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44-504: NextBus is developed by Nextbus Information Systems, Inc., a subsidiary of Cubic Transportation Systems , for buses , trams , light rail operations and other public transport vehicles. The company was founded by Ken Schmier, Bryce Nesbitt and Paul Freda in 1997 in Emeryville, California with U.S. Patents 6,006,159 & 6,374,176. As of 2013, the company systems were operating in over 130 locations. NextBus Information Systems, Inc.

88-482: A personal area network . GSMA defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards within mobile handsets. GSMA's efforts include, Single Wire Protocol , testing and certification and secure element. The GSMA standards surrounding the deployment of NFC protocols (governed by NFC Forum ) on mobile handsets are neither exclusive nor universally accepted. For example, Google's deployment of Host Card Emulation on Android KitKat provides for software control of

132-602: A 'wait time' and made available via the NextBus website and electronic signs at bus stops and tram stops as well as cell phones, and other wireless devices via the Internet . NextBus provides a real-time passenger information system for all routes for several major transportation agencies including the San Francisco Municipal Railway , Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority ,

176-643: A company or manufacturer, but can be utilized immediately with an NFC-equipped smartphone and an NFC tag. The NFC Forum published the Signature Record Type Definition (RTD) 2.0 in 2015 to add integrity and authenticity for NFC Tags. This specification allows an NFC device to verify tag data and identify the tag author. NFC has been used in video games starting with Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure . These are customizable figurines which contain personal data with each figure, so no two figures are exactly alike. Nintendo's Wii U GamePad

220-406: A contract with Cubic for the development of their National Ticketing Solution named Motu Move . The National Ticketing Solution will allow the use of a single fare card on public transport across the whole of New Zealand . Near field communication Near-field communications ( NFC ) is a set of communication protocols that enables communication between two electronic devices over

264-416: A distance of 4 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) or less. NFC offers a low-speed connection through a simple setup that can be used for the bootstrapping of capable wireless connections. Like other proximity card technologies, NFC is based on inductive coupling between two electromagnetic coils present on a NFC-enabled device such as a smartphone . NFC communicating in one or both directions uses

308-490: A frequency of 13.56 MHz in the globally available unlicensed radio frequency ISM band , compliant with the ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface standard at data rates ranging from 106 to 848 kbit/s. The NFC Forum has helped define and promote the technology, setting standards for certifying device compliance. Secure communications are available by applying encryption algorithms as is done for credit cards and if they fit

352-451: A future possible alternatives to NFC technology due to further distances of data transmission, as well as Bluetooth and wireless technology. NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a separation of 10 cm ( 3 + 7 ⁄ 8  in) or less. NFC operates at 13.56  MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and

396-567: A letter to the Australian Victorian state premier, requesting a review of the tender process which awarded the state upgrade of its Myki system to its competitor Conduent. In its letter Cubic claimed its submitted bid was $ 100,000 less than the winning a bid (a 0.005% difference in the overall $ 1.7 billion cost of the winning bid over 15 years), and that procurement officers from the state government had not visited its operational sites. Cubic preferences to install its own ticket readers

440-428: A lower transfer rate than Bluetooth low energy . With NFC, instead of performing manual configurations to identify devices, the connection between two NFC devices is automatically established in less than .1 second. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s). NFC's maximum working distance of less than 20 cm ( 7 + 7 ⁄ 8  in) reduces

484-687: A modified Miller coding with 100 percent modulation is used. In all other cases Manchester coding is used with a modulation ratio of 10 percent. Every active NFC device can work in one or more of three modes: NFC tags are passive data stores which can be read, and under some circumstances written to, by an NFC device. They typically contain data (as of 2015 between 96 and 8,192 bytes) and are read-only in normal use, but may be rewritable. Applications include secure personal data storage (e.g. debit or credit card information, loyalty program data, personal identification numbers (PINs), contacts). NFC tags can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use

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528-677: A new Reader Mode to act as readers for HCE cards and other NFC-based transactions. On September 9, 2014, Apple announced support for NFC-powered transactions as part of Apple Pay . With the introduction of iOS 11, Apple devices allow third-party developers to read data from NFC tags. As of 2022, there are five major NFC apps available in the UK: Apple Pay, Google Pay, Samsung Pay, Barclays Contactless Mobile and Fitbit Pay. The UK Finance's UK Payment Markets Summary 2021 looked at Apple Pay, Google Pay and Samsung Pay and found 17.3 million UK adults had registered for mobile payment (up 75% from

