A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms which are correlated with each other and often associated with a particular disease or disorder. The word derives from the Greek σύνδρομον, meaning "concurrence". When a syndrome is paired with a definite cause this becomes a disease. In some instances, a syndrome is so closely linked with a pathogenesis or cause that the words syndrome , disease , and disorder end up being used interchangeably for them. This substitution of terminology often confuses the reality and meaning of medical diagnoses. This is especially true of inherited syndromes. About one third of all phenotypes that are listed in OMIM are described as dysmorphic, which usually refers to the facial gestalt. For example, Down syndrome , Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome , and Andersen–Tawil syndrome are disorders with known pathogeneses, so each is more than just a set of signs and symptoms, despite the syndrome nomenclature. In other instances, a syndrome is not specific to only one disease. For example, toxic shock syndrome can be caused by various toxins; another medical syndrome named as premotor syndrome can be caused by various brain lesions; and premenstrual syndrome is not a disease but simply a set of symptoms.
66-415: " Nervous breakdown " is a term for a mental disorder with no agreed-upon medical definition. Nervous breakdown may also refer to: Nervous breakdown A mental disorder , also referred to as a mental illness , a mental health condition , or a psychiatric disability , is a behavioral or mental pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning. A mental disorder
132-436: A " psychosis ", and described "the three major psychoses" as schizophrenia, epilepsy, and manic-depressive illness . In the field of medical genetics, the term "syndrome" is traditionally only used when the underlying genetic cause is known. Thus, trisomy 21 is commonly known as Down syndrome. Until 2005, CHARGE syndrome was most frequently referred to as "CHARGE association". When the major causative gene ( CHD7 ) for
198-513: A "fuzzy prototype " that can never be precisely defined, or conversely that the concept always involves a mixture of scientific facts and subjective value judgments. Although the diagnostic categories are referred to as 'disorders', they are presented as medical diseases, but are not validated in the same way as most medical diagnoses. Some neurologists argue that classification will only be reliable and valid when based on neurobiological features rather than clinical interview, while others suggest that
264-460: A category for enduring personality change after a catastrophic experience or psychiatric illness. If an inability to sufficiently adjust to life circumstances begins within three months of a particular event or situation, and ends within six months after the stressor stops or is eliminated, it may instead be classed as an adjustment disorder . There is an emerging consensus that personality disorders, similar to personality traits in general, incorporate
330-442: A category of relational disorder , where the diagnosis is of a relationship rather than on any one individual in that relationship. The relationship may be between children and their parents, between couples, or others. There already exists, under the category of psychosis, a diagnosis of shared psychotic disorder where two or more individuals share a particular delusion because of their close relationship with each other. There are
396-545: A diagnosis. Services for mental disorders are usually based in psychiatric hospitals , outpatient clinics , or in the community , Treatments are provided by mental health professionals. Common treatment options are psychotherapy or psychiatric medication , while lifestyle changes, social interventions, peer support , and self-help are also options. In a minority of cases, there may be involuntary detention or treatment . Prevention programs have been shown to reduce depression. In 2019, common mental disorders around
462-440: A dimension or spectrum of mood, is subject to some scientific debate. Patterns of belief, language use and perception of reality can become dysregulated (e.g., delusions , thought disorder , hallucinations ). Psychotic disorders in this domain include schizophrenia , and delusional disorder . Schizoaffective disorder is a category used for individuals showing aspects of both schizophrenia and affective disorders. Schizotypy
528-482: A disorder, it generally needs to cause dysfunction. Most international clinical documents use the term mental "disorder", while "illness" is also common. It has been noted that using the term "mental" (i.e., of the mind ) is not necessarily meant to imply separateness from the brain or body . According to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-IV ), published in 1994,
594-427: A disorder. Obsessive–compulsive disorder can sometimes involve an inability to resist certain acts but is classed separately as being primarily an anxiety disorder. Substance use disorder : This disorder refers to the use of drugs (legal or illegal, including alcohol ) that persists despite significant problems or harm related to its use. Substance dependence and substance abuse fall under this umbrella category in
660-403: A dysfunction in the individual. DSM-IV predicates the definition with caveats, stating that, as in the case with many medical terms, mental disorder "lacks a consistent operational definition that covers all situations", noting that different levels of abstraction can be used for medical definitions, including pathology, symptomology, deviance from a normal range, or etiology, and that the same
