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33-657: The park is named in honor of the independence movement national hero Nino Konis Santana , a former commander of Falintil , who was born in Tutuala , a village within the borders of the national park. Part of the park first became a natural conservation reserve during the occupation of the country by Indonesia in the period from 1975–1999. When the country was under the United Nations (UN) Control as United Nations Transitional Administration in Timor Leste (UNTEAT),

66-973: A 2005 DNA study. A 2013 phylogenomic study supported the two new proposed suborders. Yangochiroptera (as above) [REDACTED] Pteropodidae (megabats) [REDACTED] Megadermatidae (false vampire bats) [REDACTED] horseshoe bats and allies [REDACTED] The 2003 discovery of an early fossil bat from the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation , Onychonycteris finneyi , indicates that flight evolved before echolocative abilities. Onychonycteris had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws on two digits of each hand. It also had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches, such as sloths and gibbons . This palm-sized bat had short, broad wings, suggesting that it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, Onychonycteris probably alternated between flaps and glides in

99-399: A linguistically-distinct language and consider themselves to be ethnically distinct from those who do not speak their language. The Fataluku have many ritualistic sites ( lupurasa ) within the park. Nino Konis Santana National Park contains many rock art sites, with paintings on walls of limestone terraces and also in caves, as well as a rock engraving site. Printed sacred cloth with some of

132-425: A thin membrane or patagium . The smallest bat, and arguably the smallest extant mammal , is Kitti's hog-nosed bat , which is 29–34 mm (1.1–1.3 in) in length, 150 mm (5.9 in) across the wings and 2–2.6 g (0.071–0.092 oz) in mass. The largest bats are the flying foxes , with the giant golden-crowned flying fox ( Acerodon jubatus ) reaching a weight of 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) and having

165-456: A wingspan of 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in). The second largest order of mammals after rodents , bats comprise about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with over 1,400 species. These were traditionally divided into two suborders: the largely fruit-eating megabats , and the echolocating microbats . But more recent evidence has supported dividing the order into Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera , with megabats as members of

198-566: Is Icaronycteris gunnelli (52 million years ago), known from two skeletons discovered in Wyoming. The extinct bats Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon and Hassianycteris kumari , both of which lived 48 million years ago, are the first fossil mammals whose colouration has been discovered: both were reddish-brown. Bats were formerly grouped in the superorder Archonta , along with the treeshrews (Scandentia), colugos (Dermoptera), and primates . Modern genetic evidence now places bats in

231-412: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bat (traditional): (present): Bats are flying mammals of the order Chiroptera ( / k aɪ ˈ r ɒ p t ər ə / ). With their forelimbs adapted as wings , they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight . Bats are more agile in flight than most birds, flying with their very long spread-out digits covered with

264-503: Is considered to be an ancestral landing site for the Koawatea villagers. Of the rock shelters, Léné Ara (or Lene Hara ) contains internationally exceptional heritage value; Jerimalai 's occupation is dated to more than 40,000 years BP, while Matja Kuru 2 is dated to 32,000 years BP, and Matja Kuru 1 is dated to c. 14,000 BP. The Paichao Range is situated along the south coast. Cape Hero is also known as Tanjung Tei. Jaco Island (or Totina)

297-545: Is constituted by a terrestrial area of 68,000 hectares (170,000 acres) constituting lowland, tropical and monsoon forest; and a marine area of 55,600 hectares (137,000 acres), part of the Coral Triangle . The national park also links the Important Bird Areas of Loré , Monte Paitchau , Lake Ira Lalaro and Jaco Island , identified through biological surveys undertaken by BirdLife International after

330-418: Is estimated that only 12% of bat genera that lived have been found in the fossil record. Most of the oldest known bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats, such as Archaeopteropus (32 million years ago). The oldest known bat fossils include Archaeonycteris praecursor and Altaynycteris aurora (55-56 million years ago), both known only from isolated teeth. The oldest complete bat skeleton

363-1147: Is not believed to originate more than 23 mya. Pteropodidae (megabats) [REDACTED] Megadermatidae (false vampire bats) [REDACTED] Craseonycteridae (Kitti's hog-nosed bat) [REDACTED] Rhinopomatidae (mouse-tailed bats) [REDACTED] Hipposideridae (Old World leaf-nosed bats) [REDACTED] Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats) [REDACTED] Miniopteridae (long winged bat) [REDACTED] Noctilionidae (fisherman bats) [REDACTED] Mormoopidae ( Pteronotus ) [REDACTED] Mystacinidae (New Zealand short-tailed bats) [REDACTED] Thyropteridae (disc-winged bats) Furipteridae [REDACTED] Mormoopidae ( Mormoops ) [REDACTED] Phyllostomidae (New World leaf-nosed bats) [REDACTED] Molossidae (free-tailed bats) [REDACTED] Emballonuridae (sac-winged bats) [REDACTED] Myzopodidae (sucker-footed bats) Emballonuridae ( Taphozous ) [REDACTED] Natalidae (funnel-eared bats) [REDACTED] Vespertilionidae (vesper bats) [REDACTED] Genetic evidence indicates that megabats originated during

