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32-407: A news director is an individual at a broadcast station or network who is in charge of the news department. In local news, the news director is typically in charge of the entire news staff, including journalists , news presenters , photographers , copy writers , television producers , and other technical staff. The director also keeps track of how the show is going on, as well as talking to

64-457: A CTV network in 2010) Global Television Network (private, founded as an Ontario network in 1974, national in 1997) Sponsor (commercial) Sponsorship is a cash and/or in-kind fee paid to a property (typically in sports, arts, entertainment or causes) in return for access to the exploitable commercial potential associated with that property. While the sponsoree (property being sponsored) may be nonprofit, unlike philanthropy, sponsorship

96-437: A cognitive link between a brand (sponsor) and an event (sponsoree), leading to the formation of event-linked associations in memory. Consequently, thinking of the brand can evoke these associations, influencing consumer perceptions and behaviors. Cornwell, Weeks and Roy (2005) have published an extensive review of the theories so far used to explain commercial sponsorship effects. One of the most pervasive findings in sponsorship

128-408: A company's business objectives, finding the right contacts at a company, getting buy-in from multiple constituencies and finally negotiating benefits/price. Some sales can take up to a year and sellers report spending anywhere between 1–5 hours researching each company that is viewed as a potential prospect for sponsorship. These are the terms used by many sponsorship professionals, which refer to how

160-447: A map that AT&T originally used to designate the affiliated stations on the two networks.) On 23 December 1928, NBC instituted the first permanent transcontinental network. As of September 1938, when there were 154 NBC outlets; 23 composed the basic Red network and 24 composed the basic Blue network. Supplementing these basic networks were 107 stations, of which one was available only to the basic Red network, six were available only to

192-420: A sponsor uses the benefits they are allocated under the terms of a sponsorship agreement. Leveraging has been defined by Weeks, Cornwell and Drennan (2008) as "the act of using collateral marketing communications to exploit the commercial potential of the association between a sponsor and sponsee" while activation has been defined as those "communications that promote the engagement, involvement, or participation of

224-541: Is a group of radio stations , television stations , or other electronic media outlets, that form an agreement to air, or broadcast , content from a centralized source. For example, ABC Tooltip American Broadcasting Company and NBC Tooltip National Broadcasting Company ( U.S. ), CBC/Radio-Canada Tooltip Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( Canada ), the BBC Tooltip British Broadcasting Corporation ( UK ),

256-405: Is done with the expectation of a commercial return. While sponsorship can deliver increased awareness, brand building and propensity to purchase, it is different from advertising. Unlike advertising, sponsorship can not communicate specific product attributes. Nor can it stand alone, as sponsorship requires support elements. Proponents of sponsorship would, however, point to its unique position in

288-525: Is projected to be the fastest-growing source of sponsorship dollars outside North America, with a forecast growth rate of 5.6 percent for 2011. Relaxed television industry legislation surrounding product placement has led to a small but increasing rise in TV programming sponsorship in the UK. However, commercial sponsorship of British sports teams and players is a multibillion-pound industry. For example, Adidas became

320-455: Is that the best effects are achieved where there is a logical match between the sponsor and sponsoree, such as a sports brand sponsoring a sports event. Work by Cornwell and colleagues however, has shown that brands that don't have a logical match can still benefit, at least in terms of memory effects, if the sponsor articulates some rationale for the sponsorship to the audience. All sponsorship should be based on contractual obligations between

352-521: The ABC Tooltip Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( Australia ), ARD Tooltip ARD (broadcaster) ( Germany ), PTV Tooltip People's Television Network ( Philippines ), KBS Tooltip Korean Broadcasting System ( South Korea ), and NHK ( Japan ) are TV networks that provide programming for local terrestrial television station affiliates to air using signals that can be picked up by

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384-520: The Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System . In 1928 William S. Paley assumed control of the network, which under his leadership focused on entertainment programming, news, and news affiliation. He quickly turned the failing company around, which was named Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. ( CBS ) in 1929. By the end of 1938 there were 113 CBS outlets. Regional networks on CBS also existed in various parts of

416-712: The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and reorganized the WEAF chain (with WGR , WTIC , WTAG , WEEI , WJAR , WZAN , WFI-WLIT , WCAE , WRC , WTAM , WSAI , WWJ , WGN , WOC , KSD , WDAF , WCCO ) as the NBC Red network and the WJZ chain as the NBC Blue network (with WBZ , WBZA , KYW , KDKA ). (One explanation for the color designations is that they reflected the red and blue push pins used on

448-502: The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) followed AT&T's network model lead, and formed a small competing network centered on its New York City station, WJZ (now WABC). However, conflict resulted as RCA had a limited ability to lease lines from AT&T, and often had to use telegraph lines to connect stations, which had inferior acoustical properties. After acquiring WEAF and AT&T's network assets in 1926, RCA created

480-684: The EU member states in 2014, followed by North America, the Asia Pacific region. Growth in Central and South America during 2010 did not materialize to the extent projected—3.8 percent versus a forecast of 5.7 percent—despite the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games in Brazil in 2014 and 2016, respectively. With the 2010 World Cup concluded, sponsorship activity should begin to heat up, thus the region

512-605: The basic Blue network, and the remainder available to either. NBC also had a chain of shortwave stations , called the "NBC White Network", in the 1930s. In 1941, the Federal Communications Commission 's (FCC) Report on Chain Broadcasting reviewed the alleged monopolistic practices of the radio networks. The FCC was concerned NBC Red and NBC Blue were anti-competitive. Because the FCC did not have

