43-569: Ngotwane Dam is an earth-fill type dam located on the Ngotwane River , near Lobathleng , North West , South Africa . It was established in 1982 and serves primarily for irrigation purposes. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked significant (2). This article about a dam or floodgate in South Africa is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ngotwane River The Notwane River (or Ngotwane River )
86-677: A royal decree of James VI (1566–1625) of Scotland . The OED speculates that shiterow is a corruption of shiteheron . Another former name was heronshaw or hernshaw , derived from Old French heronçeau . Corrupted to handsaw , this name appears in Shakespeare 's Hamlet . A possible further corruption took place in the Norfolk Broads, where the heron is often referred to as a harnser . The herons are medium- to large-sized birds with long legs and necks. They exhibit very little sexual dimorphism in size. The smallest species
129-514: A study of little egrets and cattle egrets in India, the majority of the colonies surveyed contained both species. Nesting is seasonal in temperate species; in tropical species, it may be seasonal (often coinciding with the rainy season) or year-round. Even in year-round breeders, nesting intensity varies throughout the year. Tropical herons typically have only one breeding season per year, unlike some other tropical birds which may raise up to three broods
172-583: A variety of live aquatic prey. Their diet includes a wide variety of aquatic animals, including fish, reptiles, amphibians , crustaceans , molluscs , and aquatic insects. Individual species may be generalists or specialize in certain prey types, such as the yellow-crowned night heron , which specializes in crustaceans, particularly crabs . Many species also opportunistically take larger prey, including birds and bird eggs, rodents, and more rarely carrion . Even more rarely, herons eating acorns, peas, and grains have been reported, but most vegetable matter consumed
215-522: A year. Courtship usually takes part on the nest . Males arrive first and begin the building of the nest, where they display to attract females. During courtship, the male employs a stretch display and uses erectile neck feathers; the neck area may swell. The female risks an aggressive attack if she approaches too soon and may have to wait up to four days. In colonial species, displays involve visual cues, which can include adopting postures or ritual displays, whereas in solitary species, auditory cues, such as
258-516: Is a river in southeastern Botswana . Certain sections of its course form the international boundary with South Africa . Its mouth is at the head of the Limpopo River . It has a catchment area of 18,053 square kilometres (6,970 sq mi). The Notwane rises about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south of Ramotswa , and runs along the border in a northeast direction to enter the Limpopo at
301-411: Is absent. Generally, herons lay between three and seven eggs . Larger clutches are reported in the smaller bitterns and more rarely some of the larger day herons, and single-egg clutches are reported for some of the tiger herons. Clutch size varies by latitude within species, with individuals in temperate climates laying more eggs than tropical ones. On the whole, the eggs are glossy blue or white, with
344-402: Is accidental. The most common hunting technique is for the bird to sit motionless on the edge of or standing in shallow water and to wait until prey comes within range. Birds may either do this from an upright posture, giving them a wider field of view for seeing prey or from a crouched position, which is more cryptic and means the bill is closer to the prey when it is located. Having seen prey,
387-521: Is generally long and harpoon-like. It can vary from extremely narrow, as in the agami heron , to wider as in the grey heron . The most atypical heron bill is owned by the boat-billed heron , which has a broad, thick bill. Herons' bills and other bare parts of the body are usually yellow, black, or brown in colour, although this can vary during the breeding season. The wings are broad and long, exhibiting 10 or 11 primary feathers (the boat-billed heron has only nine), 15–20 secondaries, and 12 rectrices (10 in
430-645: Is unclear at the moment, and molecular studies have so far suffered from studying only a small number of taxa. Especially among the subfamily Ardeinae, the relationships are very inadequately resolved. The arrangement presented here should be considered provisional. A 2008 study suggests that this family belongs to the Pelecaniformes . In response to these findings, the International Ornithological Congress reclassified Ardeidae and their sister taxa Threskiornithidae under
473-400: Is usually considered the dwarf bittern , which measures 25–30 cm (10–12 in) in length, although all the species in the genus Ixobrychus are small and many broadly overlap in size. The largest species of heron is the goliath heron , which stands up to 152 cm (60 in) tall. All herons can retract their necks by folding them into a tight S-shape, due to the modified shape of
