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60-628: The Service is funded entirely by the Niagara Parks Commission , an agency of the provincial government, and operates with an annual budget of approximately $ 3.6 million. Niagara Parks Police officers fall under the mandate of the Special Investigations Unit . The Niagara Parks Commission was established in 1885 and charged with maintaining the land and buildings immediately surrounding the Canadian side of

120-581: A Canine Unit consisting of one handler and a dog trained in search and rescue and explosives detection. During the peak tourist season, nearly 40 students are employed as provincial offense officers and they are responsible for the orderly flow of traffic and parking offenses. These officers supplement 2 full-time provincial offenses officers who are employed year-round. Parks Police officers wear traditional police navy blue uniform shirts and cargo pants with red trouser piping, while provincial offenses officers wear baby blue uniform shirts. Special constables have

180-582: A base-level XL trim and higher-range XLT trim. Sharing the features of the XLT, the outdoors-themed Eddie Bauer was the highest-range trim. The XL was distinguished by a black grille (chrome optional) with steel wheels, while the XLT offered a chrome grille and alloy wheels; the Eddie Bauer offered alloy wheels and two-tone paintwork. The three-door Explorer differed slightly, sharing the XL and Eddie Bauer trims with

240-493: A body increased over two inches in width), with front bucket seats and a split-folding rear bench.. Five-door Explorers were fitted with standard front bucket seats and a three-passenger split-folding rear bench seat. A front split-bench seat was offered as an option (dependent on trim), expanding seating to six passengers. The first-generation Explorer followed the rest of the Ford light truck line in trim nomenclature, marketing

300-431: A leaf-sprung live rear axle. The standard four-wheel ABS of the previous generation returned; the rear drum brakes were replaced by disc brakes. As with the first generation, rear-wheel drive remained standard with part-time four-wheel drive as an option; all-wheel drive became an option for the first time. The second generation Explorer carried over its 160 hp 4.0 L V6 from the previous generation (shared with

360-641: A limited-slip differential or open version; multiple rear-axle ratios could be specified. Four-wheel-drive front axles were the TTB (" Twin Traction Beam ") Dana 35 with some Dana 44-spec components; 4×2 models shared Twin I-Beam components with the Ranger. 160 hp (120 kW) (1993–1994) 4-speed automatic (Ford A4LD ) Optional: 2-speed manual transfer case Shifting into the midsize SUV size class,

420-539: A luxury-trim version of the model line, offered only as a five-door. Slotted above the Eddie Bauer, the Limited was largely introduced as a direct competitor for the Oldsmobile Bravada and Jeep Grand Wagoneer . Distinguished by its monochromatic exterior (including a color-matched grille, headlamp trim, and bumpers), the Limited was also fitted with model-specific alloy wheels and lower bodywork. The trim

480-547: A man armed with bear spray and an edged weapon. The subsequent SIU investigation found that the officer had acted in self-defence, and no charges were laid. There have been 15 chiefs of police throughout the Service's history. Paul Forcier is the present Chief of the Niagara Parks Police Service. Officers of Niagara Parks Police Service are appointed as special constables and have the full powers of

540-817: A police officer to enforce the Criminal Code , the Niagara Parks Act , the Highway Traffic Act , the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act , the Trespass to Property Act , and the Liquor License Act on or in relation to the approximately 3274 acres of parkland and 56 kilometers of highway owned and operated by the Niagara Parks Commission . The Niagara Regional Police Service maintains jurisdictional authority over

600-413: A reverse-sensing warning system. The rarely-specified 60/40 front bench seat was restricted to fleet vehicles after 1998 and was discontinued for 2000. For 1999, the front bumper underwent a second revision, adding a larger cooling inlet and standard fog lights. All three-door Explorers were now renamed Explorer Sport. For 2001, the three-door Explorer Sport underwent an additional revision, now sharing

660-440: A rotary dash selector was used for driver input, selecting two-wheel drive (rear wheels), and four-wheel drive (high and low range). As an intermediate mode, "Auto" mode allowed software to control the torque sent to the front wheels; if the rear axle began to spin, torque was shifted from the rear wheels to the front wheels until traction is achieved. The manually operated hubs and manual transfer cases were discontinued. Similar to

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720-538: A separate trim nomenclature. While the XL remained the base model (largely for fleets), most examples were produced under a single Sport trim level (again equipped similarly to the XLT). For 1995, Ford replaced the 3-door Eddie Bauer with the Expedition trim; in anticipation of the full-size Ford Expedition SUV, the trim line was withdrawn for the 1996 model year. For 1999, all three-door Explorers became Explorer Sports;

