. Students must pass through metal detectors and swipe ID cards to enter

2765-674: The ferry road or Palmer Turnpike from Brooklyn to Jamaica, passed through the chain of hills; hence the area was called " Jamaica Pass ". During the American Revolutionary War , invading British and Hessian (German) soldiers ended an all-night forced march at this pass in August 1776 to surprise and flank General George Washington and the Continental Army , to win the Battle of Long Island (also known as

2844-565: The 1900s, Clarence Perry described the idea of a neighbourhood unit as a self-contained residential area within a city. The concept is still influential in New Urbanism . Practitioners seek to revive traditional sociability in planned suburban housing based on a set of principles. At the same time, the neighbourhood is a site of interventions to create Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (AFCC) as many older adults tend to have narrower life space. Urban design studies thus use neighbourhood as

2923-822: The 75th Precinct, a rate of 11.9 per 100,000 population, vs. a rate of 4.4 homicides per 100,000 population for the city as a whole. The precinct reported 24 murders, 762 rapes, 696 robberies, 1,079 felony assaults, 354 burglaries, 1,073 grand larcenies, and 551 grand larcenies auto in 2023. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates four fire stations and one EMS station in East New York: As of 2018, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are more common in East New York than in other places citywide. In East New York, there were 110 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 29.3 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). East New York has

3002-648: The Battle of Brooklyn or the Battle of Brooklyn Heights). In 1835, Connecticut merchant John Pitkin (the namesake of Pitkin Avenue) purchased the land of the Town of New Lots north of New Lots Avenue, opening a shoe factory at what is now Williams Street and Pitkin Avenue. Pitkin named the area "East New York" to signify it as the eastern end of New York City. In 1836 the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad (soon to become part of

3081-698: The Boydton Plank Road from Petersburg southwards to just north of the North Carolina line. On the U.S. West Coast the Canyon Road of Portland, Oregon was another important but short artery and was built between 1851 and 1856. Kingston Road (Toronto) (Governor's Road) and Danforth Avenue , in Toronto , were plank roads built by the Don and Danforth Plank Road Company in the late 18th and

3160-467: The Brooklyn and Jamaica Plank Road . The Brooklyn and Rockaway Beach Railroad (1865) was built to connect the LIRR's Atlantic Branch with Canarsie at a point later known as Broadway Junction . As often happened at 19th-century railroad junctions , a railway town arose. Sprawling development into the recently rustic northern part of the Town of New Lots followed the reach of elevated transit lines into

3239-637: The Jameco Native Americans , and later used by the Canarsee and Rockaway tribes as fishing grounds. In the 1650s Dutch colonists began settling in what are now the eastern sections of Brooklyn , forming the towns of Flatbush , Bushwick , and New Lots (the predecessor of East New York). The area along with the rest of Brooklyn and modern New York City was ceded to the British Empire in 1664. A few 18th-century roads, including

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3318-511: The Town of Flatbush were laid out in the 18th century and were considered to be an eastward extension of Flatbush. The area was the site of the Town Hall of New Lots (located at 109-111 Bradford Street) from 1852 when the area seceded from Flatbush until it was annexed in 1886 as the 26th Ward of Brooklyn. The population is largely African-American and Latino-American . IS 218, PS 72 and Invictus Preparatory Charter School are right across from

3397-563: The UK wards are roughly equivalent to neighbourhoods or a combination of them. In the United States and Canada , neighbourhoods are often given official or semi-official status through neighbourhood associations , neighbourhood watches or block watches. These may regulate such matters as lawn care and fence height, and they may provide such services as block parties , neighbourhood parks and community security . In some other places

3476-476: The White residents would vacate out of the neighborhood in the later decades. Poverty became very highly concentrated with the neighborhood's population largely being on welfare benefits by the 1960s as well as the neighborhood also began to suffer with a lot of arson and fires to property buildings and as well as buildings and houses increasingly becoming abandoned by previously occupied Italian and Jewish residents as