SECTION 10
#1732779943578516-525: The Gaborone Dam , north of the confluence with the Taung river. The riverbed in this area generally retains small pools of water, even during prolonged dry periods. The African sharptooth catfish , locally known as barbel, are the most common fish species in these waters. The river also supports smaller populations of bream , tilapia and introduced carp . Birdlife proliferates as one gets nearer to
559-515: The Pacific reef heron , both dark and light colour morphs exist, and the percentage of each morph varies geographically; its white morphs only occur in areas with coral beaches. The herons are a widespread family with a cosmopolitan distribution . They exist on all continents except Antarctica and are present in most habitats except the coldest extremes of the Arctic, extremely high mountains, and
602-651: The grey heron is mostly sedentary in Britain, but mostly migratory in Scandinavia. Birds are particularly inclined to disperse widely after breeding, but before the annual migration, where the species is colonial, searching out new feeding areas and reducing the pressures on feeding grounds near the colony. The migration typically occurs at night, usually as individuals or in small groups. The herons, egrets and bitterns are carnivorous . The members of this family are mostly associated with wetlands and water and feed on
645-488: The monotypic genus Zebrilus , form a monophyletic group within the Ardeidae. Egrets do not form a biologically distinct group from herons, and tend to be named differently because they are mainly white or have decorative plumes in breeding plumage. Herons, by evolutionary adaptation, have long beaks. The classification of the individual heron/egret species is fraught with difficulty, and no clear consensus exists about
688-493: The paleognath Lithornis vulturinus . In Buddhism, a heron symbolizes purity, transformation and the wisdom of the Buddha. In addition, as a bird that transcends elements – on the earth, in the water and in the air – the heron symbolizes the expansion of awareness and the ubiquity of consciousness. In some Native American cultures, this bird symbolizes renewal, rejuvenation and rebirth – an ever present reminder that we are all
731-909: The storks , ibises , spoonbills , and cranes , they differ from these in flying with their necks retracted, not outstretched. They are also one of the bird groups that have powder down . Some members of this group nest colonially in trees, while others, notably the bitterns, use reed beds . A group of herons has been called a "siege". The word heron first appeared in the English language around 1300, originating from Old French hairon, eron (12th century), earlier hairo (11th century), from Frankish haigiro or from Proto-Germanic *haigrô , *hraigrô . Herons are also known as shitepokes / ˈ ʃ aɪ t p oʊ k / , or euphemistically as shikepokes or shypokes . Webster's Dictionary suggests that herons were given this name because of their habit of defecating when flushed. The 1971 Compact Edition of
774-515: The stripe-backed bittern ( Ixobrychus involucris ) were nested with members of the genus Botaurus . Hruska and collaborators resurrected the genus Calherodius Peters , 1931 to contain two night herons (the white-backed night heron and the white-eared night heron ) that were previously placed in Gorsachius . The western cattle egret ( Bubulcus ibis ) was embedded in the genus Ardea . The eastern cattle egret ( Bubulcus coromandus )
817-492: The Gaborone Dam, this includes a number of heron and kingfisher species. African fish eagle are seen regularly, along with reed cormorant and african darter . Verreaux's eagle-owl do occur in the area and yellow-billed kite are common summer visitors. Southern yellow-billed hornbill , southern red-billed hornbill and natal spurfowl are often seen in the surrounding woodland. Vervet monkey are common along
860-573: The Gaborone dam catchment area there are many other dams, mostly very small, with only the Nnywane Dam near Lobatse being used for domestic water supply. Following a 1992 study on their impact on downstream water resources, a moratorium was placed on construction of small dams in the catchment area. Whilst the flow of the Notwane is ephemeral; biodiversity is the highest immediately upstream of
903-521: The IOC lists 74 heron species, divided into 18 genera. Other prehistoric and fossil species are included in the respective genus accounts. In addition, Proherodius is a disputed fossil which was variously considered a heron or one of the extinct long-legged waterfowl , the Presbyornithidae . It is only known from a sternum ; a tarsometatarsus that had been assigned to it actually belongs to
SECTION 20
#1732779943578946-557: The Oxford English Dictionary describes the use of shitepoke for the small green heron of North America ( Butorides virescens ) as originating in the United States, citing a published example from 1853. The OED also observes that shiterow or shederow are terms used for herons, and also applied as derogatory terms meaning a thin, weakly person . This name for a heron is found in a list of game birds in