780-547: A similar roofline as its five-door counterpart, fitted with pop-out rear quarter windows (instead of roll-down windows) and a forward-sloping C-pillar. The interior of the Explorer was fitted largely with all-new trim (though carrying over the dashboard in its entirety from the Ranger/Bronco II), with model-specific door panels and seats. On three-door Explorers, four-passenger seating was carried over (though with

840-458: A third engine was added to the model line, as Ford introduced an overhead-cam version of the 4.0 L Cologne V6. Differing from its predecessor primarily by its single-overhead-cam drivetrain, the 210 hp engine rivaled the V8 in output. Introduced as standard equipment for Eddie Bauer and Limited trims, by 1998, the engine became offered on all non-XL trims. For 2001, the overhead-valve version of

900-786: The Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor and the Ford Police Interceptor Sedan ). Within the current Ford SUV range in North America, the Explorer is slotted between the Ford Edge and Ford Expedition . The model line has undergone rebranding several times, with Mazda, Mercury, and Lincoln each selling different versions. As of current production, Lincoln markets the Explorer as the Lincoln Aviator . For

960-688: The Ford Police Interceptor Utility as a primary patrol vehicle. The Service also has a fleet of Giant bicycles, a Chevy Silverado pickup truck used by the High Angle Rescue Team, and a Ford F150 pickup truck used by the Canine Unit. Niagara Parks Commission The Niagara Parks Commission , commonly shortened to Niagara Parks , is an agency of the Government of Ontario which maintains

1020-577: The Ford Taurus station wagon, the rear liftgate was fitted with a flip-up rear window. As with the Bronco II, the first-generation Explorer (design code UN46) shares its chassis underpinnings with the 1983–1992 Ford Ranger . The three-door version uses a 102.1-inch wheelbase (8.1 inches longer than the Bronco II); the five-door uses a 111.9 wheelbase (17.9 inches longer). As with the Ranger,

1080-481: The Horseshoe Falls . The Parks Police Service was established three years later, and initially consisted of two police officers. The Parks Police Service was originally incorporated and authorized as a police force, but at some point during the mid-20th century, it was reorganized as a special constabulary. In 2010, the provincial government and Niagara Regional Police Services Board considered discontinuing

1140-516: The Jeep Cherokee and Chevrolet S-10 Blazer . To better compete against both model lines, a five-door body style was included as part of the launch (introduced in the same month as the five-door S-10 Blazer) alongside the three-door wagon. The new, wider body of the five-door allowed for three-across rear seating. To optimize cargo space usage, the traditional swing-away spare tire carrier was deleted in favor of an underfloor location. Similar to

1200-665: The Ontario shoreline of the Niagara River . The Commission was founded in 1885 and charged with preserving and enhancing the natural beauty of Niagara Falls and the Niagara River corridor as a public greenspace and environmental heritage. The first commissioner was Casimir Gzowski . Other notable Commissioners have included Thomas McQuesten and James Allan . Current Commission Chair is vice chair April Jeff’s. Former chair Sandie Bellows, died October 2021. In total,

1260-656: The People Mover , a shuttle bus system intended to aid transportation along the Niagara River and help reduce automobile crowding near the Falls. The buses were powered by propane and included a trailer unit during most popular hours. In the long term, the Commission is planning for a fixed track transit system along the Niagara Parkway, although no decision has been taken on the exact technology to be used. In

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1320-522: The 1991 model year. The first five-door SUV produced by Ford, the Explorer was introduced as a replacement for the three-door Bronco II . As with the Ford Ranger, the model line derives its name from a trim package previously offered on Ford F-Series pickup trucks. As of 2020, the Explorer became the best-selling SUV of all time in the American market. Currently in its sixth generation,

1380-537: The 4.0 L V6 was discontinued, with the SOHC engine becoming standard (and the only engine of the Explorer Sport). Following the introduction of the overhead-cam Triton-series V8s for the 1997 Ford F-Series and E-Series , the 2001 Explorer would be the final Ford Motor Company vehicle in North America sold with an overhead-valve gasoline-powered V8 engine for nearly two decades (until the 2020 introduction of

1440-569: The 7.3 L Godzilla V8 for Super Duty trucks). For 2000, Ford added flex-fuel capability to the Explorer for the first time. The flex-fuel SOHC V6 and chassis were mated to an aluminum body built by Utilimaster in the Ford-Utilimaster FFV , a delivery vehicle built for the United States Postal Service in 2000 and 2001. A Mazda-produced 5-speed manual was standard with the 4.0 L OHV V6 engine;