572-469: A planned completion date of May 2021. As of May 2021, the cost of the project (now called "Fare Transformation") had risen to $ 935 million, with an updated completion date of 2024. In February 2023, the MBTA announced that it considered the project "unlikely to meet the current 2024 timeline for full implementation". On October 21, 2022, it was announced that NZ Transport Agency Waka Kotahi had signed

616-947: A target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as unpowered tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards. NFC peer-to-peer communication is possible, provided both devices are powered. NFC tags contain data and are typically read-only, but may be writable. They can be custom-encoded by their manufacturers or use NFC Forum specifications. The tags can securely store personal data such as debit and credit card information, loyalty program data, PINs and networking contacts, among other information. The NFC Forum defines five types of tags that provide different communication speeds and capabilities in terms of configurability, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. As with proximity card technology, NFC uses inductive coupling between two nearby loop antennas effectively forming an air-core transformer . Because

660-1382: A universal radio. In this HCE Deployment the NFC protocol is leveraged without the GSMA standards. Other standardization bodies involved in NFC include: NFC allows one- and two-way communication between endpoints, suitable for many applications. NFC devices can act as electronic identity documents and keycards . They are used in contactless payment systems and allow mobile payment replacing or supplementing systems such as credit cards and electronic ticket smart cards. These are sometimes called NFC/CTLS or CTLS NFC , with contactless abbreviated as CTLS . NFC can be used to share small files such as contacts and for bootstrapping fast connections to share larger media such as photos, videos, and other files. NFC devices can be used in contactless payment systems, similar to those used in credit cards and electronic ticket smart cards, and allow mobile payment to replace/supplement these systems. In Android 4.4, Google introduced platform support for secure NFC-based transactions through Host Card Emulation (HCE), for payments, loyalty programs, card access, transit passes and other custom services. HCE allows any Android 4.4 app to emulate an NFC smart card, letting users initiate transactions with their device. Apps can use

704-506: Is a pan-European consortium supported by the European Commission 's Information Society Technologies program. StoLPaN will examine the potential for NFC local wireless mobile communication. NFC Forum is a non-profit industry association formed on March 18, 2004, by NXP Semiconductors , Sony and Nokia to advance the use of NFC wireless interaction in consumer electronics, mobile devices and PCs. Its specifications include

748-423: Is a soccer ball that contains an NFC chip within. The chip enables users to interact with the ball using a smartphone. NFC and Bluetooth are both relatively short-range communication technologies available on mobile phones . NFC operates at slower speeds than Bluetooth and has a much shorter range, but consumes far less power and doesn't require pairing. NFC sets up more quickly than standard Bluetooth, but has

792-551: Is able to eavesdrop the RF signal depends on multiple parameters, but is typically less than 10 meters. Also, eavesdropping is highly affected by the communication mode. A passive device that doesn't generate its own RF field is much harder to eavesdrop on than an active device. An attacker can typically eavesdrop within 10 m of an active device and 1 m for passive devices. Because NFC devices usually include ISO/IEC 14443 protocols, relay attacks are feasible. For this attack

836-459: Is an American multinational defense and public transportation equipment manufacturer. It operates two business segments: Cubic Transportation Systems (CTS) and Cubic Mission and Performance Solutions (CMPS). Cubic Corporation was founded in 1949 by Walter J. Zable as an electronics company in San Diego , California, and began operations in 1951. Zable devised the company name as he wanted

880-518: Is at a premium and high power charging is less critical. The NFC Forum also facilitates a certification program, labeled as Test Release 13.1 (TR13.1), ensuring that products adhere to the WLC 2.0 specification. This certification aims to establish trust and consistency across NFC implementations, minimizing risks for manufacturers and providing assurance to consumers about the reliability and functionality of their NFC-enabled wireless charging devices. NFC

924-558: Is especially suitable for smaller devices like earbuds, wearables, and other compact Internet of Things (IoT) appliances. Compared to the more widely known Qi wireless charging standard by the Wireless Power Consortium , which offers up to 15W of power over distances up to 4 cm ( 1 + 5 ⁄ 8  in), NFC WLC provides a lower power output but benefits from a significantly smaller antenna size. This makes NFC WLC an ideal solution for devices where space

