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25-686: South Mountain State Park is a public recreation area that runs for nearly the entire length of South Mountain through Washington and Frederick counties in Maryland . The state park is contiguous with several other national, state and local parks on the mountain, including the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park , Gathland State Park , Washington Monument State Park , Greenbrier State Park and Pen Mar County Park (Washington County). Maryland's 40-mile (64 km) section of

50-761: A 1732 letter to the colonial governor of Maryland, Togotolisa, (Captain Civility), chief of the Susquehannock people, warns against settlement in the valley beyond the mountain. The first Euromerican land grant west of South Mountain by Maryland was William Park's "Park Hall" in 1731 near Crampton's Gap. The earliest route of the Great Wagon Road crossed South Mountain by Fox's Gap on a course between Middletown and Sharpsburg . Other important passes for migration and settlement were Turner's Gap near Boonsboro ; Orr's Gap, used today by Interstate 70 ; and

75-908: A series of purchases and treaties negotiated between the Haudenosaunee and the Province of New York (and after the American Revolution , the United States government ) between 1682 and 1797. In the Nanfan Treaty of 1701, the Haudenosaunee had ceded their lands north and west of the Ohio River to the Thirteen Colonies, which were in part obtained from the Beaver Wars in the late 17th century. During

100-690: The Appalachian Trail traverses the length of the park, offering access to scenic overlooks that include High Rock, Black Rock, Annapolis Rock, White Rock, and Weverton Cliffs. The park also contains part of the South Mountain Battlefield . Camping is permitted at shelters and backpackers campgrounds off the AT. The park also has two hunting areas: Black Rock Hunting Lands and Lambs Knoll Hunting Lands. South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania) The Appalachian Trail follows

125-763: The French , the Haudenosaunee were able to acquire lands through conquest which extended as far as the Mississippi River to the west and the Tennessee River to the south. The Lenape, under pressure from European colonial settlements, migrated to the Midwest along the Ohio River and eventually settled along the Wabash River . In 1701, the Haudenosaunee signed the "Deed from the Five Nations to

150-734: The Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and the Appalachian Trail Conservancy . The initiative is organized as South Mountain Partnership, which involves other organizations, government, business, and community members. The history of South Mountain defines the early history of western Maryland. It was viewed as a boundary to the Susquehannock (Conestoga) in their original treaty granting land to Maryland. In

175-639: The Thirteen Colonies and the United States . The land ceded covered, partially or in the entire, the U.S. states of New York , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia , Kentucky , Ohio , Tennessee and North Carolina . They were bordered to the west by the Algonquian lands in the Ohio Country , Cherokee lands to the south, and Muscogee and Choctaw lands to the southeast. The land cessions were accomplished through

200-571: The French refused to recognize the treaty. Between 1682 and 1684, Quaker writer and settler William Penn acquired as many as ten individual deeds from the Lenape to territory in colonial Pennsylvania , which formed present-day Chester , Philadelphia , and Bucks counties. These lands were acquired under the Covenant Chain , a series of treaties signed between the Thirteen Colonies and

225-630: The Haudenosaunee 100 pounds sterling for any settled territory in the Shenandoah Valley which they claimed belong to them. The following year, in the Treaty of Lancaster, the Haudenosaunee sold their remaining claims in the Shenandoah Valley for 200 pounds sterling in gold and 200 pounds sterling worth of goods. The treaty also allowed for the Haudenosaunee to make peace with the Catawba , whom they had been engaged in intermittent conflict for

250-663: The Haudenosaunee. According to legend, in 1682 Penn signed a treaty under an elm tree with the Lenape known as the Treaty of Shackamaxon . In 1722, the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia , Alexander Spotswood , signed the Treaty of Albany with the Haudenosaunee. The treaty renewed the Covenant Chain and agreed to recognize the Blue Ridge Mountains as the demarcation between colonial Virginia and

275-570: The King, of their Beaver Hunting Ground", more commonly known as the Nanfan Treaty , with the colonial governor of the Province of New York , John Nanfan . The treaty came about during positive relations between the English Crown and the Haudenosaunee, and ceded large amounts of recently lost territory to colonial New York; no attempt was made to settle the newly ceded territories, as in addition to being populated by hostile Algonquian peoples,

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300-744: The aftermath of Pontiac's War , confirmed the region as being forbidden to white settlers. By the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768, the Haudenosaunee sold all their remaining claims between the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers. After the signing of the Nanfan Treaty, small numbers of Haudenosaunee, known as the Seneca-Cayuga, also referred to as the Ohio Seneca or Ohio Cayuga, continued to live in the Ohio Country, and eventually broke away from