989-541: The area, the former being seen more regularly. The riparian vegetation and surrounding woodland also provides suitable habitat for African rock python and mozambique spitting cobra . The river course is dominated by syringa berrytree , water fig and white bauhinia . The syringa berrytree is an invasive species introduced from India . The riparian vegetation eventually gives way to acacia woodland. Buffalo thorn , paperback thorn and knobthorn are common to this woodland. Marula and weeping wattle also occur in
1032-403: The area. Sources Heron 18 extant, see text Cochlearidae Herons are long-legged, long-necked, freshwater and coastal birds in the family Ardeidae , with 74 recognised species , some of which are referred to as egrets or bitterns rather than herons. Members of the genus Botaurus are referred to as bitterns, and, together with the zigzag heron , or zigzag bittern, in
1075-407: The bitterns). The feathers of the herons are soft and the plumage is usually blue, black, brown, grey, or white, and can often be strikingly complex. Amongst the day herons, little sexual dimorphism in plumage is seen (except in the pond-herons); however, for the night herons and smaller bitterns, plumage differences between the sexes are the rule. Many species also have different colour morphs . In
1118-526: The cervical vertebrae, of which they have 20 or 21; the neck is retracted during flight, unlike most other long-necked birds. The neck is longer in the day herons than the night herons and bitterns. The legs are long and strong, and in almost every species are unfeathered from the lower part of the tibia (the exception is the zigzag heron ). In flight, the legs and feet are generally held in a horizontal position, pointing backwards. Toes are long and thin, with three pointing forwards and one backwards. The bill
1161-563: The confluence of the Limpopo with the Matlabas River . The Notwane basin is drained by the Notwane itself and its tributaries the Taung, Segoditshane, Metsimotlhabe , Metsemaswaane and Nywane. Its main tributaries are the Taung , Peleng , Metsimotlhabe and Nywane rivers. All the rivers in the Notwane basin are ephemeral experiencing mostly brief, seasonal flow depending from the rainfall. The Notwane and Taung riverbeds are dry during
1204-491: The correct placement of many species into either of the two major genera, Ardea and Egretta . Similarly, the relationships of the genera in the family are not completely resolved. However, one species formerly considered to constitute a separate monotypic family, the Cochlearidae or the boat-billed heron , is now regarded as a member of the Ardeidae. Although herons resemble birds in some other families, such as
1247-517: The deep booming of the bitterns, are important. The exception to this is the boat-billed heron, which pairs up away from the nesting site. Having paired, they continue to build the nest in almost all species, although in the little bittern and least bittern , only the male works on the nest. Some ornithologists have reported observing female herons attaching themselves to impotent mates, then seeking sexual gratification elsewhere. The nests of herons are usually found near or above water. Although
1290-433: The driest deserts. Almost all species are associated with water; they are essentially non-swimming waterbirds that feed on the margins of lakes, rivers, swamps, ponds, and the sea. They are predominantly found in lowland areas, although some species live in alpine areas, and the majority of species occur in the tropics. The herons are a highly mobile family, with most species being at least partially migratory ; for example,
1333-526: The dry season and in years of drought they may be completely dry the whole year round. All these rivers may cause flash floods . The banks of the Notwane River have been occupied since the middle Stone Age. The first modern settlement was Moshaweng , which was established by Chief Gaborone of the Tlokwa in the late 1880s, near the site of the modern capital. The city of Gaborone , an expansion of
Ngotwane Dam - Misplaced Pages Continue
1376-574: The earlier settlement, was developed on the Notwane River in the 1960s in part due to proximity to the railway, in part due to availability of water provided by the river. The Gaborone Dam , which supplies water to the city of Gaborone, has a capacity of 144,000,000 cubic metres (5.1 × 10 cu ft). Further upstream, the Ngotwane Dam in Lehurutshe , South Africa has a capacity of 18,000,000 cubic metres (640,000,000 cu ft). In
1419-403: The exception being the large bitterns, which lay olive-brown eggs. Analyses of skeletons, mainly skulls , suggested that the Ardeidae could be split into a diurnal and a crepuscular / nocturnal group which included the bitterns. From DNA studies, and from skeletal analyses that focussed more on bones of the body and limbs, that two-group division has been revealed to be incorrect. Rather,
