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31-707: The trail was originally used by the Nuxalk and Carrier people for communication, transport and trade, in particular, trade in Eulachon grease from the Pacific coast. During his trek from Montreal to the Pacific Ocean in the late 18th century, Alexander MacKenzie was led by Nuxalk and Carrier guides, when natural obstacles in the Fraser River prevented his continued water route. Mackenzie's group "took

62-426: A bunchberry plant.' Other examples are: There has been some dispute as to how to count the syllables in such words, what, if anything, constitutes the nuclei of those syllables, and if the concept of 'syllable' is even applicable to Nuxalk. However, when recordings are available, the syllable structure can be clearly audible, and speakers have clear conceptions as to how many syllables a word contains. In general,

93-732: A Nuxalk Nation totem pole was returned to the nation by the Royal British Columbia Museum . The totem pole was stolen from the nation in 1913 and sold to the museum for $ 45. The Nuxalk apply a poultice of pounded roots of Ranunculus acris to boils. They take a decoction of Antennaria howellii leaves for body pain, but not pain in the limbs. A full list of their ethnobotany can be found at http://naeb.brit.org/uses/tribes/21/ (387 documented plant uses). Nuxalk language Nuxalk ( / ˈ n uː h ɒ l k / , NOO -holl'k ), also known as Bella Coola / ˈ b ɛ l ə . ˈ k uː l ə / ,

124-523: A non-diacritical Bouchard-type practical orthography that originated in Hank Nater's The Bella Coola Language (1984), and was used in his 1990 Nuxalk-English Dictionary . It continues to be used today at Acwsalcta for Nuxalk language learning, as well as in Nuxalk documents and names. The orthographic variants are summarized below. The notion of syllable is challenged by the Nuxalk language, in that

155-491: A role, with e.g. ɬxʷtʰɬt͡sʰxʷ 'you spat on me' consisting of all syllabic consonants in citation form ( ɬ.xʷ.tʰ.ɬ.t͡sʰ.xʷ ) but condensed to stop-fricative syllables ( ɬxʷ.tɬ.t͡sʰxʷ ) at fast conversational speed. This syllabic structure may be compared with that of Miyako . The linguist Hank Nater has postulated the existence of a phonemic contrast between syllabic and non-syllabic sonorants : /m̩, n̩, l̩/ , spelled ṃ, ṇ, ḷ . (The vowel phonemes /i, u/ would then be

186-427: A syllable may be C̩ , CF̩ (where F is a fricative), CV , or CVC . When C is a stop, CF syllables are always composed of a plain voiceless stop ( pʰ, tʰ, t͡sʰ, kʰ, kʷ, qʰ, qʷ ) plus a fricative ( s, ɬ, x, xʷ, χ, χʷ ). For example, płt 'thick' is two syllables, pʰɬ.t , with a syllabic fricative, while in tʼχtʰ 'stone', stʼs 'salt', qʷtʰ 'crooked', k̓ʰx 'to see' and ɬqʰ 'wet' each consonant

217-517: Is a Salishan language spoken by the Nuxalk people. Today, it is an endangered language in the vicinity of the Canadian town of Bella Coola , British Columbia . While the language is still sometimes called Bella Coola by linguists, the native name Nuxalk is preferred by some, notably by the Nuxalk Nation's government. Though the number of truly fluent speakers has not increased,

248-441: Is a boy', nusʔūlχ-Ø ti-q̓s-tx 'the one who is ill is a thief'. There is a further causative paradigm whose suffixes may be used instead: This has a passive counterpart: This may also have a benefactive gloss when used with events involving less activity of their participant (e.g. nuyamł-tus ti-ʔimlk-tx ti-ʔimmllkī-tx 'the man made/let the boy sing'/'the man sang for the boy'), while in events with more active participants only

279-699: Is a member of the Wuikinuxv-Kitasoo-Nuxalk Tribal Council , and until March 2008 was a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization . The population is 1,479. "Nuxalk" is singular; "Nuxalkmc" is plural. Q'umk'uts', a Nuxalk community that is located at the confluence of the Bella Coola River and the Pacific Ocean is currently home to the majority of the Nuxalk population,

310-495: Is a separate syllable. Stop-fricative sequences can also be disyllabic, however, as in tɬ 'strong' (two syllables, at least in the cited recording) and kʷs 'rough' (one syllable or two). Syllabification of stop-fricative sequences may therefore be lexicalized or a prosodic tendency. Fricative-fricative sequences also have a tendency toward syllabicity, e.g. with sx 'bad' being one syllable or two, and sχs 'seal fat' being two syllables ( sχ.s ) or three. Speech rate plays

