51-527: The Lowcountry (sometimes Low Country or just low country ) is a geographic and cultural region along South Carolina 's coast, including the Sea Islands . The region includes significant salt marshes and other coastal waterways, making it an important source of biodiversity in South Carolina. Once known for its slave-based agricultural wealth in rice and indigo , crops that flourished in
102-474: A buffer in aqueous solutions to maintain a neutral pH in the environment. The buffer acting component has been proposed to be relevant for neutralizing acid rain . Some organic matter not already in the soil comes from groundwater . When the groundwater saturates the soil or sediment around it, organic matter can freely move between the phases. Groundwater has its own sources of natural organic matter including: Organisms decompose into organic matter, which
153-489: A trigger such as the FOM inputs. The cause of this increase in decomposition has often been attributed to an increase in microbial activity resulting from higher energy and nutrient availability released from the FOM. After the input of FOM, specialized microorganisms are believed to grow quickly and only decompose this newly added organic matter. The turnover rate of SOM in these areas is at least one order of magnitude higher than
204-856: A 0.45 micrometre filter (DOM), and that which cannot (POM). Organic matter is important in water and wastewater treatment and recycling, natural aquatic ecosystems, aquaculture, and environmental rehabilitation. It is, therefore, important to have reliable methods of detection and characterisation, for both short- and long-term monitoring. Various analytical detection methods for organic matter have existed for up to decades to describe and characterise organic matter. These include, but are not limited to: total and dissolved organic carbon, mass spectrometry , nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy , infrared (IR) spectroscopy , UV-Visible spectroscopy , and fluorescence spectroscopy . Each of these methods has its advantages and limitations. The same capability of natural organic matter that helps with water retention in
255-616: A continental scale are also referred to as "worlds", "spheres", or "civilizations", such as the Islamic world . The term cultural bloc is used by anthropologists to describe culturally and linguistically similar groups (or nations) of Aboriginal peoples of Australia . It may have been coined first by Ronald Berndt in 1959 to describe the Western Desert cultural bloc , a group of peoples in central Australia whose languages comprise around 40 dialects. Other groups described as
306-679: A cultural bloc include the Noongar people of south-western Australia; the Bundjalung people of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland ; the Kuninjku / Bininj Kunwok bloc and the Yolngu cultural bloc in Arnhem Land , Northern Territory . A music area is a cultural area defined according to musical activity. It may or may not conflict with the cultural areas assigned to
357-403: A geographic region and time sequence ( age area ) is characterized by shared elements of environment and culture. A precursor to the concept of culture areas originated with museum curators and ethnologists during the late 1800s as means of arranging exhibits, combined with the work of taxonomy . The American anthropologists Clark Wissler and Alfred Kroeber further developed this version of
408-407: A geography with one relatively homogeneous human activity or complex of activities ( culture ). Such activities are often associated with an ethnolinguistic group and with the territory it inhabits. Specific cultures often do not limit their geographic coverage to the borders of a nation state , or to smaller subdivisions of a state. A culture area is a concept in cultural anthropology in which
459-462: A given region. The world may be divided into three large music areas, each containing a "cultivated" or classical musics "that are obviously its most complex musical forms", with, nearby, folk styles which interact with the cultivated, and, on the perimeter, primitive styles. [REDACTED] Media related to Cultural regions at Wikimedia Commons Organic matter Organic matter , organic material , or natural organic matter refers to
510-656: A regional governmental entity charged with regional and transportation planning, and are the ones included in the South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism's "Lowcountry and Resort Islands" area. The area includes the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area . Technically, the Lowcountry is synonymous with the areas with a large population of Gullah Geechee peoples of
561-743: Is a significant part of a society's culture, but it can also divide subgroups of the same ethnolinguistic group along more subtle criteria, such as the Brünig-Napf-Reuss line in German-speaking Switzerland, the Weißwurstäquator in Germany, or the Grote rivieren boundary between Dutch and Flemish culture. In the history of Europe , the major cultural boundaries are traditionally found: Macro-cultures on
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#1732782995383612-443: Is called soil organic matter. When the organic matter has broken down into a stable substance that resists further decomposition it is called humus . Thus soil organic matter comprises all of the organic matter in the soil exclusive of the material that has not decayed. An important property of soil organic matter is that it improves the capacity of a soil to hold water and nutrients, and allows their slow release, thereby improving
663-529: Is crucial to all ecology and to all agriculture , but it is especially emphasized in organic farming , where it is relied upon especially heavily. The priming effect is characterized by intense changes in the natural process of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover, resulting from relatively moderate intervention with the soil. The phenomenon is generally caused by either pulsed or continuous changes to inputs of fresh organic matter (FOM). Priming effects usually result in an acceleration of mineralization due to