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968-533: Is rooted in radio-frequency identification technology (known as RFID) which allows compatible hardware to both supply power to and communicate with an otherwise unpowered and passive electronic tag using radio waves. This is used for identification, authentication and tracking . Similar ideas in advertising and industrial applications were not generally successful commercially, outpaced by technologies such as QR codes , barcodes and UHF RFID tags. Ultra-wideband (UWB) another radio technology has been hailed as

1012-558: Is standardized in: NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including ISO/IEC 14443 Type A and Type B, and FeliCa (also simply named F or NFC-F). NFC-enabled phones work at a basic level with existing readers. In "card emulation mode" an NFC device should transmit, at a minimum, a unique ID number to a reader. In addition, NFC Forum defined a common data format called NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) that can store and transport items ranging from any MIME -typed object to ultra-short RTD-documents, such as URLs . The NFC Forum added

1056-669: Is under deployment by France Brevets, a patent fund created in 2011. This program was under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of Dolby Laboratories , and was terminated in May 2012. A platform-independent free and open source NFC library, libnfc , is available under the GNU Lesser General Public License . Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange and simplified setup of more complex communications such as Wi-Fi . In addition, when one of

1100-649: The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority , and the Toronto Transit Commission . The system is also available in many other smaller universities and public transportation agencies for a total of approximately 100 systems. This website-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about transport is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cubic Transportation Systems Cubic Corporation

1144-565: The Simple NDEF Exchange Protocol (SNEP) to the spec that allows sending and receiving messages between two NFC devices. The GSM Association (GSMA) is a trade association representing nearly 800 mobile telephony operators and more than 200 product and service companies across 219 countries. Many of its members have led NFC trials and are preparing services for commercial launch. GSM is involved with several initiatives: StoLPaN (Store Logistics and Payment with NFC)

1188-577: The NFC Forum. NFC is standardized in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092. These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds and frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as well as initialization schemes and conditions required for data collision-control during initialization for both passive and active NFC modes. They also define the transport protocol , including protocol activation and data-exchange methods. The air interface for NFC

1232-601: The adversary forwards the request of the reader to the victim and relays its answer to the reader in real time, pretending to be the owner of the victim's smart card. This is similar to a man-in-the-middle attack . One libnfc code example demonstrates a relay attack using two stock commercial NFC devices. This attack can be implemented using only two NFC-enabled mobile phones. NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing RFID standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa . The standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and those defined by

1276-651: The configuration of Wi-Fi networks. Samsung Galaxy devices have a feature named S-Beam —an extension of Android Beam that uses NFC (to share MAC address and IP addresses ) and then uses Wi-Fi Direct to share files and documents. The advantage of using Wi-Fi Direct over Bluetooth is that it permits much faster data transfers, running up to 300 Mbit/s. NFC can be used for social networking , for sharing contacts, text messages and forums, links to photos, videos or files and entering multiplayer mobile games . NFC-enabled devices can act as electronic identity documents found in passports and ID cards, and keycards for

1320-551: The connected devices has Internet connectivity, the other can exchange data with online services. Near-field communication (NFC) technology not only supports data transmission but also enables wireless charging, providing a dual-functionality that is particularly beneficial for small, portable devices. The NFC Forum has developed a specific wireless charging specification, known as NFC Wireless Charging (WLC), which allows devices to charge with up to 1W of power over distances of up to 2 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4  in). This capability

1364-932: The criteria for being considered a personal area network . NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa . The standards include ISO/IEC 18092 and those defined by the NFC Forum. In addition to the NFC Forum, the GSMA group defined a platform for the deployment of GSMA NFC Standards within mobile handsets. GSMA's efforts include Trusted Services Manager, Single Wire Protocol , testing/certification and secure element. NFC-enabled portable devices can be provided with application software , for example to read electronic tags or make payments when connected to an NFC-compliant system. These are standardized to NFC protocols, replacing proprietary technologies used by earlier systems. A patent licensing program for NFC

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1408-473: The distances involved are tiny compared to the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation (radio waves) of that frequency (about 22 metres), the interaction is described as near field . An alternating magnetic field is the main coupling factor and almost no power is radiated in the form of radio waves (which are electromagnetic waves, also involving an oscillating electric field ); that minimises interference between such devices and any radio communications at

