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42-675: Their ethnonym is derived from two words: ŋadlu , meaning "we" and juri signifying "man", hence "we men". Wilhelm Schmidt proposed that, together with the languages of the Kaurna , Narungga and Nukunu , the Ngadjuri language formed one of the elements of a subgroup he called the Miṟu languages. It is now classified as a member of the Thura-Yura language family . Elements of the vocabulary were recorded by Samuel Le Brun, step-son of one of

84-483: A little to the northeast of Burra (in Ngadjuri, this place is known as Kooringa). Parallel striations (lines) are a very familiar theme, but other familiar features of Indigenous Australian art , such as hand prints, and kangaroo and emu footprints were also used. The Ngadjuri practised formalised burial practices with bodies sometimes smoked or dried before burial and many buried skeletons were uncovered during

126-422: A notable influx of settlers into their region. Calculating from records on the supply of foodstuffs to the native population, in 1852 it is estimated that there were some 70 Ngadjuri people drawing rations, and the children readily joined in the introduced games by playing marbles , rounders and cricket , but the spread of agriculture appears to have coincided with the disappearance of the central community within

168-430: A number of documented conflicts that resulted in mass deaths of Aboriginal people throughout the continent, now sometimes referred to as " frontier wars ". In South Australia, the government tried to strengthen laws in an attempt to avoid the violence that befell earlier Australian settlements, and Aboriginal people were declared British subjects and afforded the same privileges. However, the laws were rarely enforced, and as

210-709: A part in the enactment of the Aborigines Act 1911. This designated his position as the legal guardian of every Aboriginal child in South Australia, not only the so-called "half-castes". Following the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families and the publication of the Bringing them Home report (1995–1997), the parliament of

252-714: A precolonial thrust by starving Barngarla and Kokata peoples from the Western Desert regions around Lake Eyre down towards the Eyre Peninsula, which put peoples like the Ngadjuri on the defensive. The story runs as follows:- A woman accompanied by two dogs, one red, the other black, both with a human appearance, came down from the northwest and passing through the Flinders Ranges site of Buðajerta ('snow country'), namely Mount Patawerta, they began to kill and eat any human they met. Word spread quickly of

294-483: A tree, and, on sighting the woman and her hounds, make some noise to draw their attention his way, while he, Wulkinara would lay in ambush in scrub nearby. At first the dogs failed to hear the noise, but, on his brother's insistent whisper that he yell out more audibly, Kudnu managed to inveigle the red dog to leap up into the tree, and, just as he did, Wulkinara swung the boomerang in his right hand and, flying truly, it sliced that dog in two. Kudnu then shouted again, and

336-404: A wad of the same colour, which was used both in smearing the bodies of youths during their initiation and in dancing performances. A further element in the tale suggested to Tindale that the story might be inflected with an historically verifiable dating. Following the killings, something odd occurred, with the sun, which, up to that time, had never been known to set: The sun set in the west after

378-538: The APY lands use the term Anangu . The following groups' lands include at least partly South Australian territory which includes: Adnyamathanha , Akenta , Amarak , Bungandidj , Diyari , Erawirung , Kaurna , Kokatha Mula , Maralinga Tjarutja , Maraura , Mirning , Mulbarapa , Narungga , Ngaanyatjarra , Ngadjuri , Ngarrindjeri , Nukunu , Parnkalla , Peramangk , Pitjantjatjara , Ramindjeri , Spinifex people , Warki . The South Australia Act 1834 described

420-739: The Aborigines Protection League ), and supported by the South Australian government. In 1909, the Protector of Aborigines in South Australia , William Garnet South , reportedly "lobbied for the power to remove Aboriginal children without a court hearing because the courts sometimes refused to accept that the children were neglected or destitute". South argued that "all children of mixed descent should be treated as neglected". His lobbying reportedly played