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396-505: Is reported to have been introduced from Papua New Guinea about 9,000 years ago. The Coral Triangle part of the park is one of the greatest diversity areas for coral and coral reef fish in the world. Marine resources which also form the livelihood of the coastal villages of Com and Tutuala are species of pelagic fish , shellfish , tutel (ipitu), meci (sea worms) during the season and sardines ( api moko ). Catfish and bream are harvested from Lake Ira Lalaro. The terrestrial area of

429-452: Is seen from Ili Kérékéré cliff. The Fuiloro Plateau is also located with the NP. Moist deciduous lowland forest and evergreen forest on the hills are the vegetation types in the park, apart from the marshy lands of Lake Ira Lalaro. Primary forests are a notable feature of the flora in the park. Dry deciduous, swamp forest and coastal strand vegetation are also the floral varieties recorded in

462-542: The monophyly of bats and the single origin of mammal flight. An independent molecular analysis trying to establish the dates when bat ectoparasites ( bedbugs ) evolved came to the conclusion that bedbugs similar to those known today (all major extant lineages, all of which feed primarily on bats) had already diversified and become established over 100 mya (i.e., long before the oldest records for bats, 52 mya), suggesting that they initially all evolved on non-bat hosts and "bats were colonized several times independently, unless

495-771: The Department of Environment and Climate Change (DECC), New South Wales , ( Australia ) and Australian Volunteers International , with financial assistance provided by Regional Natural Heritage Programme of the Australian Government , Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund ( Japan ), and the Darwin Initiative of the Government of the United Kingdom . Located at the eastern tip of the island, the park covers 125,600 hectares (310,000 acres), It

528-614: The air. This suggests that this bat did not fly as much as modern bats, but flew from tree to tree and spent most of its time climbing or hanging on branches. The distinctive features of the Onychonycteris fossil also support the hypothesis that mammalian flight most likely evolved in arboreal locomotors, rather than terrestrial runners. This model of flight development, commonly known as the "trees-down" theory, holds that bats first flew by taking advantage of height and gravity to drop down on to prey, rather than running fast enough for

561-409: The area as one unit for conservation and preservation, and which is akin to the criteria of Cultural Landscapes adopted for UNESCO World Heritage Sites . Following the independence of the country in 2002, along with the scientific assessment of Important Bird Areas in the country, action to identify and declare the first National Park was also undertaken by Bird Life International in association with

594-569: The country attained independence in 2002, which cover 25,000 hectares (62,000 acres) of the park. There are six villages within the national park, including Bauro, Com, Tutuala, Méhara and Maupitine, while Malahara is a hamlet. Former settlements include Mua Mimiraka, Lo Chami, and Lori Lata. Walled settlements are found at Tutuala, Lori Lata, Lopomalai, Ili Mimiraka, Mua Mimiraka, and Tutun (Tutunca'u). Lautem District features Lake Iralaloro. Shell midden sites are situated at Kusu Midden and Valu Beach Midden. Oirata Latamoko, situated at Manuméri Hoiku,

627-483: The early Eocene , and belong within the four major lines of microbats. Two new suborders have been proposed; Yinpterochiroptera includes the Pteropodidae , or megabat family, as well as the families Rhinolophidae , Hipposideridae , Craseonycteridae , Megadermatidae , and Rhinopomatidae . Yangochiroptera includes the other families of bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation), a conclusion supported by

660-546: The evolutionary origin of bats has been grossly underestimated." Fleas , as a group, are quite old (most flea families formed around the end of the Cretaceous ), but no analyses have provided estimates for the age of the flea lineages associated with bats. The oldest known members of a different lineage of bat ectoparasites ( bat flies ), however, are from roughly 20 mya, well after the origin of bats. The bat-ectoparasitic earwig family Arixeniidae has no fossil record, but

693-527: The fluttering of wings. Middle English had bakke , most likely cognate with Old Swedish natbakka ( ' night-bat ' ), which may have undergone a shift from -k- to -t- (to Modern English bat ) influenced by Latin blatta , ' moth, nocturnal insect ' . The word bat was probably first used in the early 1570s. The name Chiroptera derives from Ancient Greek : χείρ – cheir , ' hand ' and πτερόν – pteron , ' wing ' . The delicate skeletons of bats do not fossilise well; it

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726-439: The former along with several species of microbats. Many bats are insectivores , and most of the rest are frugivores (fruit-eaters) or nectarivores (nectar-eaters). A few species feed on animals other than insects; for example, the vampire bats feed on blood . Most bats are nocturnal , and many roost in caves or other refuges; it is uncertain whether bats have these behaviours to escape predators . Bats are present throughout

