The Newtsuit is an atmospheric diving suit designed and originally built by Phil Nuytten .
55-492: The suit is used for work on ocean drilling rigs, pipelines, salvage jobs, and photographic surveys, and is standard equipment in many of the world's navies. This aluminum hard suit has fully articulated, rotary joints in the arms and legs that give the pilot a great range of mobility. These joints operate freely at high pressures. At the time the suit was constructed, it was the first of its kind in this regard. The pilot can control objects and handle tools with manipulator jaws at
110-414: A CV joint and homokinetic joint ) is a mechanical coupling which allows the shafts to rotate freely (without an appreciable increase in friction or backlash ) and compensates for the angle between the two shafts, within a certain range, to maintain the same velocity. A common use of CV joints is in front-wheel drive vehicles, where they are used to transfer the engine's power to the wheels, even as
165-442: A Thompson coupling ) assembles two cardan joints within each other to eliminate the intermediate shaft. A control yoke is added to keep the input and output shafts aligned. The control yoke uses a spherical pantograph scissor mechanism to bisect the angle between the input and output shafts and to maintain the joints at a relative phase angle of zero. The alignment ensures constant angular velocity at all joint angles. Eliminating
220-472: A circlip . The Birfield joint is a type of constant-velocity joint based on the Rzeppa joint, but with the six balls confined using elliptical tracks rather than a cage. They have improved efficiency and are widely used in modern cars for the outboard driveshaft joints. The Birfield joint was developed by Birfield Industries and came into widespread use with the development of front-wheel drive cars such as
275-483: A pipe whose bore is finished to the required tolerance based on the shaft size. Based on the usage of the coupling a keyway is made in the bore in order to transmit the torque by means of the key. Two threaded holes are provided in order to lock the coupling in position. Sleeve couplings are also known as box couplings . In this case shaft ends are coupled together and abutted against each other which are enveloped by muff or sleeve . A gib head sunk keys hold
330-400: A circular cage. The cage is spherical but with ends open, and it typically has six openings around the perimeter. This cage and gear fit into a grooved cup that has a splined and threaded shaft attached to it. Six large steel balls sit inside the cup grooves and fit into the cage openings, nestled in the grooves of the star gear. The output shaft on the cup then runs through the wheel bearing and
385-443: A flexible beam coupling to join two rotating shafts is to reducing vibration and reaction loads which in turn will reduce overall wear and tear on machinery and prolong equipment life. Bush pin flange coupling is used for slightly imperfect alignment of the two shafts. This is modified form of the protected type flange coupling. This type of coupling has pins and it works with coupling bolts. The rubber or leather bushes are used over
440-419: A flexible coupling can protect the driving and driven shaft components (such as bearings) from the harmful effects of conditions such as misaligned shafts, vibration, shock loads, and thermal expansion of the shafts or other components. At first, flexible couplings separate into two essential groups, metallic and elastomeric. Metallic types utilize freely fitted parts that roll or slide against one another or, on
495-413: A flexible plate to the inside diameter, across the spool or spacer piece, and then from inside to outside diameter. The deforming of a plate or series of plates from I.D. to O.D accomplishes the misalignment. Disc couplings transmit torque from a driving to a driven bolt tangentially on a common bolt circle. Torque is transmitted between the bolts through a series of thin, stainless steel discs assembled in
550-421: A given space while universal joints induce lower vibrations . The limit on torque density in universal joints is due to the limited cross sections of the cross and yoke. The gear teeth in a gear coupling have high backlash to allow for angular misalignment. The excess backlash can contribute to vibration. Gear couplings are generally limited to angular misalignments, i.e., the angle of the spindle relative to
605-537: A pack. Misalignment is accomplished by deforming of the material between the bolts. An elastic coupling transmits torque or other load by means of an elastic component. One example is the coupling used to join a windsurfing rig (sail, mast, and components) to the sailboard. In windsurfing terminology it is usually called a "universal joint", but modern designs are usually based on a strong flexible material, and better technically described as an elastic coupling. They can be tendon or hourglass-shaped, and are constructed of
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#1732780836216660-426: A straight-through, zero-degree angle will cause excessive wear and damage to the joint; a minimum offset of 2 degrees between the input and output shafts is needed to reduce control yoke wear. Modifying the input and output yokes so that they are not precisely normal to their respective shafts can alter or eliminate the "disallowed" angles. The novel feature of the coupling is the method for geometrically constraining