341-819: Is located in the Bella Coola Valley , in British Columbia . It is on the Nation's primary reserve (which is much smaller than the Nation's traditional territory), adjacent to the Bella Coola "townsite", the Central business district for the Valley. Nuxalk Hall is a community center, where potlatches and social events are held. The Nuxalk Basketball Association hosts games in the hall. The Nuxalkmc were wrongfully categorized as Coast Salish . Today

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372-430: Is running'. Whether the parenthesized segments are included in the suffix depends on whether the stem ends in an underlying resonant (vowel, liquid, nasal) and whether it is non-syllabic. So qāχla 'drink' becomes qāχla-ł 'we drink', qāχla-nap 'you (pl.) drink', qāχla-naw 'they drink', but nuyamł 'sing' becomes nuyamł-ił 'we're singing', nuyamł-ap 'you (pl.) are singing', nuyamł-aw 'they're singing'. However,

403-617: The Americanist orthography of Davis & Saunders when it differs from the IPA. What are transcribed in the orthography as 'plain' velar consonants are actually palatals, and the sibilants s c c̓ palatalize to š č č̓ before x k k̓ . /i/ may be pronounced: /a/ may be pronounced: /o/ may be pronounced: In addition to the Americanist orthography of Davis & Saunders used in this article for clarity, Nuxalk also has

434-517: The Salish language family . Its lexicon is equidistant from Coast and Interior Salish , but it shares phonological and morphological features with Coast Salish (e.g., the absence of pharyngeals and the presence of marked gender ). Nuxalk also borrows many words from contiguous North Wakashan languages (especially Heiltsuk ), as well as some from neighbouring Athabaskan languages and Tsimshian . Nuxalk has 29 consonants depicted below in IPA and

465-542: The Nuxalkmc are classified under their own distinct category. The Nuxalk Nation traditionally has spoken the Nuxalk language . Today there are an estimated 5 fluent speakers, 80 conversational speakers, and 140 learning speakers. Nuxalk-language radio programming and work towards an expanded Nuxalk-English dictionary and a new online phrasebook started in 2014. Located at the mouth of the Bella Coola River ,

496-675: The Parsnip River, crossed the continental divide, and eventually canoed down the Fraser River to Alexandria just south of Quesnel. On the advice of local First Nations people, who guided Mackenzie and his party to the Pacific Ocean, they gave up the river route for an overland one. The overland journey started just above the mouth of the Blackwater River at the West Road River west of Quesnel, taking them through

527-753: The Upper Blackwater, along the Eliguk Lake and Gatcho Lake, through parts of what is now Tweedsmuir Provincial Park , over the Rainbow Mountains, into the Bella Coola Valley and "Friendly Village". The local people took the group down the Bella Coola River , over the salt water into the Dean Channel." He reached the ocean on July 20, 1793, completing the first recorded transcontinental crossing north of Mexico. The route

558-518: The books by Rich Hobson , Grass Beyond the Mountains , Nothing Too Good for a Cowboy , and The Rancher Takes a Wife , and the CBC television series based on the same books. The Home Ranch closed operations in the early 1970s, but the remains of the ranch are in good shape. Nuxalk Nation The Nuxalk Nation is the band government of the Nuxalk people of Bella Coola, British Columbia . It

589-451: The causative gloss is possible. In the later group even more active verbs have a preference for the affix -lx- (implying passive experience) before the causative suffix. The executor in a transitive sentence always precedes the experiencer. However, when an event is proceeded by a lone participant, the semantic content of the event determines whether the participant is an executor or an experiencer. This can only be determined syntactically if

620-429: The choice of the 3ps marker -Ø or -s is conditioned by semantics rather than phonetics. For example, the sentences tix-s ti-ʔimlk-tx and tix-Ø ti-ʔimlk-tx could both be glossed 'it's the man', but the first is appropriate if the man is the one who is normally chosen, while the second is making an assertion that it is the man (as opposed to someone else, as might otherwise be thought) who is chosen. The following are

651-517: The executor, the experiencer, or both to have focus: The affix -amk- ( -yamk- after the antipassive marker -a- ) allows an implement to have its preposition removed and to be focused. For example: There are four prepositions which have broad usage in Nuxalk: Nuxalk has a set of deictic prefixes and suffixes which serve to identify items as instantiations of domains rather than domains themselves and to locate them in deictic space. Thus