3555-485: The area, which today is home to immigrants from Bangladesh, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, and Puerto Rico. The neighborhood also includes African Americans, Latinos and a scattered presence of South Asians. The main commercial district is located along Liberty Avenue . City Line is home to many restaurants, shopping stores, and food markets. New Lots is a sub-section of East New York. The "New Lots" east of

3634-595: The area. East New York high schools suffer from high dropout rates. As with other New York City schools, gang violence is a common problem. East New York has two higher institutes, Touro College and Be'er Hagolah Institute in Starrett City . Spring Creek High School opened in 2012, becoming the fifth high school in 60 years and the first in the Spring Creek area. Neighborhood A neighbourhood (Commonwealth English) or neighborhood (American English)

3713-428: The area. Real estate agencies have sometimes persuaded homeowners to sell the properties to them, and often they would resell them to other companies for a higher price. Local residents, who are overwhelmingly Black and Latino, have accused these real estate companies of being racist and trying to gentrify them out of the neighborhood to bring wealthier, white residents. Based on data from the 2010 United States census ,

3792-549: The area: the Jamaica Avenue Line in 1885 and the Fulton Street Line in 1889. The road to Brooklyn was renamed Fulton Street, the one to Jamaica, Jamaica Avenue , and the one to Williamsburg , Broadway . East New York (as the Town of New Lots) was annexed as the 26th Ward of the rapidly growing City of Brooklyn in 1886; in 1898 after a decade-long controversy with debates, campaigns and publicity,

3871-562: The buildings. Other problems in local schools include low test scores and high truancy rates. In the 1980s East Brooklyn Congregations (EBC) , an affiliate of the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF) organized to address the need for quality affordable housing in East New York. This coalition advocated that vacant New York City owned land be provided at no cost for the development of new affordable owner occupied housing with subsidies for low-interest mortgages. This effort

3950-597: The city and is considered to be like the Wild West in some fashions. It is generally bordered by Ruby Street, South Conduit Avenue , and Linden Boulevard . The area is home to the Federation of Black Cowboys . East New York is patrolled by the 75th Precinct of the NYPD . While total crime has decreased since the 1990s, it is still higher in East New York than in the rest of the city. In 2023, there were 24 homicides in

4029-402: The citywide and boroughwide averages. Thirteen percent of East New York residents are smokers , which is slightly lower than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In East New York, 35% of residents are obese , 14% are diabetic , and 34% have high blood pressure —compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 25% of children are obese, compared to

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4108-582: The citywide average of 20%. Seventy-six percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 70% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", less than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in East New York, there are 13 bodegas . There are several hospitals in the East New York area, including NYC Health + Hospitals/Gotham Health, East New York; Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center ; and Kings County Hospital Center . The majority of East New York

4187-516: The community was merged into New York City as a whole with the consolidation of Brooklyn and the other four boroughs into a single entity as the " City of Greater New York ". In the 20th century its name came to be applied to much of the former township. In 1939, the Works Progress Administration Guide to New York City wrote: The development of East New York began in 1835 through the enterprise of John R. Pitkin,

4266-719: The control of city or state officials. In some preindustrial urban traditions, basic municipal functions such as protection, social regulation of births and marriages, cleaning and upkeep are handled informally by neighbourhoods and not by urban governments; this pattern is well documented for historical Islamic cities. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, and social control. Administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, leading to

4345-528: The early 19th centuries. Highway 2 from Toronto eastwards was a plank road in the 19th century that was later paved. In 1833 Scarborough-Markham Plank Road was authorized to build a road from Danforth Road to Highway 7 to Ringwood and east on Stouffville Road to Main Street Stouffville. Plank roads are used exclusively in the Canadian fishing outport of Harrington Harbour , Quebec because

4424-435: The early 2000s, Community Development Corporations, Rehabilitation Networks, Neighbourhood Development Corporations, and Economic Development organisations would work together to address the housing stock and the infrastructures of communities and neighbourhoods (e.g., community centres). Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve "faith-based" groups and congregations in cities. In