726-399: A few anxiety disorders tend to appear in childhood. Some other anxiety disorders, substance disorders, and mood disorders emerge later in the mid-teens. Symptoms of schizophrenia typically manifest from late adolescence to early twenties. The likely course and outcome of mental disorders vary and are dependent on numerous factors related to the disorder itself, the individual as a whole, and
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#1732775599477792-449: A mental disorder is a psychological syndrome or pattern that is associated with distress (e.g., via a painful symptom ), disability (impairment in one or more important areas of functioning), increased risk of death, or causes a significant loss of autonomy; however, it excludes normal responses such as the grief from loss of a loved one and also excludes deviant behavior for political, religious, or societal reasons not arising from
858-416: A mixture of acute dysfunctional behaviors that may resolve in short periods, and maladaptive temperamental traits that are more enduring. Furthermore, there are also non-categorical schemes that rate all individuals via a profile of different dimensions of personality without a symptom-based cutoff from normal personality variation, for example through schemes based on dimensional models. An eating disorder
924-505: A number of uncommon psychiatric syndromes , which are often named after the person who first described them, such as Capgras syndrome , De Clerambault syndrome , Othello syndrome , Ganser syndrome , Cotard delusion , and Ekbom syndrome , and additional disorders such as the Couvade syndrome and Geschwind syndrome . The onset of psychiatric disorders usually occurs from childhood to early adulthood. Impulse-control disorders and
990-697: A separate axis II in the case of the DSM-IV. A number of different personality disorders are listed, including those sometimes classed as eccentric , such as paranoid , schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders; types that have described as dramatic or emotional, such as antisocial , borderline , histrionic or narcissistic personality disorders; and those sometimes classed as fear-related, such as anxious-avoidant , dependent , or obsessive–compulsive personality disorders. Personality disorders, in general, are defined as emerging in childhood, or at least by adolescence or early adulthood. The ICD also has
1056-414: A severe psychiatric disability. Disability in this context may or may not involve such things as: In terms of total disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which is an estimate of how many years of life are lost due to premature death or to being in a state of poor health and disability, psychiatric disabilities rank amongst the most disabling conditions. Unipolar (also known as Major) depressive disorder
1122-543: A sleep center for analysis, during which doctors ask for a detailed sleep history and sleep records. Doctors also use actigraphs and polysomnography . Doctors will do a multiple sleep latency test, which measures how long it takes a person to fall asleep. Sleep apnea, when breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, can be a serious sleep disorder. Three types of sleep apnea include obstructive sleep apnea , central sleep apnea , and complex sleep apnea . Sleep apnea can be diagnosed at home or with polysomnography at
1188-644: A sleep center. An ear, nose, and throat doctor may further help with the sleeping habits. Sexual disorders include dyspareunia and various kinds of paraphilia (sexual arousal to objects, situations, or individuals that are considered abnormal or harmful to the person or others). Impulse control disorder : People who are abnormally unable to resist certain urges or impulses that could be harmful to themselves or others, may be classified as having an impulse control disorder, and disorders such as kleptomania (stealing) or pyromania (fire-setting). Various behavioral addictions, such as gambling addiction, may be classed as
1254-603: A subset of all medical syndromes. Early texts by physicians noted the symptoms of various maladies and introduced diagnoses based upon those symptoms. For example, Avicenna 's The Canon of Medicine (1025) describes diagnosing pleurisy by its symptoms, including chronic fever, cough, shooting pains, and labored breathing. The 17th century doctor Thomas Sydenham likewise approached diagnoses based upon collections of symptoms. Psychiatric syndromes often called psychopathological syndromes ( psychopathology refers both to psychic dysfunctions occurring in mental disorders , and
1320-455: A very similar definition. The terms "mental breakdown" or "nervous breakdown" may be used by the general population to mean a mental disorder. The terms "nervous breakdown" and "mental breakdown" have not been formally defined through a medical diagnostic system such as the DSM-5 or ICD-10 and are nearly absent from scientific literature regarding mental illness. Although "nervous breakdown"
1386-486: Is anxiety or fear that interferes with normal functioning may be classified as an anxiety disorder. Commonly recognized categories include specific phobias , generalized anxiety disorder , social anxiety disorder , panic disorder , agoraphobia , obsessive–compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder . Other affective (emotion/mood) processes can also become disordered. Mood disorder involving unusually intense and sustained sadness, melancholia, or despair