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682-570: The language includes long strings of consonants without any intervening vowel or other sonorant . Salishan languages , and especially Nuxalk, are famous for this. For instance, the following word contains only obstruents : clh- possess- p'xwlht- bunchberry- lhp- plant- lhh- PAST . PERF - s= 3SG . SUB / 3SG . OBJ = kwts then clh- p'xwlht- lhp- lhh- s= kwts possess- bunchberry- plant- PAST.PERF- 3SG.SUB/3SG.OBJ= then 'then he had had in his possession

713-537: The language is now taught in both the provincial school system and the Nuxalk Nation's own school, Acwsalcta, which means "a place of learning". Nuxalk language classes, if taken to at least the Grade 11 level, are considered adequate second-language qualifications for entry to the major B.C. universities. CKNN-FM Nuxalk Radio is also working to promote the language. The name "Nuxalk" for the language comes from

744-462: The nation was only accessible by foot, air, or boat until 1953, when a road was constructed. Nuxalk people have lived in the region for millennia. Norwegian people settled in the area in the 1890s. It is estimated the population of the Nuxalkmc people were in the thousands amongst different villages. Stories suggest there were approximately ten thousand to thirty thousand spanning the whole Bella Coola Valley and surrounding inlets. In February 2023,

775-623: The native nuxalk (or nuχalk) , referring to the " Bella Coola Valley ". "Bella Coola" is a rendering of the Heiltsuk bḷ́xʷlá , meaning "stranger". Nowadays, Nuxalk is spoken only in Bella Coola, British Columbia , surrounded by Wakashan - and Athabascan -speaking tribes. It was once spoken in over 100 settlements, with varying dialects, but in the present day most of these settlements have been abandoned and dialectal differences have largely disappeared. Nuxalk forms its own subgroup of

806-406: The participant is marked by the preposition ʔuł- , which marks the experience. Some events are inherently transitive or intransitive, but some may accept multiple valencies (e.g. ʔanayk 'to be needy'/'to want [something]'). Prepositions may mark experiencers, and must mark implements. Any participants which are not marked by prepositions are focussed . There are three voices, which allow either

837-415: The possible person markers for transitive verbs, with empty cells indications non-occurring combinations and '--' identifying semantic combinations which require the reflexive suffix -cut- followed by the appropriate intransitive suffix: E.g. sp̓-is ti-ʔimlk-tx ti-stn-tx 'the man struck the tree'. Whether a word can serve as an event isn't determined lexically, e.g. ʔimmllkī-Ø ti-nusʔūlχ-tx 'the thief

868-468: The route to take about 18 days, whereas intermediate hikers may require at least 24 days. Also, hikers may choose to hike only sections of the trail, such as the route through Tweedsmuir Provincial Park which passes the extinct Rainbow Range shield volcano . Only a few hiking or horse riding parties, plus a few ATVs or trucks, pass along the trail each year. The middle section of the trail passes within 5 km of Pan Phillips' Home Ranch, popularized by

899-537: The sentences wac̓-Ø ti-ƛ̓ikm-tx and ti-wac̓-Ø ti-ƛ̓ikm-tx , both 'the one that's running is a dog', are slightly different – similar to the difference between the English sentences 'the visitor is Canadian' and 'the visitor is a Canadian' respectively. The deixis system has a proximal/medial/distal and a non-demonstrative/demonstrative distinction. Demonstratives may be used when finger pointing would be appropriate (or in distal space when something previously mentioned

930-400: The syllabic counterparts of /j, w/ .) Words claimed to have unpredictable syllables include sṃnṃnṃuuc 'mute', smṇmṇcaw '(the fact) that they are children'. The first element in a sentence expresses the event of the proposition. It inflects for the person and number of one (in the intransitive paradigm) or two (in the transitive paradigm) participants. E.g. ƛ̓ikm-Ø ti-wac̓-tx 'the dog

961-686: Was designated as an official heritage trail by the Heritage Conservation Act in 1987. From east to west, the modern-day trail begins at the West Road River (Blackwater River) 53.269063 N,123.148917 W between Quesnel and Prince George, passes Kluskus Lake , Eliguk Lake, then crosses through what is now Tweedsmuir Provincial Park, then follows the Bella Coola River to the North Bentinck Arm inlet. Because of its length and difficulty, experienced hikers can expect

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