57-514: The South West Africa Territorial Force ( SWATF ) was an auxiliary arm of the South African Defence Force ( SADF ) and comprised the armed forces of South West Africa (now Namibia ) from 1977 to 1989. It emerged as a product of South Africa's political control of the territory which was granted to the former as a League of Nations mandate following World War I. From 1966 until 1989, South African security forces waged
114-701: A figurehead for the British Government, which was responsible to Parliament). In the British Isles, the reserve forces were controlled by lords lieutenant of counties until 1871, when the British Government took direct control. In the British colonies, which refers to those administered from 1782 to 1801 by the Home Office , from 1801 to 1854 by the War and Colonial Office , from 1854 to 1966 by
171-622: A long and bitter counterinsurgency conflict against indigenous nationalists in what was then South West Africa, represented by the Marxist South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) and its military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). As the guerrilla war intensified, however, it became clear that the local civilian police alone were not enough to cope with SWAPO/PLAN incursions and escalating unrest. Consequently, military units were deployed for
228-529: A number of militia and volunteer units continued to exist after 1908, generally being re-organised eventually on Territorial lines (though not administered as parts of the Territorial Army, and remaining local service). Most of these units continued to be viewed as auxiliary to the British Army, rather than parts of it (as this was no longer true of such units in the British Isles, this has led to
285-660: A parachute battalion, and a commando squadron. A school cadet program similar to that in South Africa was developed for South West Africa. Primarily all SWATF members received their initial training at 2 SA Infantry Battalion at Walvis Bay , (considered South African territory at that stage). Advanced training, NCOs and Officer development however occurred at the SWA Military School at Okhandja . For all practical purposes, SWATF remained firmly integrated into existing SADF command structures. Its primary goal
342-493: A part-time basis. Unlike a military reserve force , an auxiliary force does not necessarily have the same degree of training or ranking structure as regular soldiers, and it may or may not be integrated into a fighting force. Some auxiliaries, however, are militias composed of former active duty military personnel and actually have better training and combat experience than their regular counterparts. The designation "auxiliary" has also been given to foreign or allied troops in
399-584: A particular season, while 54 Battalion would source its infantry elements from 8 SAI and the SACC. There was usually a company of SWATF attached to each Modular Battalion on rotation to provide ‘local knowledge’ and various elements of 1 SWA Specialist Unit were also attached to provide tracking and patrolling expertise. Koevoet or Romeo-Mike teams were also frequently stationed in these company bases for mutual protection, but would generally operate independently. The Modular Battalions’ heavy weapons often included
456-702: A permanent part of its role after the war when it was re-named the Territorial Army , remaining nominally a separate force (or army) from the British Army until 2014 when it became the British Army Reserve . The Militia in the British Isles was replaced with the Special Reserve in 1908, which sent drafts of replacements to regular units in wartime. After the First World War, this force was allowed to lapse. In British colonies,
513-592: A regional recruitment basis. At the start of the 18th century, the English (from 1707, British ) military (as distinct from naval ) consisted of several regular and reserve military forces . The regular forces included district garrison artillery establishments that maintained forts and batteries, as well as field artillery, ready for war, with the batteries brought up to strength in war time by drafts from other military or naval forces, and field artillery trains formed during wartime, all of which would be absorbed into
570-437: A wide variety of captured Soviet and obsolete British World War II-era items, which were usually static, being primarily intended for base defence. Motor transport was limited, with a few Buffels being retained for patrolling and SAAF helicopters often being utilised for inter-base liaison. The companies of a Modular Battalion were generally weak during the quiet dry season (maybe 30- 50% strength), but would each be brought up to
627-693: Is to say the various part-time units maintained to act in support of the Regular Army (UK) . The Auxiliary Division was a British paramilitary police unit raised during the Irish War of Independence 1919–21. Recruited from former officers of the British Army who had served during World War I, the Auxiliary Division was a motorized mobile force nominally forming part of the Royal Irish Constabulary . Cumann na mBan
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#1732783013273684-499: The Army Act , or the earlier Mutiny Acts , though by the end of the 19th century they had become subject to the act while embodied for training with regular forces or for active service. Although remaining nominally separate forces from the British Army, the units of these forces in the British Isles became numbered sub-units (squadrons, battalions, or companies) or regular British Army corps or regiments, and ultimately were funded by