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#17327755994771452-462: Is insomnia , which is described as difficulty falling and/or staying asleep. Other sleep disorders include narcolepsy , sleep apnea , REM sleep behavior disorder , chronic sleep deprivation , and restless leg syndrome . Narcolepsy is a condition of extreme tendencies to fall asleep whenever and wherever. People with narcolepsy feel refreshed after their random sleep, but eventually get sleepy again. Narcolepsy diagnosis requires an overnight stay at
1518-463: Is a category used for individuals showing some of the characteristics associated with schizophrenia, but without meeting cutoff criteria. Personality —the fundamental characteristics of a person that influence thoughts and behaviors across situations and time—may be considered disordered if judged to be abnormally rigid and maladaptive . Although treated separately by some, the commonly used categorical schemes include them as mental disorders, albeit on
1584-422: Is a nervous breakdown. But that term has vanished from medicine, although not from the way we speak.... The nervous patients of yesteryear are the depressives of today. That is the bad news.... There is a deeper illness that drives depression and the symptoms of mood. We can call this deeper illness something else, or invent a neologism, but we need to get the discussion off depression and onto this deeper disorder in
1650-477: Is a serious mental health condition that involves an unhealthy relationship with food and body image. They can cause severe physical and psychological problems. Eating disorders involve disproportionate concern in matters of food and weight. Categories of disorder in this area include anorexia nervosa , bulimia nervosa , exercise bulimia or binge eating disorder . Sleep disorders are associated with disruption to normal sleep patterns. A common sleep disorder
1716-407: Is also characterized by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior, often in a social context . Such disturbances may occur as single episodes, may be persistent, or may be relapsing–remitting . There are many different types of mental disorders, with signs and symptoms that vary widely between specific disorders. A mental disorder
1782-527: Is an old diagnosis involving somatic complaints as well as fatigue and low spirits/depression, which is officially recognized by the ICD-10 but no longer by the DSM-IV. Factitious disorders are diagnosed where symptoms are thought to be reported for personal gain. Symptoms are often deliberately produced or feigned, and may relate to either symptoms in the individual or in someone close to them, particularly people they care for. There are attempts to introduce
1848-456: Is known as major depression (also known as unipolar or clinical depression). Milder, but still prolonged depression, can be diagnosed as dysthymia . Bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression) involves abnormally "high" or pressured mood states, known as mania or hypomania , alternating with normal or depressed moods. The extent to which unipolar and bipolar mood phenomena represent distinct categories of disorder, or mix and merge along
1914-399: Is not rigorously defined, surveys of laypersons suggest that the term refers to a specific acute time-limited reactive disorder involving symptoms such as anxiety or depression, usually precipitated by external stressors . Many health experts today refer to a nervous breakdown as a mental health crisis . In addition to the concept of mental disorder, some people have argued for a return to
1980-603: Is one aspect of mental health . The causes of mental disorders are often unclear. Theories incorporate findings from a range of fields. Disorders may be associated with particular regions or functions of the brain. Disorders are usually diagnosed or assessed by a mental health professional , such as a clinical psychologist , psychiatrist , psychiatric nurse, or clinical social worker , using various methods such as psychometric tests , but often relying on observation and questioning. Cultural and religious beliefs, as well as social norms , should be taken into account when making
2046-449: Is still plausible. The World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that the long-term studies' findings converged with others in "relieving patients, carers and clinicians of the chronicity paradigm which dominated thinking throughout much of the 20th century." A follow-up study by Tohen and coworkers revealed that around half of people initially diagnosed with bipolar disorder achieve symptomatic recovery (no longer meeting criteria for
Nervous breakdown (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2112-465: Is that genetic, psychological, and environmental factors all contribute to the development or progression of mental disorders. Different risk factors may be present at different ages, with risk occurring as early as during prenatal period. Syndrome If an underlying genetic cause is suspected but not known, a condition may be referred to as a genetic association (often just "association" in context). By definition, an association indicates that
2178-747: Is the third leading cause of disability worldwide, of any condition mental or physical, accounting for 65.5 million years lost. The first systematic description of global disability arising in youth, in 2011, found that among 10- to 24-year-olds nearly half of all disability (current and as estimated to continue) was due to psychiatric disabilities, including substance use disorders and conditions involving self-harm . Second to this were accidental injuries (mainly traffic collisions) accounting for 12 percent of disability, followed by communicable diseases at 10 percent. The psychiatric disabilities associated with most disabilities in high-income countries were unipolar major depression (20%) and alcohol use disorder (11%). In