715-560: A strong and durable elastic material. In this application, the coupling does not transmit torque, but instead transmits sail-power to the board, creating thrust (some portion of sail-power is also transmitted through the rider's body). Flexible couplings are usually used to transmit torque from one shaft to another when the two shafts are slightly misaligned. They can accommodate varying degrees of misalignment up to 1.5° and some parallel misalignment. They can also be used for vibration damping or noise reduction. In rotating shaft applications
770-428: A swivel tongue and grooved joint. When the input and output shafts are inclined at some working angle to each other, the driving intermediate member accelerates and decelerates during each revolution. Since the central tongue and groove joint are a quarter of a revolution out of phase with the yoke jaws, the corresponding speed fluctuation of the driven intermediate and output jaw members exactly counteracts and neutralizes
825-554: A third shaft, called the spindle. Each joint consists of a 1:1 gear ratio internal/external gear pair. The tooth flanks and outer diameter of the external gear are crowned to allow for angular displacement between the two gears. Mechanically, the gears are equivalent to rotating splines with modified profiles. They are called gears because of the relatively large size of the teeth. Gear couplings and universal joints are used in similar applications. Gear couplings have higher torque densities than universal joints designed to fit
880-552: Is a device used to connect two shafts together at their ends for the purpose of transmitting power. The primary purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment while permitting some degree of misalignment or end movement or both. In a more general context, a coupling can also be a mechanical device that serves to connect the ends of adjacent parts or objects. Couplings do not normally allow disconnection of shafts during operation, however there are torque-limiting couplings which can slip or disconnect when some torque limit
935-446: Is a form of keyless shaft locking device that does not require any material to be removed from the shaft. The basic idea is similar to a clamp coupling but the moment of rotation is closer to the center of the shaft. An alternative coupling device to the traditional parallel key , the tapered lock removes the possibility of play due to worn keyways. It is more robust than using a key because maintenance only requires one tool and
990-453: Is composed of two shaft hubs, a metallic grid spring, and a split cover kit. Torque is transmitted between the two coupling shaft hubs through the metallic grid spring element. Like metallic gear and disc couplings, grid couplings have a high torque density . A benefit of grid couplings, over either gear or disc couplings, is the ability their grid coupling spring elements have to absorb and spread peak load impact energy over time. This reduces
1045-554: Is exceeded. Selection, installation and maintenance of couplings can lead to reduced maintenance time and maintenance cost. Shaft couplings are used in machinery for several purposes. A primary function is to transfer power from one end to another end (ex: motor transfer power to pump through coupling). Other common uses: A beam coupling, also known as helical coupling, is a flexible coupling for transmitting torque between two shafts while allowing for angular misalignment, parallel offset and even axial motion, of one shaft relative to
1100-511: Is named for John Oldham who invented it in Ireland , in 1821, to solve a problem in a paddle steamer design. Rag joints are commonly used on automotive steering linkages and drive trains . When used on a drive train they are sometimes known as giubos . Rigid couplings are used when precise shaft alignment is required; any shaft misalignment will affect the coupling's performance as well as its life span, because rigid couplings do not have
1155-430: Is perpendicular to the tongue and groove on the other. The middle disc rotates around its center at the same speed as the input and output shafts. Its center traces a circular orbit, twice per rotation, around the midpoint between input and output shafts. Often springs are used to reduce backlash of the mechanism. An advantage to this type of coupling, as compared to two universal joints, is its compact size. The coupler
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#17327808362161210-399: Is secured by the axle nut. This joint can accommodate the large changes of angle when the front wheels are turned by the steering system; typical Rzeppa joints allow 45°–48° of articulation, while some can give 54°. At the "outboard" end of the driveshaft a slightly different unit is used. The end of the driveshaft is splined and fits into the outer "joint". It is typically held in place by