714-506: Is now known as the " cultural turn ." The definition of culture areas is enjoying a resurgence of practical and theoretical interest as social scientists conduct more research on processes of cultural globalization. Allen Noble gave a summary of the concept development of cultural regions using terms such as: Cultural "spheres of influence" may also overlap or form concentric structures of macrocultures encompassing smaller local cultures. Different boundaries may also be drawn depending on
765-405: Is one of many organic compounds that can be synthesized without any biological activity. Organic matter is heterogeneous and very complex. Generally, organic matter, in terms of weight, is: The molecular weights of these compounds can vary drastically, depending on if they repolymerize or not, from 200 to 20,000 amu. Up to one-third of the carbon present is in aromatic compounds in which
816-477: Is primarily associated with Carl O. Sauer and his colleagues. Sauer viewed culture as "an agent within a natural area that was a medium to be cultivated to produce the cultural landscape." Sauer's concept was later criticized as deterministic , and geographer Yi-Fu Tuan and others proposed versions that enabled scholars to account for phenomenological experience as well. This revision became known as humanistic geography. The period within which humanistic geography
867-426: Is then transported and recycled. Not all biomass migrates, some is rather stationary, turning only over the course of millions of years. The organic matter in soil derives from plants, animals and microorganisms. In a forest, for example, leaf litter and woody materials fall to the forest floor. This is sometimes referred to as organic material. When it decays to the point in which it is no longer recognizable, it
918-421: Is under pressure from both development and overharvesting. Mary Jackson was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship for her work making sweetgrass baskets. 33°07′34″N 80°00′32″W / 33.1260618°N 80.0087746°W / 33.1260618; -80.0087746 Cultural region In anthropology and geography , a cultural area , cultural region , cultural sphere , or culture area refers to
969-443: Is very important in the movement of nutrients in the environment and plays a role in water retention on the surface of the planet. Living organisms are composed of organic compounds. In life, they secrete or excrete organic material into their environment, shed body parts such as leaves and roots and after organisms die, their bodies are broken down by bacterial and fungal action. Larger molecules of organic matter can be formed from
1020-463: The decomposition of organic matter including its chemical properties and other environmental parameters. Metabolic capabilities of the microbial communities play a crucial role on decomposition since they are highly connected with the energy availability and processing. In terrestrial ecosystems the energy status of soil organic matter has been shown to affect microbial substrate preferences. Some organic matter pools may be energetically favorable for
1071-460: The microbial communities resulting in their fast oxidation and decomposition, in comparison with other pools where microbial degraders get less return from the energy they invest. By extension, soil microorganisms preferentially mineralize high-energy organic matter, avoiding decomposing less energetically dense organic matter. Measurements of organic matter generally measure only organic compounds or carbon , and so are only an approximation of
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#17327829953831122-635: The 20th century. The tourism commission advertises both nature-based tourism and historic sites. The pressure of the tourism industry on the coast both encroaches on marshland and places pressure on African American communities. The industry tends to emphasize the Gullah Geechee cultural tradition as part of the Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor . Important to this cultural tradition are traditional sweetgrass baskets. But, harvesting natural sweetgrass
1173-771: The Peidmont gentry in the cause for secession . Following the Confederacy 's defeat in the American Civil War , many of the Lowcountry estates had been destroyed by the Union army , with the slaves on the remaining plantations begin emancipated, which finally broke the power of the Lowcountry gentry. Soon timber and phosphate mining became the primary economic power in the Lowcountry, as the remaining rice plantations struggled to compete with those in Texas. The deathblow to
1224-694: The abundance of sediment deposits, a region that was compared to the Nile river in Egypt . Due to the harsh climate and labor intensive work required to harvest rice, planters at the time deemed it "impossible" to cultivate the region. The vast majority of slaves to South Carolina where imported for the rice plantations, and as such the rice pharaohs also become dominate players in the slave trade . Due to this Charleston rapidly grew to facilitate rice exports and slave imports. The rice pharaohs quickly surpassed and replaced other gentry, such as those who grew sugar, due to
1275-499: The acceleration of mineralization while a negative priming effect results in immobilization, leading to N unavailability. Although most changes have been documented in C and N pools, the priming effect can also be found in phosphorus and sulfur, as well as other nutrients. Löhnis was the first to discover the priming effect phenomenon in 1926 through his studies of green manure decomposition and its effects on legume plants in soil. He noticed that when adding fresh organic residues to
1326-482: The area encompassing the basins of Cooper River , Santee River , ACE (Ashepoo-Combahee-Edisto), Winyah Bay , and Savannah River . Some include Marion and Horry Counties. Dillon County is included in the Lowcountry by the largest group of healthcare executives in the state. Allendale is also occasionally included in the region. Four counties are covered by the Lowcountry Council of Governments ,