2244-661: Is true for mental disorders, so that sometimes one type of definition is appropriate and sometimes another, depending on the situation. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) redefined mental disorders in the DSM-5 as "a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning." The final draft of ICD-11 contains
2310-469: The DSM and ICD, some approaches are not based on identifying distinct categories of disorder using dichotomous symptom profiles intended to separate the abnormal from the normal. There is significant scientific debate about the relative merits of categorical versus such non-categorical (or hybrid) schemes, also known as continuum or dimensional models. A spectrum approach may incorporate elements of both. In
2376-495: The DSM. Substance use disorder may be due to a pattern of compulsive and repetitive use of a drug that results in tolerance to its effects and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. Dissociative disorder : People with severe disturbances of their self-identity, memory, and general awareness of themselves and their surroundings may be classified as having these types of disorders, including depersonalization derealization disorder or dissociative identity disorder (which
2442-523: The ICD). Popular labels such as psychopath (or sociopath) do not appear in the DSM or ICD but are linked by some to these diagnoses. Somatoform disorders may be diagnosed when there are problems that appear to originate in the body that are thought to be manifestations of a mental disorder. This includes somatization disorder and conversion disorder . There are also disorders of how a person perceives their body, such as body dysmorphic disorder . Neurasthenia
2508-683: The brain and body. That is the point. In eliminating the nervous breakdown, psychiatry has come close to having its own nervous breakdown. Nerves stand at the core of common mental illness, no matter how much we try to forget them. "Nervous breakdown" is a pseudo-medical term to describe a wealth of stress-related feelings and they are often made worse by the belief that there is a real phenomenon called "nervous breakdown". There are currently two widely established systems that classify mental disorders: Both of these list categories of disorder and provide standardized criteria for diagnosis. They have deliberately converged their codes in recent revisions so that
2574-461: The collection of signs and symptoms occurs in combination more frequently than would be likely by chance alone . Syndromes are often named after the physician or group of physicians that discovered them or initially described the full clinical picture. Such eponymous syndrome names are examples of medical eponyms . Recently, there has been a shift towards naming conditions descriptively (by symptoms or underlying cause) rather than eponymously, but
2640-489: The condition was discovered, the name was changed. The consensus underlying cause of VACTERL association has not been determined, and thus it is not commonly referred to as a "syndrome". In biology, "syndrome" is used in a more general sense to describe characteristic sets of features in various contexts. Examples include behavioral syndromes , as well as pollination syndromes and seed dispersal syndromes . In orbital mechanics and astronomy, Kessler syndrome refers to
2706-413: The defining of congenital syndromes that may include birth defects (pathoanatomy), dysmetabolism (pathophysiology), and neurodevelopmental disorders . When there are a number of symptoms suggesting a particular disease or condition but does not meet the defined criteria used to make a diagnosis of that disease or condition. This can be a bit subjective because it is ultimately up to the clinician to make
Nervous breakdown (disambiguation) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2772-427: The developmental period. Stigma and discrimination can add to the suffering and disability associated with mental disorders, leading to various social movements attempting to increase understanding and challenge social exclusion . The definition and classification of mental disorders are key issues for researchers as well as service providers and those who may be diagnosed. For a mental state to be classified as
2838-424: The diagnosis) within six weeks, and nearly all achieve it within two years, with nearly half regaining their prior occupational and residential status in that period. Less than half go on to experience a new episode of mania or major depression within the next two years. Some disorders may be very limited in their functional effects, while others may involve substantial disability and support needs. In this context,
2904-406: The diagnosis. This could be because it has not advanced to the level or passed a threshold or just similar symptoms cause by other issues. Subclinical is synonymous since one of its definitions is "where some criteria are met but not enough to achieve clinical status"; but subclinical is not always interchangeable since it can also mean "not detectable or producing effects that are not detectable by
2970-556: The differing ideological and practical perspectives need to be better integrated. The DSM and ICD approach remains under attack both because of the implied causality model and because some researchers believe it better to aim at underlying brain differences which can precede symptoms by many years. The high degree of comorbidity between disorders in categorical models such as the DSM and ICD have led some to propose dimensional models. Studying comorbidity between disorders have demonstrated two latent (unobserved) factors or dimensions in