1265-542: The Mini . Tripod joints are used at the inboard end of car driveshafts. The joints were developed by Michel Orain, of Glaenzer Spicer of Poissy , France . This joint has a three-pointed yoke attached to the shaft, which has barrel-shaped roller bearings on the ends. These fit into a cup with three matching grooves, attached to the differential . Since there is only significant movement in one axis, this simple arrangement works well. These also allow an axial 'plunge' movement of
1320-473: The 1926 Tracta , the 1931 DKW F1 and the 1932 Adler Trumpf , all of which were front-wheel drive and used the Tracta joint design under licence. The CV joints allowed a smooth transfer of power over a wider range of operating angles (such as when the suspension is compressed by cornering force or a bump in the road). Modern rear-wheel drive cars with independent rear suspension typically use CV joints at
1375-419: The Rzeppa in that the balls are a tight fit between two halves of the coupling and that no cage is used. The center ball rotates on a pin inserted in the outer race and serves as a locking medium for the four other balls. When both shafts are in line, that is, at an angle of 180 degrees, the balls lie in a plane that is 90 degrees to the shafts. If the driving shaft remains in the original position, any movement of
1430-429: The ability to compensate for misalignment. Due to this, their application is limited, and they're typically used in applications involving vertical drivers. Clamped or compression rigid couplings come in two parts and fit together around the shafts to form a sleeve. They offer more flexibility than sleeved models, and can be used on shafts that are fixed in place. They generally are large enough so that screws can pass all
1485-417: The ability to hermetically separate two areas whilst continuing to transmit mechanical power from one to the other making these couplings ideal for applications where prevention of cross-contamination is essential. An Oldham coupling has three discs, one coupled to the input, one coupled to the output, and a middle disc that is joined to the first two by tongue and groove . The tongue and groove on one side
1540-471: The angle of the driveshaft varies due to the operation of the suspension . The predecessor to the constant-velocity joint was the universal joint (also called a Cardan joint ), which was invented by Gerolamo Cardano in the 16th century. Universal joints are simple to produce and can withstand large forces, however as the angle of operation increases, universal joints often become "notchy" and difficult to rotate. The first type of constant-velocity joint
1595-517: The axes of the connected shafts, of 4–5°. Universal joints are capable of higher misalignments. Single joint gear couplings are also used to connect two nominally coaxial shafts. In this application the device is called a gear-type flexible, or flexible coupling . The single joint allows for minor misalignments such as installation errors and changes in shaft alignment due to operating conditions. These types of gear couplings are generally limited to angular misalignments of 1/4–1/2°. A grid coupling
1650-559: The balls lie in the plane that bisects the angle of drive. This type of Weiss joint is known as the Bendix-Weiss joint. The most advanced plunging joint which works on the Weiss principle is the six-ball star joint of Kurt Enke. This type uses only three balls to transmit the torque, while the remaining three center and hold it together. The balls are preloaded and the joint is completely encapsulated. The Thompson joint (also known as
1705-416: The driven shaft will cause the balls to move one half of the angular distance. For example, when the driven shaft moves through an angle of 20 degrees, the angle between the two shafts is reduced to 160 degrees. The balls will move 10 degrees in the same direction, and the angle between the driving shaft and the plane in which the balls lie will be reduced to 80 degrees. This action fulfills the requirement that
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1760-408: The driveshafts and halfshafts of rugged four-wheel drive vehicles. Double Cardan joints require a centering element that will maintain equal angles between the driven and driving shafts for true constant velocity rotation. This centering device requires additional torque to accelerate the internals of the joint and does generate some additional vibration at higher speeds. The Tracta joint works on
1815-548: The ends of the half-shafts and increasingly use them on the tailshaft . A separate flexible cover is usually installed over the CV joint, to protect it from foreign particles and prevent the lubricating grease from leaking out. This cover is usually made of rubber and called a "CV boot" or "CV gaiter". Cracks and splits in the boot will allow contaminants in, which would cause the joint to wear quickly or completely fail. An all-metal universal joint or CV located inside and protect by
1870-540: The ends of the arms. Although the suit is certified to 300 metres (980 ft), it has been tested to 900 metres (3,000 ft). The suit can be operated untethered, with a thruster pack that can be fitted to the suit. This allows mobility in mid-water. The Newtsuit navigates with foot controls. The left foot provides vertical control, with the right foot providing lateral control. Other equipment that can be attached includes twin video cameras, colour imaging sonar , and an AMS suit monitor system that transmits information to