1377-431: The bulk soil. Other soil treatments, besides organic matter inputs, which lead to this short-term change in turnover rates, include "input of mineral fertilizer, exudation of organic substances by roots, mere mechanical treatment of soil or its drying and rewetting." Priming effects can be either positive or negative depending on the reaction of the soil with the added substance. A positive priming effect results in
1428-488: The by-products are larger than membrane pore sizes. This clogging problem can be treated by chlorine disinfection ( chlorination ), which can break down residual material that clogs systems. However, chlorination can form disinfection by-products . Water with organic matter can be disinfected with ozone -initiated radical reactions. The ozone (three oxygens) has powerful oxidation characteristics. It can form hydroxyl radicals (OH) when it decomposes, which will react with
1479-452: The carbon atoms form usually six-membered rings. These rings are very stable due to resonance stabilization , so they are challenging to break down. The aromatic rings are also susceptible to electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks from other electron-donating or electron-accepting material, which explains the possible polymerization to create larger molecules of organic matter. Some reactions occur with organic matter and other materials in
1530-422: The concept of the priming effect was widely disregarded until about the 1980s-1990s. The priming effect has been found in many different studies and is regarded as a common occurrence, appearing in most plant soil systems. However, the mechanisms which lead to the priming effect are more complex than originally thought, and still remain generally misunderstood. Although there is a lot of uncertainty surrounding
1581-478: The concept on the premise that cultural areas represent longstanding cultural divisions. This iteration of the concept is sometimes criticized as arbitrary, but the organization of human communities into cultural areas remains a common practice throughout the social sciences . Cultural geography also utilizes the concept of culture areas. Cultural geography originated within the Berkeley School, and
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1632-586: The conditions for plant growth. Another advantage of humus is that it helps the soil to stick together which allows nematodes , or microscopic bacteria, to easily decay the nutrients in the soil. There are several ways to quickly increase the amount of humus. Combining compost, plant or animal materials/waste, or green manure with soil will increase the amount of humus in the soil. These three materials supply nematodes and bacteria with nutrients for them to thrive and produce more humus, which will give plants enough nutrients to survive and grow. Soil organic matter
1683-493: The early slaves to South Carolina, and made a concerted effort to outlaw further imports, especially into the hinterland, in an effort to preserve their economic dominance. Timothy Ford, a lawyer born in Trenton, New Jersey , moved to the Lowcountry in 1760 and criticized the gentry as having an "effeminate spirit of luxury and dissipation" and seemingly only cared about amusement, gambling, accumulation of wealth, and vanity. At
1734-485: The hot subtropical climate, the Lowcountry today is known for its historic cities and communities, natural environment , cultural heritage, and tourism industry. Demographically, the Lowcountry is still heavily dominated by African American communities, such as the Gullah/Geechee people. As of the 2020 census, the population of the Lowcountry was 1,167,139. The term "Low Country" originally referred to all of
1785-504: The large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the feces and remains of organisms such as plants and animals . Organic molecules can also be made by chemical reactions that do not involve life. Basic structures are created from cellulose , tannin , cutin , and lignin , along with other various proteins , lipids , and carbohydrates . Organic matter
1836-542: The level of once living or decomposed matter. Some definitions of organic matter likewise only consider "organic matter" to refer to only the carbon content or organic compounds and do not consider the origins or decomposition of the matter. In this sense, not all organic compounds are created by living organisms, and living organisms do not only leave behind organic material. A clam's shell, for example, while biotic , does not contain much organic carbon , so it may not be considered organic matter in this sense. Conversely, urea
1887-601: The outbreak of the American Revolutionary War , a subgroup of Lowcountry gentry emerged to prominence, the "Rice Pharaohs" who would create generational wealth with them and their descendants dominating South Carolinian politics in an effort to preserve slavery at all costs. The center of the rice industry was based around the confluence of the Waccamaw , the Great Peedee and Black Rivers due to
1938-411: The particular aspect of interest, such as religion and folklore vs dress, or architecture vs language. Another version of cultural area typology divides cultural areas into three forms: A cultural boundary (also cultural border) in ethnology is a geographical boundary between two identifiable ethnic or ethnolinguistic cultures. A language border is necessarily also a cultural border, as language
1989-605: The polymerization of different parts of already broken down matter. The composition of natural organic matter depends on its origin, transformation mode, age, and existing environment, thus its bio-physicochemical functions vary with different environments. Organic matter is common throughout the ecosystem and is cycled through decomposition processes by soil microbial communities that are crucial for nutrient availability. After degrading and reacting, it can move into soil and mainstream water via waterflow. Organic matter provides nutrition to living organisms. Organic matter acts as