1500-675: The American Falls in the former Administrative Building of the Niagara Parks Commission . The Niagara Parks Police Service employs three specialized units: the High Angle River Team (HART), a part-time unit which consists of officers specially trained in high angle rescue techniques; the Marine Unit, which patrols both the upper and lower Niagara Rivers alongside the Niagara Regional Police; and

1560-566: The Blue Oval to the top of the grille). Alongside the introduction of the five-door body style, the body was styled with multiple aerodynamic upgrades over its predecessor, including its own door stampings to eliminate exterior drip rails and bracket-mount sideview mirrors (replaced by ones integrated into the doors). In what would become a design feature of the model line, the B-pillar and D-pillars were blacked out. The three-door body shared

1620-608: The Commission is in charge of about 16.19 square kilometres (6.25 sq mi) of parkland along the river, in addition to the Niagara Parkway which spans 56 kilometres (35 mi). In this corridor, the NPC manages numerous trails, historic sites, picnic areas, and attractions. The Commission formerly managed Navy Island National Historic Site under a lease agreement with the Parks Canada . Niagara Parks also operated

1680-405: The Explorer ended its direct model commonality with the Ford Ranger in favor of a purpose-built SUV design. Following a decline in demand for three-door SUVs, Ford developed the third-generation Explorer solely as a five-door wagon; the three-door Explorer Sport from the second generation continued production through the 2003 model year. The primary objective behind the development of the model line

1740-445: The Explorer has been offered with a five-door wagon bodystyle since its 1991 introduction. For its first two generations, the model line was also offered as a three-door wagon (directly replacing the Bronco II). The Ford Explorer Sport Trac is a crew-cab mid-size pickup derived from the second-generation Explorer. The fifth and sixth generations of the Explorer have been produced as the Ford Police Interceptor Utility (replacing both

1800-488: The Explorer. Following the success of the first generation, the redesign of the exterior was largely evolutionary, with the model line receiving front bodywork distinct from the Ranger. Rear-wheel drive remained standard, with part-time four-wheel drive offered as an option, and all-wheel drive was introduced as an option. To better compete against the Jeep Grand Cherokee , a 4.9 liters (302 cu in) V8

1860-610: The North American market, the first four generations of the Explorer were produced by Ford at its Louisville Assembly Plant ( Louisville, Kentucky ) and at its now-closed St. Louis Assembly Plant ( Hazelwood, Missouri ); Ford currently assembles the Explorer with the Lincoln Aviator and the Police Interceptor Utility at its Chicago Assembly Plant ( Chicago, Illinois ). The Ford Explorer

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1920-489: The Parks Police Service, citing concerns about a lack of accountability for special constables. At the time, special constables were not under the jurisdiction of the province's Special Investigations Unit (SIU), meaning that Parks Police officers who fired their guns or were involved in interactions that ended in the death or serious injury of a suspect would be investigated by another police force rather than

1980-480: The Ranger and Aerostar). For 1996, largely to match the V8 engine offerings of the Jeep Grand Cherokee and Land Rover Discovery , a 210 hp (157 kW) 4.9 L (302 cu in) V8 (marketed as 5.0 L) was introduced as an option for rear-wheel drive XLT five-doors. By 1997, the V8 was offered with nearly all trims (except XL ) and was paired with all-wheel drive; output was increased to 215 hp (160 kW) (from revised cylinder heads). For 1997,

2040-608: The SOHC V6 was not offered with a manual transmission until 2000, receiving a heavier-duty version of the Mazda-sourced 5-speed. The V6 Explorers initially received a 4-speed automatic, shared with the Ranger and Aerostar, adopting a 5-speed automatic for 1997. The 4.9 litres (302 cu in) V8 was paired only with a 4-speed heavy-duty automatic (shared with the F-150, Crown Victoria/Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Mark VIII). For

2100-549: The UN46 Explorer has a Twin I-Beam (4×2) or Twin-Traction Beam (4×4) coil-sprung front independent suspension and a leaf-sprung solid rear axle. Brakes are discs in the front and drums in the rear, with anti-lock (ABS) on the rear only. The first-generation Explorer was equipped with a 4.0 L Cologne V6, an optional engine for the Ranger and the Ford Aerostar . Initially producing 155 hp (116 kW),

2160-527: The United States, the second-generation Ford Explorer has the (dubious) distinction of being two of the top five vehicles traded-in under the 2009 " Cash for Clunkers " program, with the 4WD model topping the list and the 2WD model coming in at number 4. The third-generation Ford Explorer went on sale in January 2001 for the 2002 model year. Undergoing the first complete redesign since its introduction,