759-735: The need for pesticides and other insect management measures. They are sometimes numerous enough and close enough to human settlements to serve as tourist attractions, and they are used as food across Asia and the Pacific Rim . However, fruit bats are frequently considered pests by fruit growers. Due to their physiology, bats are one type of animal that acts as a natural reservoir of many pathogens , such as rabies ; and since they are highly mobile, social, and long-lived, they can readily spread disease among themselves. If humans interact with bats, these traits become potentially dangerous to humans. Some bats are also predators of mosquitoes , suppressing

792-496: The park has 200 bird species, of which the endangered species are Timor green pigeon ( Treron psittaceus ) (the cause for the species getting recorded under the endangered list is the loss of monsoon forest due to deforestation) and the yellow-crested cockatoo ( Cacatua sulphurea ), a critically endangered species affected due local captures in Wallacea for regional and global trade. About 10 Timor-endemic bird species occur in

825-478: The park. Vegetation types which are part of the common usage of the people are medicinal plants, bamboo, and canoe trees. The lake's flood plains have grass vegetation which are used by the villagers of Mehara and Maupitine for grazing their livestock. Wetlands of the flood plains are also used for growing rice and tobacco , and also distilling palm liquor as part of their living needs. There are Timor endemic and scientifically undescribed shrews and bat species in

858-495: The park. More than 20 native bat species have been recorded in the park. There are also a series of described and undescribed giant rats known from sub-fossil deposits, which may now be extinct. Several mammals were introduced from outside the island during late prehistoric and historic times when people had started inhabiting the area. Some of the common species seen in the wild are birds, bats , murids and most commonly exploited northern common cuscus ( Phalanger orientalis ) which

891-492: The park. The globally threatened and globally restricted-range bird species listed by the Bird Life International are the following. Legend : CR - critically endangered; EN - endangered; NT - near threatened; RR - restricted-range (global range less than 50,000 km2) Over 200 cultural sites have been identified within the national park. The settlements in the park are inhabited by Fataluku people who speak

924-656: The rock art forms is exchanged during marriage ceremonies. These art forms are also seen carved on ratu houses and on Catholic headstones. Many rock shelters and caves with ancestral figures of heritage value have also been recorded in the park, apart from ancient walled and open settlements, shell middens , artifacts of pottery made of stone and shells, burial sites, and water sources. Nino Konis Santana Nino Konis Santana (12 January 1957 in Vero, Tutuala , Lautém District – 11 March 1998 in Ermera District )

957-402: The same area was declared a “protected wild area” (but combined Tutuala beach and its adjoining forest) in 2000 under Regulation Number 2000/19. The cultural heritage of the five villages and the 15,000 people with their ancient ancestral heritage was made integral to the protected area. It was designated as a Category V Landscape/Sea Scape under IUCN , which considers both nature and culture of

990-993: The superorder Laurasiatheria , with its sister taxon as Ferungulata , which includes carnivorans , pangolins , odd-toed ungulates , even-toed ungulates , and cetaceans . One study places Chiroptera as a sister taxon to odd-toed ungulates (Perissodactyla). Euarchontoglires (primates, treeshrews, rodents, rabbits) [REDACTED] Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles, solenodons) [REDACTED] Chiroptera (bats) [REDACTED] Pholidota (pangolins) [REDACTED] Carnivora (cats, hyenas, dogs, bears, seals, weasels) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Perissodactyla (horses, tapirs, rhinos) [REDACTED] Cetartiodactyla (camels, ruminants, whales) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The flying primate hypothesis proposed that when adaptations to flight are removed, megabats are allied to primates by anatomical features not shared with microbats and thus flight evolved twice in mammals. Genetic studies have strongly supported

1023-551: The transmission of mosquito-borne diseases . Depending on the culture, bats may be symbolically associated with positive traits, such as protection from certain diseases or risks, rebirth, or long life, but in the West, bats are popularly associated with darkness, malevolence, witchcraft, vampires , and death. An older English name for bats is flittermouse , which matches their name in other Germanic languages (for example German Fledermaus and Swedish fladdermus ), related to

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1056-400: The world, with the exception of extremely cold regions. They are important in their ecosystems for pollinating flowers and dispersing seeds; many tropical plants depend entirely on bats for these services. Bats provide humans with some direct benefits, at the cost of some disadvantages. Bat dung has been mined as guano from caves and used as fertiliser. Bats consume insect pests, reducing

1089-592: Was an East Timorese freedom fighter who led the Falintil militia between April 1993 and his death in March 1998 during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor , succeeding Ma'huno Bulerek Karathayano after the latter's capture in 1993. Santana died in an accident, after he was shot in the leg during an Indonesian ambush. He was succeeded by Taur Matan Ruak . This article about an East Timorese politician

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