325-554: The agreed demarcation was to prevent them from trespassing east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, and not to prevent colonists from expanding westward. In December 1742, the Haudenosaunee skirmished with some white settlers in the Shenandoah Valley at the Battle of Galudoghson ; tensions worsened to the point of an outbreak of war with Virginian settlers when Sir William Gooch , the colonial governor of Virginia, agreed to pay

350-425: The course of "Cartledge's Old Road" generally following Maryland state route 77. Maryland finally gained clear title to the lands west of South Mountain in the 1744 Treaty of Lancaster . Following John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, seven of the raiders escaped from their Kennedy Farm headquarters to Pennsylvania by following Elk ridge and South Mountain north. The escapees traveled by night and spent

375-648: The crest of the mountain through Maryland and a portion of Pennsylvania . South Mountain begins at the Potomac River as a low, narrow ridge, barely one mile wide and only 1,200 feet (370 m) above sea level at its crest. South of the Potomac River in Virginia , the ridge continues as Short Hill Mountain for about 12 miles (19 km) before subsiding near the town of Hillsboro . South Mountain in Maryland gradually grows higher and wider towards

400-483: The days in cold camps among the densest thickets they could find along the remote ridge top. They finally left the mountain near today's Caledonia State Park between Chambersburg and Gettysburg, Pennsylvania . The Battle of South Mountain was fought on the mountain at Crampton's, Fox's, and Turner's gaps during Robert E.Lee 's invasion of Maryland ] in the Civil War in 1862. In 1863, military engagements on

425-404: The east and becomes a series of small rocky hills between Mount Holly Springs and the northeastern end of the mountain at Dillsburg, Pennsylvania . From south to north: From south to north, then east: From south to north: From south to north: From south to north: From south to north: In Pennsylvania, the region surrounding is the focus of a Conservation Landscape Initiative , led by

450-658: The mountain range during Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania included the Fight at Monterey Pass near the Mason–Dixon Line . Six Nations land cessions The Six Nations land cessions were a series of land cessions by the Haudenosaunee and Lenape which ceded large amounts of land, including both recently conquered territories acquired from other indigenous peoples in the Beaver Wars , and ancestral lands to

475-644: The north. Near the Pennsylvania border, the mountain merges with the hills of the parallel Catoctin Mountain range to the east and becomes more like a low mountain range than a single crest. North of U.S. Route 30 in Pennsylvania, the South Mountain highlands reach their greatest width, over 12 miles (19 km), and several summits top 2,000 feet (610 m). The mountain then turns more to

500-643: The past decades. It also was interpreted differently by the Haudenosaunee and the Virginia Colony; with the Virginians believing that the Haudenosaunee had ceded all claims which lay inside the 1609 chartered boundaries of colonial Virginia. The Virginians considered these claims to theoretically extend to the Pacific , or at least up to the Ohio River. On the other hand, the Haudenosaunee understood

525-502: The period of European colonization , the ancestral territory of the Haudenosaunee , a confederation of five indigenous tribes , formed the territory of what is now Upstate New York . The Lenape were spread out in the Hudson and Delaware River valleys along the eastern seaboard of North America . During a period of violent conflict between the Haudenosaunee and a confederation of Algonquian and Wyandot tribes who were allied with

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550-513: The period of Indian removal in the early 19th century by the U.S. government, a majority of the Oneida , one of the tribes which made up the Haudenosaunee, migrated to the state of Wisconsin . Other Haudenosaunee migrated to Ontario or Oklahoma . As of the 21st century, the Haudenosaunee live in 20 settlements and 8 reservations in New York, Wisconsin, Oklahoma, Ontario and Quebec . Before

575-769: The rights of colonists southeast of the Ohio River. Nevertheless, the Cherokee , the Shawnee , and other tribes continued to claim by possession large portions of the region beyond the Allegheny Ridge. In the 1758 Treaty of Easton with the Shawnee ending Braddock's War , the Thirteen Colonies agreed to forbid settlement west of the Alleghenies. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 , issued by the British Crown in

600-537: The territory of the Haudenosaunee. The same year, the Tuscarora joined the confederation of the Haudenosaunee, transforming it into the "Six Nations". Various colonial governments proved unable to prevent white settlers from moving beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains and settling in the Shenandoah Valley in the 1730s. When the Haudenosaunee objected to encroachment from settlers, they were informed that

625-715: The treaty to mean that they had only ceded their territory up to the Shenandoah Valley east of the Allegheny Mountains . The negotiations were conducted in the Lancaster courthouse, now occupied by the Soldiers and Sailors Monument , built to commemorate the Union after the American Civil War . This difference was partly resolved at the Treaty of Logstown in 1752, where the Haudenosaunee recognized

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