462-694: The Canowie Station proprietors, R. Boucher James. Le Brun, who spent parts of his youth at Canowie in the late 1850s, took an interest in the Aboriginal vocabulary of the district, and in 1886 was among the laymen who made submissions on this topic to a book by Edward Micklethwaite Curr (1820-1889). Le Brun's vocabulary has in recent times been attributed to the Nukunu near Spencer Gulf , but he himself states it originated from "forty miles east of Port Pirie", which places it near Canowie, with which he

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504-422: The Flinders Ranges . Their territory coincides quite precisely with the range of the peppermint gum , which explains why the Kaurna people's exonym for them was Wirameju , meaning in Kaurna "peppermint gum forest people". To the northeast, they took in the area Waukaringa and Koonamore. The districts of Peterborough , Burra and Robertstown are in Ngadjuri territory. The eastern boundaries coincide with

546-594: The Indigenous people who lived in South Australia prior to the British colonisation of South Australia , and their descendants and their ancestors. There are difficulties in identifying the names, territorial boundaries, and language groups of the Aboriginal peoples of South Australia, including poor record-keeping and deliberate obfuscation, so only a rough approximation can be given here. Many Aboriginal South Australians refer to themselves as Nunga , and those in

588-722: The Indigenous inhabitants, it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters. Ethnonym Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 554144901 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:53:54 GMT Aboriginal peoples of South Australia The Aboriginal South Australians are

630-617: The Ngarrindjeri people, until a misunderstanding or disagreement led to the murders. A punitive expedition was mounted by Governor Gawler , who gave permission to execute up to three suspects without formal trial. Major O'Halloran carried out the order. In 1841, at least 30 Aboriginal people were killed in an incident known as the Rufus River Massacre , after a series of skirmishes in the Central Murray along

672-592: The Northern Territory and the state parliaments of Victoria, South Australia, and New South Wales passed formal apologies to the people affected. On 26 May 1998, the first " National Sorry Day " was held; reconciliation events were held nationally, and attended by a total of more than one million people. Mounting public pressure eventually caused Prime Minister John Howard to draft a motion of regret, passed in federal parliament in August 1999, which said that

714-554: The Stolen Generation represented "the most blemished chapter in the history of this country." Despite the inequalities that transpired during the early years of European settlement, some areas of the state are now subject to native title of varying kinds and degrees. This ranges from freehold ownership to the right to access Crown Land in their former range. The Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 grants rights over about 10% of South Australia in

756-526: The area of Mannahill . Source: Tindale 1974 Before European settlers reached the area, after British colonisation of South Australia , the Ngadjuri, who practised circumcision , were aggressively moving eastwards towards the Murray River, insisting that tribes there adopt the practice. According to anthropologist Norman Tindale , the Ngadjuri were composed of several " hordes ", some of whose names are known: The Ngadjuri are virtually invisible in

798-432: The black dog charged his hide-out, which Wulkinara also managed also to cut it in half, throwing the other boomerang in his left hand. They then killed the cannibalistic woman and burnt her. The blood spilled by the slaughtered dogs left two deposits: that of the red dog became the invaluable red ochre deposit at Parachilna Gorge , harvested by the Ngadjuri also for its medicinal properties. The black dog's blood formed

840-625: The cannibal woman and her hunting dogs had been eliminated, and extraordinary happening that made the frightened tribespeople burst out wailinhg. Every endeavor to get nit to rise up failed. Kudnu however, during these attempts, stayed soundly asleep, but once his frustrated kinsmen also fell asleep in sheer exhaustion, he rose and hurled a boomerang northwards where it circled and then returned to earth. This had no effect, so he tried again and again, successively aiming single throws, west, then south, to no avail. Persisting he threw his fourth boomerang eastwards. He pricked his nears attentively, listening to

882-406: The cave to feast on the blackfellow Crows, only to find his father always there, who blocked him, and kept throwing him some meat instead. From that day onwards, the eagle swoops to earth for its prey, while the crow, descended from the smoked-out family, is black even to the point of bearing smokey eyes. When Anglo -European settlers first arrived in 1836 at Holdfast Bay (now Glenelg ), the land