1925-527: The factory prior to being shipped, but they occasionally go out of balance in operation. Balancing can be difficult and expensive, and is normally done only when operating tolerances are such that the effort and the expense are justified. The amount of coupling unbalance that can be tolerated by any system is dictated by the characteristics of the specific connected machines and can be determined by detailed analysis or experience. Constant-velocity joint#Rzeppa joints A constant-velocity joint (also called
1980-953: The final product while still keeping the single piece's integrity. Changes to the lead of the helical beam provide changes to misalignment capabilities as well as other performance characteristics such as torque capacity and torsional stiffness. It is even possible to have multiple starts within the same helix. The material used to manufacture the beam coupling also affects its performance and suitability for specific applications such as food, medical and aerospace. Materials are typically aluminum alloy and stainless steel, but they can also be made in acetal , maraging steel and titanium . The most common applications are attaching rotary encoders to shafts and motion control for robotics . Beam couplings can be known by various names depending upon industry. These names include flexible coupling, flexible beam coupling, flexible shaft coupling, flexure, helical coupling, and shaft coupling. The primary benefit to using
2035-470: The inboard side of front-wheel drive vehicles where the required range of motion is lower. A Weiss joint consists of two identical ball yokes which are positively located (usually) by four balls. The two joints are centered by means of a ball with a hole in the middle. Two balls in circular tracks transmit the torque while the other two preload the joint and ensure there is no backlash when the direction of loading changes. Its construction differs from that of
2090-425: The intermediate shaft and keeping the input shafts aligned in the homokinetic plane greatly reduces the induced shear stresses and vibration inherent in double cardan shafts . While the geometric configuration does not maintain constant velocity for the control yoke that aligns the cardan joints, the control yoke has minimal inertia and generates little vibration. Continuous use of a standard Thompson coupling at
2145-438: The magnitude of peak loads and offers some vibration dampening capability. A negative of the grid coupling design is that it generally is very limited in its ability to accommodate the misalignment. Highly flexible couplings are installed when resonance or torsional vibration might be an issue, since they are designed to eliminate torsional vibration problems and to balance out shock impacts. They are used in installations where
2200-401: The muff or sleeve is made into two halves parts of the cast iron and they are joined by means of mild steel studs or bolts. The advantages of this coupling is that assembling or disassembling of the coupling is possible without changing the position of the shaft. This coupling is used for heavy power transmission at moderate speed. Diaphragm couplings transmit torque from the outside diameter of
2255-413: The other hand, non-moving parts that bend to take up misalignment. Elastomeric types, then again, gain flexibility from resilient, non-moving, elastic or plastic elements transmitting torque between metallic hubs. A gear coupling is a mechanical device for transmitting torque between two shafts that are not collinear . It consists of a flexible joint fixed to each shaft. The two joints are connected by
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2310-421: The other. This design utilizes a single piece of material and becomes flexible by removal of material along a spiral path resulting in a curved flexible beam of helical shape. Since it is made from a single piece of material, the beam style coupling does not exhibit the backlash found in some multi-piece couplings. Another advantage of being an all machined coupling is the possibility to incorporate features into
2365-431: The pair of cardan joints within the assembly by using, for example, a spherical four bar scissors linkage (spherical pantograph) and it is the first coupling to have this combination of properties. Early front-wheel drive vehicles (such as the 1930s Citroen Traction Avant ) and the front axles of off-road four-wheel drive vehicles used universal joints rather than CV joints. Amongst the first cars to use CV joints were
2420-598: The pins. The coupling has two halves dissimilar in construction. The pins are rigidly fastened by nuts to one of the flange and kept loose on the other flange. This coupling is used to connect shafts which have a small parallel misalignment, angular misalignment or axial misalignment. In this coupling the rubber bushing absorbs shocks and vibration during its operations. This type of coupling is mostly used to couple electric motors and machines. There are various types of constant-velocity (CV) couplings: Rzeppa joint , Double cardan joint, and Thompson coupling . In this coupling,