3036-500: The eastern Mediterranean region, it was unipolar major depression (12%) and schizophrenia (7%), and in Africa it was unipolar major depression (7%) and bipolar disorder (5%). Suicide, which is often attributed to some underlying mental disorder, is a leading cause of death among teenagers and adults under 35. There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year worldwide. The predominant view as of 2018
3102-428: The effect where the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects could cause a cascade in which each collision generates space debris that increases the likelihood of further collisions. In quantum error correction theory syndromes correspond to errors in code words which are determined with syndrome measurements, which only collapse the state on an error state, so that
3168-424: The eponymous syndrome names often persist in common usage. The defining of syndromes has sometimes been termed syndromology, but it is usually not a separate discipline from nosology and differential diagnosis generally, which inherently involve pattern recognition (both sentient and automated ) and differentiation among overlapping sets of signs and symptoms. Teratology (dysmorphology) by its nature involves
3234-407: The error can be corrected without affecting the quantum information stored in the code words. There is no set common convention for the naming of newly identified syndromes. In the past, syndromes were often named after the physician or scientist who identified and described the condition in an initial publication. These are referred to as "eponymous syndromes". In some cases, diseases are named after
3300-456: The globe include: depression , which affects about 264 million people; dementia , which affects about 50 million; bipolar disorder , which affects about 45 million; and schizophrenia and other psychoses , which affect about 20 million people. Neurodevelopmental disorders include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) , autism spectrum disorder (ASD) , and intellectual disability , of which onset occurs early in
3366-688: The internalizing-externalizing distinction, but also supports the formation of a third dimension of thought disorders such as schizophrenia. Biological evidence also supports the validity of the internalizing-externalizing structure of mental disorders, with twin and adoption studies supporting heritable factors for externalizing and internalizing disorders. A leading dimensional model is the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology . There are many different categories of mental disorder, and many different facets of human behavior and personality that can become disordered. An anxiety disorder
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#17327755994773432-648: The manuals are often broadly comparable, although significant differences remain. Other classification schemes may be used in non-western cultures, for example, the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders , and other manuals may be used by those of alternative theoretical persuasions, such as the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual . In general, mental disorders are classified separately from neurological disorders , learning disabilities or intellectual disability . Unlike
3498-465: The mild disorders, consists of five syndromes: emotional, paranoid, hysterical , delirious , and impulsive. The second, intermediate, group includes two syndromes: schizophrenic syndrome and speech-hallucinatory syndrome . The third includes the most severe disorders, and consists of three syndromes: epileptic , oligophrenic and dementia . In Kraepelin's era, epilepsy was viewed as a mental illness; Karl Jaspers also considered "genuine epilepsy"
3564-481: The non-possessive form, while European references often use the possessive. A 2009 study demonstrated a trend away from the possessive form in Europe in medical literature from 1970 through 2008. Even in syndromes with no known etiology , the presence of the associated symptoms with a statistically improbable correlation normally leads the researchers to hypothesize that there exists an unknown underlying cause for all
3630-566: The old-fashioned concept of nervous illness. In How Everyone Became Depressed: The Rise and Fall of the Nervous Breakdown (2013), Edward Shorter, a professor of psychiatry and the history of medicine, says: About half of them are depressed. Or at least that is the diagnosis that they got when they were put on antidepressants. ... They go to work but they are unhappy and uncomfortable; they are somewhat anxious; they are tired; they have various physical pains—and they tend to obsess about
3696-448: The patient who initially presents with symptoms, or their home town ( Stockholm syndrome ). There have been isolated cases of patients being eager to have their syndromes named after them, while their physicians are hesitant. When a syndrome is named after a person, there is some difference of opinion as to whether it should take the possessive form or not (e.g. Down syndrome vs. Down's syndrome). North American usage has tended to favor
3762-452: The public perception of the level of disability associated with mental disorders can change. Nevertheless, internationally, people report equal or greater disability from commonly occurring mental conditions than from commonly occurring physical conditions, particularly in their social roles and personal relationships. The proportion with access to professional help for mental disorders is far lower, however, even among those assessed as having