741-786: The Colonial Office , from 1966 to 1968 by the Commonwealth Office , from 1968 to 2020 by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office , and since 2020 by the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office , and not to protectorates , which fell under the purview of the Foreign Office , or to British India , which was administered by the East India Company until 1858, and thereafter by the India Office ,
798-522: The Police . South West Africa Command was established in 1939 under a Union Government Proclamation, No 234 of 1939. At that stage it consisted of a citizen force component with a support company and signals. By December 1939, the Commands first unit, 1 SWA Infantry Battalion was established. By 1940, 32 defence rifle clubs were also established but were upgraded by 1948 to rifle commandos. In 1957
855-668: The Roman army of the Republican and early Empire periods was essentially based on the heavy infantry who made up the legions , it favored the recruitment of auxiliaries that excelled in supplementary roles. These included specialists such as missile troops (e.g. Balearic slingers and Cretan archers ), cavalry (recruited among peoples such as the Numidians , and the Thracians ), or light infantry . Auxiliaries were not paid at
912-774: The Royal Artillery on or after its 1716 formation, and the Royal Engineers (an officer-only corps responsible for planning naval and military works in garrisons and on expedition), both of which, with the civilian-staffed stores, transport, Commissariat, and other departments were all parts of the Board of Ordnance , and the English Army (after 1707, the British Army ), composed primarily of cavalry and infantry. The Horse and Foot Guards were considered parts of
969-834: The Royal Gibraltar Regiment , are considered parts of the British Army, while the Royal Montserrat Defence Force and the Falkland Islands Defence Force (both being single unit entities, with the unit named as a Force), as well as the Cayman Islands Regiment and the Turks and Caicos Regiment are technically auxiliaries (this is an archaic distinction, and makes no difference to the ways they are administered or deployed). The Auxiliary Legion
1026-937: The South African Defence Force . Operationally, the SWATF was further divided into a Permanent Force infantry component, logistic/administrative divisions, a training wing, and a Citizen Force , which included at least three motorised infantry battalions. The 'permanent force' comprised mostly volunteer auxiliaries and national servicemen, who formed eight battalions. A militia system was also developed for local security, including over twenty 'area protection units'. By 1981, SWATF's total strength numbered some 10,100 men, organised into both tribal-based battalions (including separate units for Ovambo , Herero , and Coloured ethnic groups) and multiethnic units partially manned by at least 10,000 white South West African personnel. By 1987, SWATF had an estimated 22,000 troops, including additional units of engineers, signals personnel, mounted troops,
1083-668: The War Office , making them technically parts of the British Army. The Yeomanry and the Volunteer Force merged under the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 in 1908 to become the Territorial Force . Although still meant to be local service, this force sent drafts of volunteers to regular battalions, and then entire units, overseas during the First World War. The potential to serve overseas in wartime became
1140-452: The collaborationist auxiliary police battalions of locally recruited police, which were created to fight the resistance during World War II mostly in occupied Eastern European countries. Hilfspolizei refers also to German auxiliary police units. There was also a HIPO Corps in occupied Denmark . The term had also been applied to some units created in 1933 by the early Nazi government (mostly from members of SA and SS ) and disbanded
1197-830: The British Army in 1855. During the same period, the British Army Regular Reserve was created (in 1859 by Secretary of State for War Sidney Herbert , and re-organised under the Reserve Force Act 1867 ) and, to prevent confusion, the Reserve Forces were increasingly referred to instead as the Auxiliary Forces or the Local Forces . Officers of the Reserve or Auxiliary Forces took precedence below British Army officers of
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#17327830132731254-733: The British Army, though falling under the Royal Household there were differences in their command and administration. There were also other minor forces of little military significance, such as the Yeomen of the Guard . The reserve military forces included the Honourable Artillery Company and the Militia (or Constitutional Force ), which was normally an infantry-only force until the 1850s. To these would be added