4503-629: The east. East New York consists of mixed properties but primarily semi-detached homes , two-to-four family houses, and multi-unit apartment buildings, including condominiums and co-ops. The total land area is one square mile. The area is also home to the East Brooklyn Industrial Park. The 44-block industrial park was established in 1980 by the New York City Public Development Corporation in East New York's northwest quadrant. It

4582-536: The equivalent organization is the parish , though a parish may have several neighbourhoods within it depending on the area. In localities where neighbourhoods do not have an official status, questions can arise as to where one neighbourhood begins and another ends. Many cities use districts and wards as official divisions of the city, rather than traditional neighbourhood boundaries. ZIP Code boundaries and post office names also sometimes reflect neighbourhood identities. Plank Road The Wittmoor bog trackway

4661-519: The first structure, opened in 2002, and Gateway Center North, the second development, opened in 2014. Although East New York has not experienced the same level of gentrification as many other Brooklyn neighborhoods, since the 2010s it has been moving into the pre gentrification stages as real estate companies have been trying to buy up properties and raise property value prices. With the neighborhood rezoned in 2016 under Bill de Blasio's administration , luxury housing developments have been introduced into

4740-458: The founding of East New York Farms in 1998, there has been an increase usage in lots. Various organizations and local community groups have different gardens in order to beautify the area. African Burial Ground Square was designated in 2013 after remains were found some years earlier between New Lots and Livonia Avenues from Barbey to Schenck Streets. It shares space with the New Lots branch of

4819-585: The functions of the city tend to be distributed naturally—that is, without any theoretical preoccupation or political direction—into neighborhoods." Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on neighbourhood life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another. In this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under

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4898-480: The jobs the new residents had come for, was thereby faced with a host of new socioeconomic problems, including widespread unemployment and crime . Walter Thabit, a city planner for East New York, chronicled in his 2003 book, How East New York Became a Ghetto , the change in population from mostly working class Italians and Jewish residents to residents of Puerto Rican and African American descent. Thabit argues that landlords and real estate agents played

4977-608: The neighborhood. Spring Creek includes the Starrett City apartment complex, the Gateway Center , the Spring Creek Gardens gated housing development, and the Nehemiah Spring Creek and Gateway Elton affordable housing developments. Cypress Hills, a subsection of East New York, is bordered on the south by City Line ; to the north by Cypress Hills Cemetery ; to the west by Bushwick ; and to the east Woodhaven and Ozone Park in Queens . Cypress Hills

5056-431: The neighbourhood as a small-scale democracy , regulated primarily by ideas of reciprocity among neighbours. Neighbourhoods have been the site of service delivery or "service interventions" in part as efforts to provide local, quality services, and to increase the degree of local control and ownership. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the "experience, theory and fads" of neighbourhood service delivery over

5135-472: The northern edge of what is now East New York, a chain of hills—also known as a terminal moraine —separates northwestern Long Island from Jamaica and the Hempstead Plains , the main part of Long Island's fertile outwash plain. The southern portions of the neighborhood, meanwhile, consisted of salt marshes and several creeks, which drained into Jamaica Bay . These areas were originally settled by

5214-519: The old calendar... After World War II , thousands of manufacturing jobs left New York City thereby increasing the importance of the remaining jobs to those with limited education and job skills. During this same period, large numbers of Puerto Ricans from the Caribbean island and African-Americans from the South emigrated to New York City looking for employment. East New York, no longer replete with

5293-503: The period were in fact well-intentioned, if ill-considered and hubristic. Since the late 1950s, East New York has had some of the highest crime rates in Brooklyn , and is considered by some to be the borough's murder capital , alongside Brownsville . Many social struggles associated with poverty —including crime and drug addiction —have been prevalent in the area for decades. Despite the decline of crime compared to their peaks during