544-530: The country. CBS later hired Edward R. Murrow who is credited with boosting ratings dramatically. Murrow and CBS covered the war in Europe while Adolf Hitler was in power. NBC and ABC withdrew from the war for safety reasons. As a result of taking the risk, CBS's ratings skyrocketed. In 1945, the NBC Blue network was sold to Edward John Noble , who later renamed it American Broadcasting Company (ABC). By

576-540: The early 1920s, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) developed the first radio network , linking together individual stations with specially prepared long-distance telephone lines in what at the time was called a "chain". The key station was AT&T's WEAF (now WFAN) in New York City . The network featured a variety of regularly scheduled programs which included sponsorships (at

608-431: The home television sets of local viewers. Networks generally, but not always, operate on a national scale; that is, they cover an entire country. Streaming media , Internet radio , and webcasting are sometimes considered forms of broadcasting despite the lack of terrestrial stations; its practitioners may also be called "broadcasters" or even "broadcast networks". Following the introduction of radio broadcasting in

640-800: The list. In 1929, a group of four radio stations in the major markets of New York City, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Detroit organized into a loose confederation known as the Quality Network. In 1934 this was reorganized as the Mutual Broadcasting System. The network was organized with the members contracting for telephone-line transmission facilities and agreeing to collectively enter into contracts with advertisers for their networked shows. Radio news network launched on January 1, 2015, and operated by Westwood One through its parent company Cumulus Media . The first network in Canada

672-534: The marketing mix. A sponsorship program can include all other marketing elements including advertising, promotions, merchandise, hospitality, PR and social media. This allows sponsorship to be used to address a much wider range of business objectives. For example, a sponsor buying the rights to a sports team or competition could achieve increased brand awareness through high profile signage, but might also use hospitality tickets for staff motivation programs or to host key trade customers. On-pack promotions could be linked to

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704-483: The mid-1940s broadcasting had become a big Three television networks battle. ABC almost went bankrupt and in 1951 Leonard Goldenson and United Paramount Theaters bought the network for $ 25 million. In 1964, ABC won the ratings race in the fifty largest U.S. markets. In the 1970–71 season, ABC ranked #1 in the Nielsen ratings with a medical drama called Marcus Welby, M.D. , the first ABC television show to top

736-552: The power to directly regulate networks, it decided to enact regulations affecting the stations, and adopted standards intended to force NBC to relinquish one of its networks. In 1943, the Supreme Court upheld the FCC's power to enforce its chain broadcasting regulations. As a consequence, NBC Blue was sold to Edward Noble who later named it the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). After NBC Blue

768-476: The producer to get things going. Typically, the only individual at a station/network or publication who wields more power than the news director is a general manager or company president . This job-, occupation-, or vocation-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Broadcast network A terrestrial network (or broadcast network in the United States)

800-441: The specific rights being sold and confirmation that these are available for sponsorship from the rights holder. Sponsored parties should have the absolute right to decide on the value of the sponsorship rights that they are offering and the appropriateness of the sponsor with whom they contract. The sales cycle for selling sponsors is often a lengthy process that consists of researching prospects, creating tailored proposals based on

832-425: The sponsor and the sponsored party. Sponsors and sponsored parties should set out clear terms and conditions with all other partners involved, to define their expectations regarding all aspects of the sponsorship deal. Sponsorship should be recognisable as such. The terms and conduct of sponsorship should be based upon the principle of good faith between all parties to the sponsorship. There should be clarity regarding

864-545: The sponsorship audience with the sponsor." Money spent on activation is over and above the rights fee paid to the sponsored property and is often far greater than the cost of the rights fee." IEG projects spending on sponsorship globally to grow 4.5 percent in 2018 to $ 65.8 billion, including $ 24.2 billion in North America alone (a 4.5% increase from $ 24.1 billion in 2017). Europe is the largest source of sponsorship spending, with €26.44 million (US$ 29 million) in just

896-405: The sports property to create a much more compelling consumer proposition and to associate the brand directly with a sports property which has much greater image attributes than the sponsoring brand. Various psychological and communication theories have been employed to elucidate the mechanisms by which commercial sponsorship influences consumer audiences. Many theories posit that sponsorship creates

928-489: The time not called advertising but "toll broadcasting"). From the beginning, AT&T planned to eventually expand nationwide, so that national companies would be able reach large portions of the nation with their brand names and slogans in an efficient manner. At first the network's expansion was slow. In 1924, the Eveready Hour was broadcast over 12 stations, primarily located in the U.S. Northeast . Eveready Hour

960-595: Was CNR Radio starting in 1923. The first regularly scheduled coast-to-coast network program produced by CN Radio was broadcast on 27 December 1928. By 1930, the network consisted of 27 stations. Its assets were acquired by the government owned Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC) in 1932. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (public network, founded in 1936, successor to the CRBC) CTV Television Network (private, founded 1961) CTV2 (private, founded in 1995 as The NewNet, rebranded as

992-677: Was divested the remaining NBC Red network was renamed the NBC Radio Network. In 1927, United Independent Broadcasters, Inc., supported by the Columbia Phonograph Record Company , started a new network of 16 stations ( WOR New York, WFBL Syracuse, WMAK Buffalo-Lockport, WNAC Boston, WEAN Providence, WCAU Philadelphia, WJAS Pittsburgh, WCAO Baltimore, WADC Akron, WAIU Columbus, WKRC Cincinnati, WGHP Detroit, WOWO Fort Wayne, WMAQ Chicago, KMOX St. Louis, KOIL Council Bluffs) named

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1024-476: Was the first commercially sponsored variety show in the history of broadcasting. By 1925, AT&T had linked together 26 stations in its network. AT&T eventually decided to concentrate on its most profitable business, telephones, and in 1926 sold its broadcasting interests to the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). RCA's purchase included an agreement to lease AT&T phone lines. In 1922

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