2220-609: The civilian watchdog. In 2019, the authority of the SIU was expanded to include "special constables employed by the Niagara Parks Commission." Also in 2019, the Parks Commission fired then-Police Chief Mark McMullen after an internal HR investigation into a traffic stop the previous summer. Inspector Paul Forcier was subsequently appointed as his replacement. In 2022, a Parks Police officer shot and killed

2280-681: The early 1980s, and was completed in 1995. The trail makes its central heart in Queen Victoria Park near the main tourist area, and also passes by attractions such as the Whirlpool Golf Course , Niagara Botanical Gardens , the Butterfly Conservatory , and the Floral clock . Ford Police Interceptor Utility The Ford Explorer is a range of SUVs manufactured by Ford Motor Company since

2340-459: The engine output was raised to 160 hp (119 kW) for 1993. A Mazda M5OD 5-speed manual was the standard transmission offering, with the option of the Ford 4-speed A4LD overdrive automatic transmission. Along with the standard rear-wheel drive powertrain, at its launch, the Explorer was also offered with two configurations of part-time four-wheel drive, using a Borg Warner 13–54 transfer case. The "Touch Drive" electric-shift transfer case

2400-766: The entirety of the Niagara Region , including the Commission lands patrolled by the Parks Police. The special constables are appointed by the Niagara Regional Police Services Board with the approval of the Ministry of the Solicitor General , and the appointments must be renewed every five years. The Niagara Parks Police Headquarters is located at 6075 Niagara Parkway, Niagara Falls, Ontario , directly across from

2460-471: The fenders. In contrast to the front fascia, the rear body saw relatively few changes, receiving mildly restyled taillamps (with amber turn signals). In a functional change, the Explorer received a neon CHMSL (center brake light), adopted from the Lincoln Mark VIII. While again directly sharing its dashboard with the Ranger, the interior of the Explorer underwent a complete redesign (allowing for

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2520-439: The first-generation Explorer is far larger than the Bronco II. The three-door Explorer grew 12.6 inches in length, with the five-door Explorer 22.4 inches longer and 730 pounds heavier than the 1990 Bronco II. As with the outgoing Bronco II, the Explorer shared many design elements with the 1989-1992 Ranger, adopting its front bumper, headlamps, and wheels; the grille was sourced from the off-road oriented Ranger STX (moving

2580-421: The fitment of dual airbags). To improve driver ergonomics, the instrument panel received larger gauges, rotary-style climate controls, and a double-DIN radio panel. For 1997, export-market Explorers received a third-row seat as an option (expanding seating to seven passengers). For 1998, Ford gave the exterior of the model line a mid-cycle revision. Distinguished by body-color rear D-pillars and larger taillamps,

2640-514: The five-door Explorer. Following the introduction of the third-generation Explorer for 2002, the three-door used the second-generation body style through the 2003 model year. The second-generation Ford Explorer is based upon the Ford U1 platform shared with its predecessor, adopting the UN105/UN150 model codes. Introducing key chassis upgrades that were also shared with the 1998 Ford Ranger ,

2700-708: The five-door. In place of the XLT trim, the Explorer Sport was offered, distinguished by its black lower bodywork, grille, and standard alloy wheels. From 1991 to 1994, the Explorer Sport was marketed by Mazda as the Mazda Navajo (see below); the 1991 Mazda Navajo became the first SUV to win the Motor Trend Truck of the Year award. For 1993, Ford introduced the Explorer Limited as

2760-474: The front fascia and interior with the newly introduced Explorer Sport Trac pickup truck. For 2002, the five-door body style would be replaced by an all new Explorer, with only the three-door Explorer Sport and Sport Trac maintaining the second-generation architecture. Styling changes for the Sport are minimal, with the rear wiper moving from the tailgate assembly to being built into the rear window. At its launch,

2820-424: The long-running Twin I-Beam / Twin Traction Beam front suspension was retired in favor of a short/long-arm (SLA) wishbone front suspension configuration in order to accommodate larger engines. Along with more compact packaging of front suspension components (allowing for a lower hoodline), the design allowed for improved on-road handling/feel. In line with the Ranger and F-Series trucks, the rear suspension remained

2880-472: The meantime, the Commission joined forces with Niagara Falls Transit to launch the fully accessible WEGO bus system in 2012, and in the process discontinued the People Mover service. The Niagara Heritage Trail is a historic and scenic route running the entire 56 kilometre Canadian coastline of the Niagara River from Fort Erie northward to Niagara-on-the-Lake . Construction began in stages during

2940-499: The model was produced alongside the third-generation Explorer through the 2003 model year. Outside of North America, this generation of the Explorer was marketed in right-hand drive configurations. As of 2018, RHD countries (such as Japan) export used examples of the Explorer to other countries (such as Australia and New Zealand) where there is demand for right-hand drive SUVs. Due to Japan's strict Shaken Laws , used vehicles tend to have low mileage with detailed repair histories. In

