33-509: Number Eight may refer to: 8 (number) , the natural number 8 (J.J. Cale album) by the American singer-songwriter and musician Number 8, Pershore , community arts centre in England, United Kingdom Number Eight ( Battlestar Galactica ) , a character from the 2003 version of the television series Battlestar Galactica Number Eight,
66-567: A Proto-Turkic stem *sekiz , which has been suggested as originating as a negation of eki "two", as in "without two fingers" (i.e., "two short of ten; two fingers are not being held up"); this same principle is found in Finnic *kakte-ksa , which conveys a meaning of "two before (ten)". The Proto-Indo-European reconstruction *oḱtṓ(w) - itself has been argued as representing an old dual, which would correspond to an original meaning of "twice four". Proponents of this "quaternary hypothesis" adduce
99-470: A character in the episode " The Chimes of Big Ben " from the television series The Prisoner #8, the pseudonym of American musician Corey Taylor , when performing with Slipknot Number eight (rugby union) , a rugby union position The Rifle, No 8 .22 cadet rifle used by UK Cadet Forces See also [ edit ] 8 (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
132-399: A chunk depends on the knowledge of the person being tested. For instance, a word is a single chunk for a speaker of the language but is many chunks for someone who is totally unfamiliar with the language and sees the word as a collection of phonetic segments. Miller recognized that the correspondence between the limits of one-dimensional absolute judgment and of short-term memory span was only
165-536: A classic experiment typically argued as supporting a 4 item buffer by Murdock, there is in fact no evidence for such and thus the "magical number", at least in the Murdock experiment, is 1. Other prominent theories of short-term memory capacity argue against measuring capacity in terms of a fixed number of elements. Cowan also noted a number of other limits of cognition that point to a "magical number four", and different from Miller, he argued that this correspondence
198-446: A coincidence, because only the first limit, not the second, can be characterized in information-theoretic terms (i.e., as a roughly constant number of bits). Therefore, there is nothing "magical" about the number seven, and Miller used the expression only rhetorically. Nevertheless, the idea of a "magical number 7" inspired much theorizing, rigorous and less rigorous, about the capacity limits of human cognition. The number seven constitutes
231-406: A periodicity of 8. The lie group E 8 is one of 5 exceptional lie groups. The order of the smallest non-abelian group whose subgroups are all normal is 8. The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two " The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information " is one of the most highly cited papers in psychology. It was written by
264-402: A physical limit. Autism expert Daniel Tammet has suggested, however, that the children Sacks observed may have pre-counted the matches in the box. There is also evidence that even four chunks is a high estimate: Gobet and Clarkson at Brunel University London conducted an experiment and found that over half of the memory recall conditions yielded only about two chunks. Research also shows that
297-411: A useful heuristic, reminding us that lists that are much longer than that become significantly harder to remember and process simultaneously. Later research on short-term memory and working memory revealed that memory span is not a constant even when measured in a number of chunks. The number of chunks a human can recall immediately after presentation depends on the category of chunks used (e.g., span
330-404: Is octonary . The adjective octuple (Latin octu-plus ) may also be used as a noun, meaning "a set of eight items"; the diminutive octuplet is mostly used to refer to eight siblings delivered in one birth. The Semitic numeral is based on a root *θmn- , whence Akkadian smn- , Arabic ṯmn- , Hebrew šmn- etc. The Chinese numeral , written 八 ( Mandarin : bā ; Cantonese : baat ),
363-455: Is a composite number and the first number which is neither prime nor semiprime . By Mihăilescu's Theorem , it is the only nonzero perfect power that is one less than another perfect power. 8 is the first proper Leyland number of the form x + y , where in its case x and y both equal 2. 8 is a Fibonacci number and the only nontrivial Fibonacci number that is a perfect cube . Sphenic numbers always have exactly eight divisors. 8
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#1732783214484396-406: Is approximately the same for stimuli with vastly different amounts of information—for instance, binary digits have 1 bit each; decimal digits have 3.32 bits each; words have about 10 bits each. Miller concluded that memory span is not limited in terms of bits but rather in terms of chunks . A chunk is the largest meaningful unit in the presented material that the person recognizes—thus, what counts as
429-465: Is around seven for digits, around six for letters, and around five for words), and even on features of the chunks within a category. Chunking is used by the brain's short-term memory as a method for keeping groups of information accessible for easy recall. It functions and works best as labels that one is already familiar with—the incorporation of new information into a label that is already well rehearsed into one's long-term memory. These chunks must store
462-464: Is from Old Chinese *priāt- , ultimately from Sino-Tibetan b-r-gyat or b-g-ryat which also yielded Tibetan brgyat . It has been argued that, as the cardinal number 7 is the highest number of items that can universally be cognitively processed as a single set, the etymology of the numeral eight might be the first to be considered composite, either as "twice four" or as "two short of ten", or similar. The Turkic words for "eight" are from
495-524: Is no coincidence. One other process that seems to be limited at about four elements is subitizing , the rapid enumeration of small numbers of objects. When a number of objects are flashed briefly, their number can be determined very quickly, at a glance, when the number does not exceed the subitizing limit, which is about four objects. Larger numbers of objects must be counted, which is a slower process. The film 1988 Rain Man portrayed an autistic savant , who
528-508: Is the cube-octahedron compound . The octonions are a hypercomplex normed division algebra that are an extension of the complex numbers . They are a double cover of special orthogonal group SO(8). The special unitary group SO(3) has an eight-dimensional adjoint representation whose colors are ascribed gauge symmetries that represent the vectors of the eight gluons in the Standard Model . Clifford algebras display
561-465: Is the natural number following 7 and preceding 9 . English eight , from Old English eahta , æhta , Proto-Germanic *ahto is a direct continuation of Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓ(w) - , and as such cognate with Greek ὀκτώ and Latin octo- , both of which stems are reflected by the English prefix oct(o)- , as in the ordinal adjective octaval or octavary , the distributive adjective