1311-776: The British Empire: In East Germany the FH for Freiwilliger Helfer der Volkspolizei (English: "Voluntary Auxiliary of the People´s Police" ) was an auxiliary police service from 1952 to 1990. France made extensive use of tribal allies ( goumiers ) as auxiliaries in its North African possessions. During the Algerian War of 1954–62 large numbers of Muslim auxiliaries ( Harkis ) were employed in support of regular French forces. The Freiwillige Polizei-Reserve (FPR; Voluntary Police Reserve)
1368-475: The British administration in regions of the North West Frontier of India. Distinguished only by armbands they provided convoy escorts as a substitute for regular troops and units of the para-military Frontier Corps . Prior to the creation of the Territorial Force in 1908, the term "Auxiliary Forces" was used by the British Army to collectively cover Yeomanry , Militia and Volunteers . That
1425-873: The Eastern Caprivi covering the Zambian border from Cuado to the Zambezi River. Apart from the Frontline Sectors, four additional Sectors existed. 26 Area Force Units, similar to the South African commando system , was established for these less vulnerable parts of the territory. HQ Otjiwarongo (Citadel). SWATF Otjiwarongo AME (Area Force Unit – Area Mag Eenheid ), Outjo AME, Grootfontein AME, Tsumeb AME, Herreroland AME, Ethosa AME, Otavi AME, Damaraland AME and UIS PL. Its area of responsibility
1482-662: The Infantry Battalion was converted to an armored car regiment and the rifle commandos were upgraded to full commandos. With the formation of the South West Africa Territorial Force in 1977, South West Africa Command's area of responsibility was diminished by 1980 to the frontline sectors of the territory. By the 1990s, South West Africa Command controlled Sectors 10, 20 and 70. All local SWATF forces in these sectors also fell directly under SWA Command. Modular Battalions main function
1539-553: The SA Army to the SAAF and it was transferred to Light Aircraft Command. In 1970, it was disbanded, but in 1980 it was re-established as part of the SWATF. Auxiliaries Auxiliaries are support personnel that assist the military or police but are organised differently from regular forces . Auxiliary may be military volunteers undertaking support functions or performing certain duties such as garrison troops, usually on
1596-639: The SADF. The insignia however differed considerably. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Although SWATF relied heavily on South Africa's special forces, over time it developed its own capability. By 1979, South West Africa was subdivided into Operational Sectors. Three Frontline Sectors, 10, 20 and 70 fell under direct control of the South Africa Defence Force's South West Africa Command . Four additional Sectors, 30, 40, 50 and 60 covered
1653-533: The SWATF relied heavily on the South African Air Force for combat and heavy logistics transportation, it did have its own Air Wing, which consisted mainly of civilian aircraft. [REDACTED] 1 SWA Commando Squadron was established as 112 Air Commando on 24 September 1963 in Windhoek. The unit was staffed by volunteer civilian aircraft. From 1968, control of 112 Commando squadron passed from
1710-1042: The United States have largely stemmed from the era of the Second World War, finding a place in assisting the United States Military with resupply, surveillance, aid transportation, and military intelligence. Most historical units were dissolved around the end of the war in 1944–1945, with many integrating into the command of their formerly male counterpart units. The Freiwilliger Polizeidienst are auxiliary state police services in Germany under different denominations (for example Sicherheitswacht in Bavaria and Saxony and Freiwilliger Polizeidienst in Baden-Württemberg or Hesse ), operated by non-professional forces. In most states,
1767-670: The active knowledge of how immoral their actions were among perpetrators of the Holocaust. Throughout their service on the Eastern Front, when ordered to execute civilians en masse , members of the Battalion were frequently given the opportunity to reject participation in the events in lieu of standing guard at the perimeter or other less violent tasks. Battalion members were frequently rotated to avoid war fatigue and their veritable psychological destruction, and when participating in
South West Africa Territorial Force - Misplaced Pages Continue
1824-588: The amount of troops needed to serve on the frontline, women were allowed to serve as auxiliaries to the Wehrmacht, known as Wehrmachthelferin , to take over duties within Germany. The Nazis conscripted German women and girls into the auxiliaries of the Volkssturm . Correspondingly, girls as young as 14 years old were trained in the use of small arms, panzerfausts , machine guns , and hand grenades throughout
1881-513: The atrocities they often tried to shoot away from infants, mothers, and minors, preferring to try to shoot the elderly or the ill to ease their conscience. They would frequently turn to heavy drinking to try to quell the mental anguish caused by participation in these acts. While a minority was generally able to escape participation in the acts, most were willing volunteers, succumbing to social pressures pushed by an atmosphere of shared guilt and fervent hypermasculine nationalism. With an increase in
1938-449: The establishment of SWATF became responsible for the northern border area . The first major step in the establishment of an independent territorial defence force in SWA was the introduction of a new nutria uniform on 6 September 1979 through which SWA units could be distinguished from SADF units. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The rank structure of the SWATF was identical to that of