3000-670: The option to wear a peaked forage cap with a yellow band, and all members have ballcaps with the Service's crest. Members wear gold shoulder flashes that read "Parks Police," "Provincial Offences Officer," or "Communication Officer" based on their role. Despite their special constable status, Parks Police officers have the unique authority to carry firearms, pepper spray, and tasers. In addition to this equipment, officers carry handcuffs and telescopic batons. Seasonal provincial offenses officers are not trained or authorized to carry any form of weapon, but full-time provincial officers carry batons and pepper spray. The Niagara Parks Police Service uses

3060-462: The previous generation, nearly the entire body underwent a change, with only the roof and the side door stampings carried over. Coinciding with the lower hoodline allowed by the redesigned front suspension, much of the body was distinguished by a restyled front fascia, introducing a styling theme used by several other Ford light trucks during the late 1990s. The Ford Blue Oval was centered in a now-oval grille, joined by oval headlamp clusters wrapping into

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3120-430: The rear license plate was relocated from the rear bumper to the liftgate (to better accommodate export); the neon CHMSL was replaced by an LED version. In another change, 16-inch wheels were introduced. The interior received redesigned front and rear seats; alongside second-generation dual airbags, side airbags were introduced (as an option). Other options included load-leveling air suspension (on Eddie Bauer and Limited) and

3180-403: The second-generation Explorer, the four-wheel drive system underwent a redesign. The previous Touch-Drive system (electrically operated) was retired and replaced by ControlTrac, an electronically controlled full-time four-wheel drive system with a two-speed transfer case; in place of a center differential, software-controlled multi-disc clutch. Similar to the previous push-button Touch-Drive system,

3240-465: The second-generation Ford Explorer retained the use of the previous trim nomenclature; the standard trim was the XL, with the XLT serving as the primary model upgrade. Along with the two-tone Eddie Bauer trim, the highest trim Explorer was the monochromatic Ford Explorer Limited. For 2000, XLS replaced XL as the base trim (introduced as an appearance package for 1999). In contrast to five-door Explorers, second-generation three-door Ford Explorers shifted to

3300-572: The system used on the Aerostar van, the V8 Explorer used a full-time all-wheel drive system without separate high or low ranges. The all-wheel drive's torque distribution was via a viscous clutch with a 40/60 split. 4-speed automatic (Ford 4R55E ); 1995–1996 5-speed automatic (Ford 5R55E ); 1997–2000 5-speed automatic (Ford 5R55E ) Borg Warner 13-54 Electric Shift; 2001–2003 Explorer Sport While bearing an evolutionary resemblance to

3360-413: Was fitted with nearly every feature available to the model line (the only options offered for the Explorer Limited were a sunroof, compact disc player, and the towing package ), also serving as the introduction of several features offered as options on other trims for 1994, including an anti-theft system, keyless entry, and automatic headlights. For the 1995 model year, Ford released a second generation of

3420-626: Was introduced as an optional engine. The Explorer went from lacking airbags to having dual airbags (a first for an American-brand SUV). The Lincoln-Mercury division introduced its first SUV for the 1997 model year, the Mercury Mountaineer . In contrast to the Mazda Navajo, the Mountaineer was sold only as a five-door. For 2001, Ford introduced the Ford Explorer Sport Trac mid-size crew-cab pickup truck based on

3480-429: Was introduced in March 1990 as an early 1991 model to replace the Bronco II. As Ford sought to balance off-road capability with family use of the vehicle, the Explorer underwent extensive design changes from its predecessor, though still retaining commonality with the Ranger pickup truck. Growing from the compact Bronco II (similar in size to its 1960s namesake), the Explorer was a mid-size SUV, competing directly against

3540-399: Was standard (shared with the Ranger and the previous Bronco II); it allowed the vehicle to be shifted from two-wheel drive into high-range 4x4 drive (at any speed) and into low-range 4×4 (when stopped). As an option, the Explorer was also offered with a manual-shift transfer case (the option was paired with manual-locking hubs). All Explorers were equipped with the Ford 8.8 axle in either

3600-441: Was to make the Explorer more competitive in both domestic and export markets. Along with tuning the vehicle for higher-speed European driving, Ford also benchmarked the model line against the Lexus RX 300 and the (then-in-development) Volkswagen Touareg . The Lincoln-Mercury division marketed the third-generation Explorer, with Mercury introducing a second generation of the Mercury Mountaineer; Lincoln offered its first version of

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