2040-485: The process of decaying or decomposing , such as humus . A closer look at the biological material in the process of decaying reveals so-called organic compounds ( biological molecules ) in the process of breaking up (disintegrating). The main processes by which soil molecules disintegrate are by bacterial or fungal enzymatic catalysis . If bacteria or fungi were not present on Earth, the process of decomposition would have proceeded much slower. Various factors impact
2091-641: The published luminescence ages from the sand are coincident with the last glaciation, a time when the southeastern United States had colder air temperatures and stronger winds. The area above the Sandhills is known as "Upstate" or "Upcountry". These areas are different in geology, geography, and culture. There are several variations in the geographic extent of the "Lowcountry" area. The most commonly accepted definition includes Charleston , Dorchester , Beaufort , Georgetown , Colleton , Hampton , Berkeley , Jasper , and Williamsburg Counties, often described as
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2142-401: The reason for the priming effect, a few undisputed facts have emerged from the collection of recent research: Recent findings suggest that the same priming effect mechanisms acting in soil systems may also be present in aquatic environments, which suggests a need for broader considerations of this phenomenon in the future. One suitable definition of organic matter is biological material in
2193-399: The region. Gullah Geechee people have traditionally resided in the coastal areas and the sea islands of North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia and Florida —from Pender County, North Carolina , to St. Johns County, Florida . Coastal South Carolina’s half a million acres of salt marsh, which typifies the Lowcountry in particular, is underlain by plough mud or pluff mud , named for
2244-406: The rice plantations would be a series of hurricanes from 1893 to 1911 which destroyed most of the remaining estates, with their owners being unable to afford to rebuild. Their lands where mostly bought by Northerners to turn into hunting preserves, with only 70,000 acres of rice impoundments existing by 1999. The tourism industry has been a vibrant part of the region's economy since the beginning of
2295-417: The rise of the "Piedmont gentry" who began to erode the economic dominance of the rice pharaohs and Lowcounty gentry as a whole and advocated for further expansions to slavery. In order to compete with inland plantations, the Lowcountry gentry began buying land from Alabama to Texas and advocating for the reopening of the slave trade. By the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 the Lowcountry gentry sided with
2346-508: The soil creates problems for current water purification methods. In water, organic matter can still bind to metal ions and minerals. The purification process does not necessarily stop these bound molecules but does not cause harm to any humans, animals, or plants. However, because of the high reactivity of organic matter, by-products that do not contain nutrients can be made. These by-products can induce biofouling , which essentially clogs water filtration systems in water purification facilities, as
2397-592: The soil to create compounds never seen before. Unfortunately, it is challenging to characterize these because so little is known about natural organic matter in the first place. Research is currently being done to determine more about these new compounds and how many are being formed. Aquatic organic matter can be further divided into two components: (1) dissolved organic matter (DOM), measured as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) or dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and (2) particulate organic matter (POM). They are typically differentiated by that which can pass through
2448-455: The soil, it resulted in intensified mineralization by the humus N. It was not until 1953, though, that the term priming effect was given by Bingeman in his paper titled, The effect of the addition of organic material on the decomposition of an organic soil . Several other terms had been used before priming effect was coined, including priming action, added nitrogen interaction (ANI), extra N and additional N. Despite these early contributions,
2499-637: The states below the Fall Line , or the Sandhills , which run the width of the states from Aiken County to Chesterfield County. The Sandhills, or Carolina Sandhills, is a 15–60 km wide region within the Atlantic Coastal Plain province, along the inland margin of this province. The Carolina Sandhills are interpreted as eolian (wind-blown) sand sheets and dunes that were mobilized episodically approximately 75,000 to 6,000 years ago. Most of
2550-613: The sugar industry's reliance on British trade with the Caribbean , making most of them loyalists during the war. By 1787 the Lowcountry gentry argued in favor of abolishing the import of any new slaves to the United States, as their own plantations where self sufficient, and their slaves reproducing. However, with Eli Whitney 's invention of the cotton gin , South Carolina permitted the import of slaves from 1803 to 1808, almost exclusively to new inland cotton plantations, which saw
2601-463: The traditional spelling of plow but now often pronounced to rhyme with rough . Once used to fertilize fields of cotton, the mud is pervaded by decaying organic matter and bacteria that feed on it, giving it a notoriously sulfurous stench. Historically the region was dominated by the Lowcountry gentry , a planter aristocracy that dominated most economic activities in the region through extensive plantations. These gentry quickly imported most of
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