1995-629: The first time; 60,000 South African combat troops were engaged in South West Africa by the late 1970s. As part of a general policy of military and social reform, Pretoria initiated the establishment of local defence and police agencies for its protectorate beginning in 1977. A start was also made with the regrouping of existing units into four formations: As regarding the latter, the South African Air Force would remain responsible for aerial operations although provision
2052-511: The forces are composed of trained volunteers, acting as an assisting and reserve force to the regular police force. Due to the fact, that the voluntary police services are state-run institutions, the equipment, training and tasks differ. Through patrols, it is supposed to ensure public order and safety. South West Africa Command South West Africa Command was a command of the South African Army . South West Africa Command
2109-484: The governors were generally appointed also as Captains-General or Commanders-in-Chief with similar powers to lords-lieutenant (in some colonies, notably Imperial fortresses such as Bermuda , the Governor was always a senior naval or military officer who also had control of units of the regular forces). The Reserve Forces were originally for local service, embodied for home defence in times of war or emergency. During
2166-631: The latter half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century, these various military forces would be increasingly integrated with the regular force, as the British Army became when the Board of Ordnance was abolished and its military corps (by then including the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers, and the Royal Sappers and Miners ), as well as the commissariat, ordnance stores, transport, and barracks departments, were absorbed into
2223-429: The misconception in recent decades that these units are not part of the British military as the uninformed presume British military to connote British Army , although the Combined Cadet Force and the Army Cadet Force in the United Kingdom also remain separate forces). Today, the territorial units of the two old Imperial fortresses that remain British, Bermuda and Gibraltar , the Royal Bermuda Regiment and
2280-401: The mounted Yeomanry and the Volunteer Force , though the latter existed only in wartime until the 1850s. Similar reserve forces were raised throughout the British Empire. The reserve forces were auxiliary to the regular forces, and not parts of them. They were under the command of local representatives of the Crown (expressed as the Monarch , although by the 19th century the monarch had become
2337-429: The rest of South West Africa and was commanded directly by SWATF officers from 1980. [REDACTED] Frontline Sectors were used for the massing of forces in preparation for external operations into Angola, acting as a buffer with the rest of the territory and reaction to immediate threats. Although theoretically under control of the Area Force, due to their proximity to Angola the vast majority of conventional forces
South West Africa Territorial Force - Misplaced Pages Continue
2394-432: The same rank (officers of the Yeomanry force and of the Volunteer Force similarly took precedence below officers of the Militia Force). When auxiliary units worked with Regular Forces, overall command was held by the highest-ranking officer of the Regular Forces, providing he held the same rank (or higher) as the highest-ranking officer of the Auxiliary unit. The personnel of the Auxiliary Forces were not originally subject to
2451-608: The same rate as legionaries, but could earn Roman citizenship after a fixed term of service. By the 2nd century AD the auxiliaries had been organised into permanent units, broadly grouped as Ala (cavalry), Cohors (infantry) and Cohors equitata (infantry with a cavalry element). Both cavalry alae and infantry cohors numbered between 480 and 600 men each. The mixed cohors equitata usually consisted of six centuries of foot soldiers and six squadrons of horsemen. Specialist units of slingers, scouts, archers and camel mounted detachments continued in existence as separate units with
2508-414: The same year due to international protests. Certain German auxiliary units, such as the Reserve Police Battalion 101 , committed horrendous massacres of Jewish , Romani , and other targeted ethnic groups while serving with the Wehrmacht and Einstazgruppen in Eastern Europe. The example of the Reserve Police Battalion 101 came to exemplify both civilian participation in the Holocaust , as well as
2565-414: The service of a nation at war. The term originated with the Latin eponymous Auxilia relating to non-citizen infantry and cavalry serving as regular units of the Roman Empire . In the context of colonial troops , locally recruited irregulars were often described as auxiliaries. Auxiliaries in the Roman army were recruited from provincial tribal groups who did not have Roman citizenship . As
2622-413: The war. Hiwis were auxiliary forces recruited from the indigenous populations in the areas of Eastern Europe first annexed by the Soviet Union and then occupied by Nazi Germany . Adolf Hitler reluctantly agreed to allow recruitment of Soviet citizens in the Rear Areas during Operation Barbarossa . In a short period of time, many of them were moved to combat units. Auxiliary military units in