1462-468: The feet are used to flush out hidden prey. The wings may be used to frighten prey (or possibly attract it to shade) or to reduce glare; the most extreme example of this is exhibited by the black heron , which forms a full canopy with its wings over its body. Some species of heron, such as the little egret and grey heron, have been documented using bait to lure prey to within striking distance. Herons may use items already in place, or actively add items to
1505-424: The head is moved from side to side, so that the heron can calculate the position of the prey in the water and compensate for refraction , and then the bill is used to spear the prey. In addition to sitting and waiting, herons may feed more actively. They may walk slowly, around or less than 60 paces a minute, snatching prey when it is observed. Other active feeding behaviours include foot stirring and probing, where
1548-450: The nests of a few species have been found on the ground where suitable trees or shrubs are unavailable, they are typically placed in vegetation. Trees are used by many species, and here they may be placed high up from the ground, whereas species living in reed beds may nest very close to the ground. Though the majority of nesting of herons is seen in or immediately around water, colonies commonly occur in several cities when human persecution
1591-620: The order Pelecaniformes instead of the previous order of Ciconiiformes . The cladogram shown below is based on a molecular phylogenetic study of the Ardeidae by Jack Hruska and collaborators published in 2023. For several species these results conflict with the taxonomy published online in July 2023 by Frank Gill , Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC). The least bittern ( Ixobrychus exilis ) and
1634-419: The river course nearer the Gaborone Dam. Chacma baboon may also be encountered and antelope species such as kudu and impala are present, but rare. Lesser bushbaby nest in this area and black-backed jackal are heard occasionally in the evening. A small population of nile crocodile are resident in the lower courses of the river close to the Gaborone Dam. Both nile monitor and rock monitor do occur in
1677-567: The same longitude as Mahalapye . The Notwane has its source in the sandveld , at the eastern fringes of the Kalahari Desert . It flows roughly northeastwards past the most densely populated area of Botswana, passing east of Lobatse , between the city of Gaborone and Tlokweng village and then through Mochudi village. Finally it joins the left bank of the Limpopo River at the border with South Africa, just 6 km short of
1720-452: The similarities in skull morphology among certain herons reflect convergent evolution to cope with the different challenges of daytime and nighttime feeding. Today, it is believed that three major groups can be distinguished, which are: The night herons may still warrant separation from the day herons and egrets (as subfamily Nycticoracinae, as it was traditionally done). However, the position of some genera (e.g. Butorides or Syrigma )
1763-439: The success rate of prey capture increased 3.6 times over solitary foraging. While the family exhibits a range of breeding strategies, overall, the herons are monogamous and mostly colonial . Most day herons and night herons are colonial, or partly colonial depending on circumstances, whereas the bitterns and tiger herons are mostly solitary nesters. Colonies may contain several species, as well as other species of waterbirds. In
Ngotwane Dam - Misplaced Pages Continue
1806-621: The water to attract fish such as the banded killifish . Items used may be man-made, such as bread; alternatively, striated herons in the Amazon have been watched repeatedly dropping seeds, insects, flowers, and leaves into the water to catch fish. Three species, the black-headed heron , whistling heron , and especially the cattle egret , are less tied to watery environments and may feed far away from water. Cattle egrets improve their foraging success by following large grazing animals, catching insects flushed by their movement. One study found that
1849-1125: Was not sampled. The placement of the forest bittern ( Zonerodius heliosylus ) was ambiguous, but the results suggest that it is probably closely related to members of the genus Ardeola rather than to the subfamily Tigriornithinae . Tigriornis – white-crested tiger heron Tigrisoma – tiger herons (3 species) Cochlearius – boat-billed heron Agamia – agami heron Zebrilus – zigzag heron Botaurus – bitterns (14 species of which 1 extinct, includes species formerly placed in Ixobrychus ) Gorsachius – night herons (2 species) Calherodius – white-backed night heron Oroanassa – white-eared night heron Pilherodius – capped heron Syrigma – whistling heron Egretta – herons and egrets (13 species) Nyctanassa – night herons (2 species of which 1 extinct) Nycticorax – night herons (6 species of which 4 extinct) Butorides – herons (3 species) Ardeola – pond herons (6 species) Ardea – herons and egrets (16 species, including cattle egrets) As of August 2024
#577422