5372-588: The population of East New York was 91,958, an increase of 8,683 (10.4%) from the 83,275 counted in the 2000 census . Covering an area of 2,665.73 acres (1,078.78 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 34.5 inhabitants per acre (22,100/sq mi; 8,500/km). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 63.6% (58,453) African American , 3.0% (2,764) Asian , 1.3% (1,240) White , 0.3% (291) Native American , 0.0% (38) Pacific Islander , 0.7% (683) from other races , and 1.3% (1,237) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.6% (27,252) of

5451-452: The population. The entirety of Community Board 5 had 181,300 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 78.6 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 27% are between the ages of 0 and 17, 28% between 25 and 44, and 34% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents

5530-571: The prior decade, including discussion of income transfers and poverty. Neighbourhoods, as a core aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities and coordinated approaches to low-income populations. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, these organisations often are non-profit, sometimes grassroots or even core funded community development centres or branches. Community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. In

5609-821: The properties as well as to get the capital needs and funding to make the necessary repairs and to maintain them properly. Several of the public housing developments in East New York have been switched to this program as of December 28, 2021 along with providing social service providers on their sites to cater to the needs of their local residents, which is nearly half of the East New York NYCHA developments being converted to this program. NYCHA signed public–private partnership leases with The Hudson Companies, Inc. ; Property Resources Corporation ; Duvernay + Brooks LLC ; Property Resources Corporation ; and Lisa Management, Inc. to manage Belmont-Sutter Area Houses , Boulevard Houses , and Fiorentino Plaza Houses with

5688-429: The public houses. Spring Creek is the southeastern part of the former Town of New Lots, and is often included in East New York. Its boundaries moving clockwise are: Linden Boulevard to the north; Betts Creek and Fountain Avenue to the east; Gateway National Recreation Area to the south; and Schenck Avenue and Hendrix Creek to the west. Some locations north of this area up to Linden Boulevard are also considered part of

5767-480: The same time period. East New York's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is higher than the rest of New York City. In East New York, 31% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year , compared to the citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 68% of high school students in East New York graduate on time, lower than the citywide average of 75% of students. The New York City Department of Education operates public schools in

5846-765: The technology failed to live up to its promise, and millions of dollars in investments evaporated almost overnight. Three plank roads, the Hackensack , the Paterson , and the Newark , were major arteries in northern New Jersey . The roads travelled over the New Jersey Meadowlands , connecting the cities for which they were named to the Hudson River waterfront. U.S. Route 1 in Virginia follows

5925-559: The town is built directly over a hilly, rocky shore. ATVs are the only mode of transportation there. In Perth , Western Australia , plank roads were important in the early growth of the agricultural and outer urban areas because of the distances imposed by swamps and the relatively-infertile soil. As it cost £2,000/km to construct roads by conventional means, the local councils, known as road boards, were experimenting with cheaper approaches to road building. A method called Jandakot Corduroy had been developed at Jandakot south-east of Perth:

6004-472: The west. Linden Boulevard , Pennsylvania Avenue , and Atlantic Avenue are the primary thoroughfares through East New York. East New York was founded as the Town of New Lots in the 1650s. It was annexed as the 26th Ward of the rapidly growing City of Brooklyn in 1886, and became part of New York City in 1898. During the latter part of the twentieth century, East New York came to be predominantly inhabited by African Americans and Latinos . East New York

6083-480: Was called the Nehemiah Program . It was replicated in other parts of the city and country and led to national legislation. The Nehemiah homes were funded by a loan from $ 8 million loan fund from three Brooklyn Churches. Its setup was described as follows by The New York Times the city provides vacant sites, forgives real-estate taxes on the homes (but not the land) for 10 years, and provides what amounts to

6162-511: Was lower, at 10% and 12% respectively. As of 2016, the median household income in Community Board 5 was $ 36,786. In 2018, an estimated 30% of East New York residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in ten residents (10%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent,

6241-482: Was the role of rural to urban migration. This was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhood sociology is a subfield of urban sociology which studies local communities Neighbourhoods are also used in research studies from postal codes and health disparities , to correlations with school drop out rates or use of drugs. Some attention has also been devoted to viewing

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