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924-504: The construction of the Spalding railway line . Large groups of up to a hundred men would hold mass possum hunts through the timbered hills. Although ceremonies were usually male-only private events, by the 1860s they had begun to commercialise them with the increasingly dominant European culture spectators; through whom they solicited donations. One myth recorded from Ngadjuri informants appears to reflect historic circumstances related to

966-465: The contents, and the paija bone, at these words, made noises that confirmed the idea many rats were hidden inside. Eagle stamped on the nest, and the bone pierced his foot, leaving him with a painful limp. Crow 'crowed' with delight as Eagle struggled to make his way back to their camp. Eagle then set about tracking Crow and his family as they moved northeast to Titalpa and then west to Waruni where his festering wound burst and pus streamed out, forming

1008-436: The following 20 years. The Mimbara group however held out in the northern bushlands until 1905, as the last "wild" group of Aboriginal peoples of South Australia . These were relocated south to the outskirts of Quorn , and at Riverton , and on Willochra Creek . The Ngadjuri used petroglyphs , body art , and other art forms to express their culture and beliefs. and examples of the first can be found at Firewood Creek, just

1050-406: The frontiers of settlement spread, dispossessed Aboriginal people responded with aggression. In July 1840, there was a massacre of Europeans by Aboriginal men in South Australia, when about 26 shipwrecked passengers and crew members of the ship Maria were murdered. The ship had run aground somewhere in the southern Coorong and all aboard made it safely to shore. They were initially assisted by

1092-439: The game it caught, and because it was powerful enough to smash the nests of the jerboa rat . To punish Eagle, sharpened a piece of bone ( paija ) obtained from a kangaroo's leg, and, sticking it sharp-end upwards inside a jerboa nest told it to move about when Crow spoke to it, in order to conjure up the impression that many rats lived inside. he then enticed Eagle to the nest, and asked him flatteringly to smash it so they might eat

1134-540: The histories of colonisation of, and their dispossession from, the traditional tribal lands. As with other Aboriginal groups in South Australia, the Ngadjuri led nomadic lives and were decimated by introduced European diseases, such as measles and smallpox , as colonisers took over their water and land resources, leading to their dispersion A unit of police were established at Bungaree Station as early as 1842. The discovery and development of large copper mines at Kapunda and then Burra in 1844 and 1845 respectively spurred

1176-533: The imminent threat and people fled from their path. As the cannibal woman drew near to the game-rich and well-watered camping grounds at Karuna , the Ganjamata hill people decided to make a stand and try to kill the intruders. To this end they chose two warriors, Kudnu , the jew lizard , and Wulkinara his brother, to face the trio. Armed with boomerangs, they set a trap near the woman and her dogs, with Wulkinara suggesting to Kudnu that he take up position in

1218-657: The land as "waste" and "uninhabited", but unlike other colonies in Australia, the British settlement of South Australia did not assume the principle of terra nullius (Latin for nobody's land) when the colonists originally arrived. The Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia issued in February 1836 "Provided always that nothing in those our Letters Patent contained shall affect or be construed to affect

1260-544: The last solar eclipse that took place over the Parachilna Gorge area on 13 March 1793. The Ngadjuri also had a version of the widespread Eagle and Crow myth, which Tindale recorded from both the Ngadjuri and the Maraura , and which was also studied by R. M. Berndt and his wife C.H. Berndt . Tindale's version runs as follows:- Crow, while joining Eagle in hunting was jealous of the latter for refusing to share

1302-441: The law. Interim appointments (1836–1839): Gazetted appointments: Sub-protectors: As first the first gazetted appointment in 1839, Moorhouse's role was described as protecting the interests of Aboriginal people, identifying the tribes, learning their language, and teaching them "the arts of civilization" - including reading, writing, and cultivation. He was also to give them a knowledge of Christian religion. There have been