3828-414: The scientific and academic literature on the definition or classification of mental disorder, one extreme argues that it is entirely a matter of value judgements (including of what is normal ) while another proposes that it is or could be entirely objective and scientific (including by reference to statistical norms). Common hybrid views argue that the concept of mental disorder is objective even if only
3894-466: The social environment. Some disorders may last a brief period of time, while others may be long-term in nature. All disorders can have a varied course. Long-term international studies of schizophrenia have found that over a half of individuals recover in terms of symptoms, and around a fifth to a third in terms of symptoms and functioning, with many requiring no medication. While some have serious difficulties and support needs for many years, "late" recovery
3960-470: The stress of having to hide a condition in work or school, etc., by adverse effects of medications or other substances, or by mismatches between illness-related variations and demands for regularity. It is also the case that, while often being characterized in purely negative terms, some mental traits or states labeled as psychiatric disabilities can also involve above-average creativity, non- conformity , goal-striving, meticulousness, or empathy. In addition,
4026-428: The structure of mental disorders that are thought to possibly reflect etiological processes. These two dimensions reflect a distinction between internalizing disorders, such as mood or anxiety symptoms, and externalizing disorders such as behavioral or substance use symptoms. A single general factor of psychopathology, similar to the g factor for intelligence, has been empirically supported. The p factor model supports
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#17327755994774092-1676: The study of the origin, diagnosis, development, and treatment of mental disorders). In Russia those psychopathological syndromes are used in modern clinical practice and described in psychiatric literature in the details: asthenic syndrome , obsessive syndrome , emotional syndromes (for example, manic syndrome , depressive syndrome), Cotard's syndrome , catatonic syndrome , hebephrenic syndrome, delusional and hallucinatory syndromes (for example, paranoid syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, Kandinsky - Clérambault's syndrome also known as syndrome of psychic automatism, hallucinosis), paraphrenic syndrome , psychopathic syndromes (includes all personality disorders), clouding of consciousness syndromes (for example, twilight clouding of consciousness, amential syndrome also known as amentia, delirious syndrome , stunned consciousness syndrome, oneiroid syndrome ), hysteric syndrome, neurotic syndrome , Korsakoff's syndrome , hypochondriacal syndrome , paranoiac syndrome, senestopathic syndrome, encephalopathic syndrome . Some examples of psychopathological syndromes used in modern Germany are psychoorganic syndrome , depressive syndrome, paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome, obsessive-compulsive syndrome , autonomic syndrome, hostility syndrome, manic syndrome , apathy syndrome . Münchausen syndrome , Ganser syndrome , neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome , olfactory reference syndrome are also well-known. The most important psychopathological syndromes were classified into three groups ranked in order of severity by German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856—1926). The first group, which includes
4158-420: The terms psychiatric disability and psychological disability are sometimes used instead of mental disorder . The degree of ability or disability may vary over time and across different life domains. Furthermore, psychiatric disability has been linked to institutionalization , discrimination and social exclusion as well as to the inherent effects of disorders. Alternatively, functioning may be affected by
4224-427: The usual clinical tests"; i.e., asymptomatic. In medicine, a broad definition of syndrome is used, which describes a collection of symptoms and findings without necessarily tying them to a single identifiable pathogenesis. Examples of infectious syndromes include encephalitis and hepatitis , which can both have several different infectious causes. The more specific definition employed in medical genetics describes
4290-449: The whole business. There is a term for what they have, and it is a good old-fashioned term that has gone out of use. They have nerves or a nervous illness. It is an illness not just of mind or brain, but a disorder of the entire body. ... We have a package here of five symptoms—mild depression, some anxiety, fatigue, somatic pains, and obsessive thinking. ... We have had nervous illness for centuries. When you are too nervous to function ... it
4356-687: Was previously referred to as multiple personality disorder or "split personality"). Cognitive disorder : These affect cognitive abilities, including learning and memory. This category includes delirium and mild and major neurocognitive disorder (previously termed dementia ). Developmental disorder : These disorders initially occur in childhood. Some examples include autism spectrum disorder, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder , and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which may continue into adulthood. Conduct disorder, if continuing into adulthood, may be diagnosed as antisocial personality disorder (dissocial personality disorder in
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