2679-483: The women's services of World War II were titled as or seen as auxiliaries to the male services. These services were: The Royal Auxiliary Air Force was originally an auxiliary of the Royal Air Force, when it was first conceived and formed in 1924. Today the RAuxAF acts as a military reserve ; this is reflected in its more common name 'RAF Reserve'. Other former British military or governmental auxiliary organizations included: Auxiliary organizations of Dominions of
2736-520: Was a British military force sent to Spain to support the Liberals and Queen Isabella II of Spain against the Carlists in the First Carlist War . During the Second Boer War Boer auxiliaries were employed by the British Army under the designation of "National Scouts". Recruited in significant numbers towards the end of the war from Afrikaner prisoners and defectors, they were known as hensoppers ("hands-uppers" i.e. collaborators) by their fellow Boers. Khussadars were tribal auxiliaries employed by
2793-413: Was an auxiliary police service of the German state of Berlin . It was founded on 25 May 1961 as reaction to the emerging Combat Groups of the Working Class and should originally help out the Berlin Police in riots and to defend West Berlin in case of an attack (urban warfare and object protection). For this purpose, the police reservists were trained in the use of small arms . This auxiliary force
2850-443: Was based in these areas and remained under the direct control of South West Africa Command, a SADF regional command. [REDACTED] (Kaokoland and Owambo) – HQ Oshakati (Kavango and Western Caprivi) – HQ Rundu These frontline Sectors also had immediate reaction forces (Special Service Companies) to deal with any attack and were primarily infantry company strength and fully motorised. (Eastern Caprivi) – HQ Mpacha Encompassed
2907-419: Was internal operations. Sub units were attached according to the requirements of a specific situation, i.e. the "modular nature". These units were made up from temporary elements (or ‘modules’) from a variety of units and would be deployed in company patrol bases along the border. 53 Battalion for example would have companies from 1 SAI, the Cape Town Highlanders, Rand Light Infantry and 6 SAI allocated to it for
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#17327830132732964-628: Was likewise the Grootfontein, Tsumeb, Otavi, Outjo, Otjiwarongo, Hereroland and Damaraland regions. [REDACTED] HQ Windhoek. SWATF Alte Feste AME, Khomas AME, Hochl AME, Okahandja AME, Omaruru AME, Swakopmund AME, Rehoboth AME, Katatura AME and Khomasdal AME. [REDACTED] Other Units in this Sector: HQ Gobabis. SWATF Aranos AME, Auob AME, Bo-Nossob AME, Aminius PL, Gobabis AME, Rietfont AME, Mariental AME and Maltahohe AME. [REDACTED] HQ Keetmanshoop. SWATF Karasburg AME, Keetmanshop AME, Hoop AME, Bethanien AME, Oranjemund AME, Luderitz AME and Namaland AME. [REDACTED] While
3021-410: Was made for an air commando squadron consisting of private and commercially qualified air crews. Their main function was to assist the South African Air Force in reconnaissance and communication flights and to provide operational officers for the operational service. The new South West African Territorial Force was officially created on 1 August 1980, from South West African citizens already serving with
3078-408: Was one of the South African Defence Force 's regional commands, which made up the Territorial Force. Based in Windhoek , it was initially responsible for the security of the entire South West Africa, forming the main level of command for military operations providing logistic, administrative and service support to all units and formations operating in its area of responsibility as well as support for
3135-410: Was protection of the territory of SWA from SWAPO incursions. The SWATF was placed under the control of the Department of Defence for South West Africa and was always headed by a SADF general. There was also a joint SWATF/SADF committee established for "planning, liaison, and coordination" efforts. South West Africa Command also existed and was originally responsible for all of South West Africa but after
3192-432: Was shut down in 2002 Between 1924 and 1941 the Italian Royal Corps of Colonial Troops employed auxiliary units of Dubats to police the frontier and desert regions of Italian Somalia . During the Russo-Japanese War , Japan made use of Manchurian honghuzi as auxiliaries against Russian forces. German paramilitary police forces, called Hilfspolizei or Schutzmannschaft , were raised during World War II and were
3249-618: Was the preceding organisation of the Women's Arm of the Irish Volunteers that acted as an auxiliary in the Easter Rising and the Irish War of Independence. In 1941, the British government created an organization of Auxiliary Units in southern England , capable of waging a guerilla war against occupying forces should Britain be invaded by the Nazis . Since the invasion never came, they were ultimately never used in combat. The Auxiliary Units were meant to carry out assaults on German units, along with damaging train lines and aircraft if necessary. While working as full-time, active duty personnel,
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