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1344-564: The northwest of the state, including a former Aboriginal reserve and three cattle stations . 21st century Aboriginal people live in South Australia in a number of settings ranging from complete integration to English-speaking culture to near-traditional life in traditional homelands speaking predominantly the pre-European languages. Some live in or loosely associate with Aboriginal communities based on former mission stations such as Pukatja (formerly Ernabella). Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara (APY) Lands are now freehold Aboriginal land in

1386-584: The old Aboriginal route recently made into the overland stock route . A party of which included police and the SA Protector of Aborigines , Matthew Moorhouse , and overlanders bringing cattle to market in Adelaide from New South Wales, became involved in a clash with the local Maraura people. Although the location was and still is in New South Wales , not South Australia, the official party

1428-412: The reef of white quartz still visible today. As it was raining, he reached the cave where Crow and his family had taken shelterd and denied him access because his foot was said to smell, made a fire of porcupine grass at the mouth of the cave, and, hearing the family inside choking, marched off triumphantly, certain they would be suffocated to death. Turning into a bird, he swooped back down three times to

1470-488: The rights of any Aboriginal Natives of the said Province to the actual occupation or enjoyment in their own Persons or in the persons of their descendants of any lands there in now actually occupied or enjoyed by such Natives". The Proclamation of South Australia read out on Proclamation Day , 28 December 1836, at the founding of the permanent settlement that became Adelaide , granted Aboriginal people and British settlers equal protection and rights as British subjects under

1512-449: The rights of any Aboriginal natives of the said province to the actual occupation and enjoyment in their own persons or in the persons of their descendants of any land therein now actually occupied or enjoyed by such natives". Nonetheless, under the Act, the Indigenous inhabitants were assumed to have become British subjects . Although the patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for

1554-426: The sound made by the whirling wood, and gazing, saw it circling back from that direction, and as it drew back near to him, the sky began to shed light, and the day broke. He roused his tribesfolk, who joyously gave him many gifts out of gratitude. In Ngadjuri lore, those gifts, rugs, spears and clubs, remain marked emblematically on the jew lizard's back. Tindale thought that this may reflect, or have been inflected by,

1596-603: The state's Limestone Coast ). Brown was subsequently charged with the crime, but the case was dropped by the Crown for lack of (European) witnesses. Christina Smith's source from the Wattatonga tribe refers to 11 people killed in this incident by two white men. In 1849 at least ten Nauo people were killed in retribution for the killing of two settlers and the theft of food, in the Waterloo Bay massacre at Elliston on

1638-438: The west coast of Eyre Peninsula . As Europeans spread across South Australia, a number of Christian missionaries set up mission stations to reach out to Aboriginal people. Many of these became Aboriginal towns and settlements in later years. Ernabella was established as a Presbyterian mission station for Aboriginal people in 1937, driven by medical doctor and Aboriginal rights campaigner Charles Duguid (then president of

1680-612: Was considered in the South Australia Act 1834 passed by the British Parliament and by Governor Hindmarsh as commander-in-chief in his Proclamation of 1836 , to be a barren wasteland. In contrast to the rest of Australia, terra nullius did not apply to the new province. The Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia attached to the Act acknowledged prior Aboriginal ownership, and stated that no actions could be undertaken that would "affect

1722-566: Was intimately familiar, and is therefore the vocabulary of the Ngadjuri people. Their word for water, cowie or kowi , appears quite frequently as a suffix within Ngadjuri-based nomenclature of the region, such as Yarcowie , Canowie, Caltowie, Warcowie, and Booborowie . The Ngadjuri homelands covered roughly 11,500 square miles (30,000 km), embracing Angaston and Freeling in the south and running northwards to Clare , Crystal Brook , Gladstone up to Carrieton and Orroroo in

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1764-682: Was sent out from Adelaide on the orders of the Governor of South Australia , the newly appointed George Grey . The traditional lands of the Maraura people stretched deep into South Australian territory. In 1848, at least nine people of the Wattatonga clan (of either the Bungandidj people or Tanganekald people ) were allegedly murdered by the station owner James Brown in the Avenue Range Station massacre (near Guichen Bay on

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