594-419: Is the base of the octal number system. A polygon with eight sides is an octagon . A regular octagon can fill a plane-vertex with a regular triangle and a regular icositetragon , as well as tessellate two-dimensional space alongside squares in the truncated square tiling . This tiling is one of eight Archimedean tilings that are semi-regular, or made of more than one type of regular polygon , and
627-512: The cognitive psychologist George A. Miller of Harvard University 's Department of Psychology and published in 1956 in Psychological Review . It is often interpreted to argue that the number of objects an average human can hold in short-term memory is 7 ± 2. This has occasionally been referred to as Miller's law . In his article, Miller discussed a coincidence between the limits of one-dimensional absolute judgment and
660-572: The 10th century were a distinctive western variant of the glyphs used in the Arabic-speaking world, known as ghubār numerals ( ghubār translating to " sand table "). In these digits, the line of the 5 -like glyph used in Indian manuscripts for eight came to be formed in ghubār as a closed loop, which was the 8 -shape that became adopted into European use in the 10th century. Just as in most modern typefaces , in typefaces with text figures
693-426: The ability to distinguish between four and eight alternatives. The second cognitive limitation Miller discusses is memory span . Memory span refers to the longest list of items (e.g., digits, letters, words) that a person can repeat back in the correct order on 50% of trials immediately after the presentation. Miller observed that the memory span of young adults is approximately seven items. He noticed that memory span
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#1732783214484726-456: The character for the digit 8 usually has an ascender , as, for example, in [REDACTED] . The infinity symbol ∞, described as a "sideways figure eight", is unrelated to the digit 8 in origin; it is first used (in the mathematical meaning "infinity") in the 17th century, and it may be derived from the Roman numeral for "one thousand" CIƆ, or alternatively from the final Greek letter, ω . 8
759-543: The cube and one of eight convex deltahedra . The stella octangula , or eight-pointed star , is the only stellation with octahedral symmetry . It has eight triangular faces alongside eight vertices that forms a cubic faceting , composed of two self-dual tetrahedra that makes it the simplest of five regular compounds . The cuboctahedron , on the other hand, is a rectified cube or rectified octahedron, and one of only two convex quasiregular polyhedra . It contains eight equilateral triangular faces, whose first stellation
792-414: The information in such a way that they can be disassembled into the necessary data. The storage capacity is dependent on the information being stored. For instance, span is lower for long words than it is for short words. In general, memory span for verbal contents (digits, letters, words, etc.) strongly depends on the time it takes to speak the contents aloud. Some researchers have therefore proposed that
825-748: The left line and the upper half of the right line removed. However, the digit for eight used in India in the early centuries of the Common Era developed considerable graphic variation, and in some cases took the shape of a single wedge, which was adopted into the Perso-Arabic tradition as ٨ (and also gave rise to the later Devanagari form ८ ); the alternative curved glyph also existed as a variant in Perso-Arabic tradition, where it came to look similar to our digit 5. The digits as used in Al-Andalus by
858-441: The lexical status of the contents (i.e., whether the contents are words known to the person or not). Several other factors also affect a person's measured span, and therefore it is difficult to pin down the capacity of short-term or working memory to a number of chunks. Nonetheless, Cowan has proposed that working memory has a capacity of about four chunks in young adults (and less in children and older adults). Tarnow finds that in
891-522: The limited capacity of short-term memory for verbal material is not a "magic number" but rather a "magic spell," i.e. a period of time. Baddeley used this finding to postulate that one component of his model of working memory , the phonological loop , is capable of holding around 2 seconds of sound. However, the limit of short-term memory cannot easily be characterized as a constant "magic spell" either, because memory span also depends on other factors besides speaking duration. For instance, span depends on
924-524: The limits of short-term memory. In a one-dimensional absolute-judgment task, a person is presented with a number of stimuli that vary on one dimension (e.g., 10 different tones varying only in pitch) and responds to each stimulus with a corresponding response (learned before). Performance is nearly perfect up to five or six different stimuli but declines as the number of different stimuli increases. The task can be described as one of information transmission: The input consists of one out of n possible stimuli, and
957-463: The numeral 9 , which might be built on the stem new- , meaning "new" (indicating the beginning of a "new set of numerals" after having counted to eight). The modern digit 8, like all modern Arabic numerals other than zero, originates with the Brahmi numerals . The Brahmi digit for eight by the 1st century was written in one stroke as a curve └┐ looking like an uppercase H with the bottom half of
990-400: The only tiling that can admit a regular octagon. The Ammann–Beenker tiling is a nonperiodic tesselation of prototiles that feature prominent octagonal silver eightfold symmetry, that is the two-dimensional orthographic projection of the four-dimensional 8-8 duoprism . An octahedron is a regular polyhedron with eight equilateral triangles as faces . is the dual polyhedron to
1023-438: The output consists of one out of n responses. The information contained in the input can be determined by the number of binary decisions that need to be made to arrive at the selected stimulus, and the same holds for the response. Therefore, people's maximum performance on a one-dimensional absolute judgment can be characterized as an information channel capacity with approximately 2 to 3 bits of information, which corresponds to
Number Eight - Misplaced Pages Continue
1056-467: The title Number Eight . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Number_Eight&oldid=1228406364 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages 8 (number) 8 ( eight )
1089-434: Was able to rapidly determine the number of toothpicks from an entire box spilled on the floor, apparently subitizing a much larger number than four objects. A similar feat was informally observed by neuropsychologist Oliver Sacks and reported in his book 1985 The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat . Therefore, one might suppose that this limit is an arbitrary limit imposed by our cognition rather than necessarily being
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