2475-459: The principle of the double tongue and groove joint. It comprises only four individual parts: the two forks (a.k.a. yokes, one driving and one driven) and the two semi-spherical sliding pieces (one called male or spigot swivel and another called female or slotted swivel) which interlock in a floating (movable) connection. Each yoke jaw engages a circular groove formed on the intermediate members. Both intermediate members are coupled together in turn by
2530-683: The self-centering balanced rotation means it lasts longer than a keyed joint would, but the downside is that it costs more. A flexible coupling made from two counter-wound springs with a ball bearing in the center, which allows torque transfer from input to output shaft. Requires no lubrication to consistently run as it has no internal components. Coupling maintenance requires a regularly scheduled inspection of each coupling. It consists of: Even with proper maintenance, however, couplings can fail. Underlying reasons for failure, other than maintenance, include: External signs that indicate potential coupling failure include: Couplings are normally balanced at
2585-402: The shaft, so that engine rocking and other effects do not preload the bearings. A typical Tripod joint has up to 50 mm of plunge travel, and 26 degrees of angular articulation. The tripod joint does not have as much angular range as many of the other joint types, but tends to be lower in cost and more efficient. Due to this it is typically used in rear-wheel drive vehicle configurations or on
2640-403: The size and stiffness of the coupling, the flexible part may be single- or multi-row. Hirth joints use tapered teeth on two shaft ends meshed together to transmit torque. Jaw coupling is also known as spider or Lovejoy coupling. A magnetic coupling uses magnetic forces to transmit the power from one shaft to another without any contact. This allows for full medium separation. It can provide
2695-429: The speed variation of the input half member. Thus the output speed change is identical to that of the input drive, providing constant velocity rotation. A Rzeppa joint (invented by Alfred H. Rzeppa in 1926) consists of a spherical inner shell with 6 grooves in it and a similar enveloping outer shell. Each groove guides one ball . The input shaft fits in the centre of a large, steel, star-shaped "gear" that nests inside
2750-467: The surface, such as CO 2 , HPO (high pressure oxygen), O 2 %, depth, temperature, and cabin pressure. Communication is achieved through digital voice/data transmission via water and umbilical cable . In the event of an emergency, the suit is equipped with the following: The newest generation of this type of suit is called the Exosuit, also designed by Phil Nuytten. Coupling A coupling
2805-428: The systems require a high level of torsional flexibility and misalignment capacity. This type of coupling provides an effective damping of torsional vibrations, and high displacement capacity, which protects the drive. The design of the highly flexible elastic couplings makes assembly easier. These couplings also compensate shaft displacements (radial, axial and angular) and the torque is transmitted in shear. Depending on
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#17327808362162860-434: The two shafts and sleeve together (this is the simplest type of the coupling) It is made from the cast iron and very simple to design and manufacture. It consists of a hollow pipe whose inner diameter is same as diameter of the shafts. The hollow pipe is fitted over a two or more ends of the shafts with the help of the taper sunk key. A key and sleeve are useful to transmit power from one shaft to another shaft. A tapered lock
2915-543: The way through the coupling and into the second half to ensure a secure hold. Flanged rigid couplings are designed for heavy loads or industrial equipment. They consist of short sleeves surrounded by a perpendicular flange. One coupling is placed on each shaft so the two flanges line up face to face. A series of screws or bolts can then be installed in the flanges to hold them together. Because of their size and durability, flanged units can be used to bring shafts into alignment before they are joined. A sleeve coupling consists of
2970-541: The yokes; this effectively allows the two Hooke's joints to be mounted back to back. DCJs are typically used in steering columns, as they eliminate the need to correctly phase the universal joints at the ends of the intermediate shaft (IS), which eases packaging of the IS around the other components in the engine bay of the car. They are also used to replace Rzeppa style constant-velocity joints in applications where high articulation angles, or impulsive torque loads are common, such as
3025-483: Was the Double Cardan joint, which was invented by Robert Hooke in the 17th century. This design uses two universal joints offset by 90 degrees, which cancels out the velocity variations in each joint. Many other types of constant-velocity joints have been invented since then. Double Cardan joints are similar to double Cardan shafts , except that the length of the intermediate shaft is shortened leaving only
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