1452-440: The five distinct tag types that provide different communication speeds and capabilities covering flexibility, memory, security, data retention and write endurance. NFC Forum promotes implementation and standardization of NFC technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services. As of January 2020, the NFC Forum had over 120 member companies. NFC Forum promotes NFC and certifies device compliance and whether it fits in

1496-400: The industry specifications. Although the range of NFC is limited to a few centimeters, standard plain NFC is not protected against eavesdropping and can be vulnerable to data modifications. Applications may use higher-layer cryptographic protocols to establish a secure channel. The RF signal for the wireless data transfer can be picked up with antennas. The distance from which an attacker

1540-420: The name to reflect both engineering and precision. Its first product was a calorimetric wattmeter , a device used for measuring microwave output. It became a publicly-traded company in 1959. In 1969, the company acquired United States Elevator Corporation, a maker of freight and passenger elevators. In early September 1984, Cubic moved its corporate domicile into Delaware General Corporation Law . The move

1584-446: The pickup antenna may be quenched in an eddy current by nearby metallic surfaces, the tags may require a minimum separation from such surfaces. The ISO/IEC 18092 standard supports data rates of 106, 212 or 424 kbit/s . The communication takes place between an active "initiator" device and a target device which may either be: NFC employs two different codings to transfer data. If an active device transfers data at 106 kbit/s,

1628-644: The same frequency or with other NFC devices much beyond its intended range. NFC operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the ±7 kHz bandwidth allocated for that band, but the emission's spectral width can be as wide as 1.8 MHz in order to support high data rates. Working distance with compact standard antennas and realistic power levels could be up to about 20 cm ( 7 + 7 ⁄ 8  in) (but practically speaking, working distances never exceed 10 cm or 3 + 7 ⁄ 8  in). Note that because

1672-415: The use in fare cards , transit passes , login cards , car keys and access badges . NFC's short range and encryption support make it more suitable than less private RFID systems. NFC-equipped smartphones can be paired with NFC Tags or stickers that can be programmed by NFC apps. These programs can allow a change of phone settings, texting, app launching, or command execution. Such apps do not rely on

1716-546: The year before) and of those, 84% had made a mobile payment. NFC offers a low-speed connection with simple setup that can be used to bootstrap more capable wireless connections . For example, Android Beam software uses NFC to enable pairing and establish a Bluetooth connection when doing a file transfer and then disabling Bluetooth on both devices upon completion. Nokia, Samsung, BlackBerry and Sony have used NFC technology to pair Bluetooth headsets, media players and speakers with one tap. The same principle can be applied to

1760-485: Was completed on June 11, 1985. Cubic employs 6,200 people globally. Stevan Slijepcevic was named president and chief executive officer of Cubic Corporation in January 2022. In May 2021, Cubic announced the completion of its sale to the private equity firms Veritas Capital and Elliott Management , turning the publicly traded New York Stock Exchange company into a privately held company . In June 2023 Cubic wrote

1804-458: Was launched in January 2021. Cubic Transportation Systems manages around 70% of the global market for smart transit cards. Cubic processes more than 24 billion transactions a year. In 2017, Cubic was chosen to implement the AFC 2.0 project by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) to update the MBTA's fare collection systems. This project was budgeted for $ 723 million, with

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1848-488: Was previously a subsidiary of Webtech Wireless, Inc. and was acquired by Cubic Transportation Systems in January 2013. Each vehicle is fitted with a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, which transmits speed and location data to a central location. There, a computer running proprietary software calculates the projected arrival times for all stops in the system using this data, along with configuration information and historic travel times. These times are then converted to

1892-571: Was reported as a reason to consider its bid more expensive. Cubic's operating segments include: Cubic Transportation Systems provides the following products and services: Cubic Transportation Systems has delivered over 400 projects in 40 markets on five continents. Cubic first implemented mobile ticketing technology in 2006 and produces multiple mobile fare collection options, including mobile ticketing through barcoding, NFC tools, contact and contactless smartcard payments, and traditional automated fare collection systems. The Umo Mobility Platform

1936-737: Was the first console system to include NFC technology out of the box. It was later included in the Nintendo 3DS range (being built into the New Nintendo 3DS/XL and in a separately sold reader which uses Infrared to communicate to older 3DS family consoles) and the Nintendo Switch range (being built within the right Joy-Con controller and directly in the Nintendo Switch Lite). The amiibo range of accessories utilize NFC technology to unlock features. Adidas Telstar 18

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