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71-698: The Social Democracy Party ( Sosyal Demokrasi Partisi , SODEP ) of Erdal İnönü and the People's Party of Aydın Güven Gürkan were founded in 1983 with the upcoming of the democracy after the military coup of 1980 . In 1985, the Social Democracy Party and the People's Party merged to create the Social Democratic Populist Party. In the 1989 local elections, the SHP emerged as the strongest party with 27.8 percent of

142-482: A call for the state control of the Turkish Muslim religious establishment . For some Kemalists , this means that the state must be at the helm of religious affairs, and all religious activities are under the supervision of the state. This, in turn, drew criticism from the religious conservatives. Religious conservatives were vocal in rejecting this idea, saying that to have a secular state, the state can't control

213-582: A common and general title and establishing a strong state by keeping these various groups of elements under the same law and conditions is a bright and attractive political view; but it is deceptive. In fact, it is an impossible goal to unite all the Turks in the world into a state, without any borders. This is a truth that centuries and people who have lived for centuries brought about through very painful and bloody events. It cannot be seen in history that panislamism and panturanism were successful and were practiced in

284-758: A danger to the separation of church and state to warrant an outright ban. But the Constitution was amended in 1982, following the 1980 coup by the Kemalist-leaning military, to prohibit women's use of Islamic coverings such as the hijab at higher education institutions. Joost Lagendijk , a member of the European Parliament and chair of the Joint Parliamentary Committee with Turkey, has publicly criticized these clothing restrictions for Muslim women, whereas

355-461: A distinct ethnic group were noticed. It was emphasized the Kurds should be able to express their Kurdish identity and legal barriers prohibiting this should be lifted. During the 1991 Turkish general election , SHP formed an electoral alliance with pro-Kurdish HEP. After the 1991 general election, the SHP became a partner in the coalition government and İnönü became deputy prime minister (11/20). In

426-642: A kind of Jacobinism , defined by Atatürk himself as a method of employing political despotism to break down the social despotism prevalent among the traditionally-minded Turkish-Muslim population, caused by, he believed, the bigotry of the ulema . Republicanism ( Turkish : cumhuriyetçilik ) in the Kemalist framework replaced the monarchy of the Ottoman dynasty with the rule of law , popular sovereignty and civic virtue , including an emphasis on liberty practiced by citizens. Kemalist republicanism defines

497-471: A limited term, a prime minister appointed by the president, and other ministers appointed by parliament. The president does not have direct executive powers, but has limited veto powers, and the right to contest with referendum. The day-to-day operation of government is the responsibility of the Council of Ministers formed by the prime minister and the other ministers. There is a separation of powers between

568-653: A military campaign against the Allies' planned partition of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace known as the Turkish War of Independence . This conflict being simultaneously a revolution, by 1923 his counter government based in Ankara abolished the Ottoman monarchy and proclaimed a Republic . In Atatürk's 15 years as president, many sweeping reforms were introduced that advanced a secular , republican , and unitary agenda for

639-478: A single unit, with one constitutionally created legislature . On some issues, the political power of government is transferred to lower levels, to local elected assemblies represented by mayors, but the central government retains the principal governing role. Populism ( Turkish : halkçılık ) is defined as a social revolution aimed to transfer the political power to citizenship . Kemalist populism intends not only to establish popular sovereignty but also

710-436: A strategy to achieve a modern society. The core of the reform, in the Kemalist sense, was an accomplished fact. In a Kemalist sense, there is no possibility of return to the old systems because they were deemed backward. The principle of reformism went beyond the recognition of the reforms made during Atatürk's lifetime. Atatürk's reforms in the social and political spheres are accepted as irreversible. Atatürk never entertained

781-437: A surname and were not allowed to perform the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca ). The Kemalist form of separation of state and religion sought the reform of a complete set of institutions, interest groups (such as political parties , unions, and lobbies), the relationships between those institutions, and the political norms and rules that governed their functions (constitution, election law). The biggest change in this perspective

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852-490: A type of constitutional republic, in which representatives of the people are elected, and must govern in accordance with existing constitutional law limiting governmental power over citizens. The head of state and other officials are chosen by election rather than inheriting their positions, and their decisions are subject to judicial review. In defending the change from the Ottoman State, Kemalism asserts that all laws of

923-463: A unit under the title of "Greater Turkic history and Civilization". The book also gave detailed information about empires which are Turkic such as Göktürks or "claimed to be Turkic" such as Scythians , Xiongnu , and so on. With the supports of newly founded Turkish Republic, Pan-Turkist organization known as " Turkish Hearths ", re-established in Atatürk's era to get Turkists' support during

994-548: The mejelle and shari'ah law codes were abandoned in favor of an adapted Swiss Civil Code and a penal code modeled on the German and Italian codes. Other religious practices were done away with, resulting in the dissolution of Sufi orders and the penalization of wearing a fez , which was viewed by Atatürk as a tie to the Ottoman past. Atatürk was profoundly influenced by the triumph of laïcité in France. Atatürk perceived

1065-511: The European Court of Human Rights has ruled in numerous cases that such restrictions in public buildings and educational institutions do not constitute a violation of human rights. Reformism ( Turkish : inkılapçılık ) is a principle which calls for the country to replace the traditional institutions and concepts with modern institutions and concepts. This principle advocated the need for fundamental social change through reform as

1136-448: The People's Party ( Turkish : Halkçı Parti, HP ). The HP won 30.5 percent of the vote and became the main opposition party to the victorious ANAP . After the 1983 elections, the MGK lost its former veto power, and Erdal İnönü became the chairman of the party for the second time, on 18 December (just 42 days after 1983 elections). SODEP quickly qualified for the next elections, which were

1207-613: The Turkic peoples , and wanted to unite all of the Turkic peoples. Kemalism wants an equal footing (based on respect) and does not aim to unite the people of Turkey with all the other Turkic nations. Most Kemalists were not interested in Pan-Turkism and from 1923 to 1950 (the single state period) reacted with particular firmness. Further more, Atatürk opposed Pan-Turkism in his speech ( Nutuk ) as following: Gathering various nations under

1278-465: The civic nationalist principles advocated by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his Social Contract . The Kemalist perception of social contract was facilitated by the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire , which was perceived as a product of failure of the Ottoman " Millet " system and the ineffective Ottomanism policy. Atatürk's nationalism, after experiencing the Ottoman Empire's breakup, defined

1349-452: The local elections on 21 March . In this election, while SODEP finished second with 23.4 percent of the vote, the HP received only a modest 8.8 percent. It was clear that the choice of ex-CHP voters was SODEP - although the HP was still the main opposition party in parliament. There was a considerable public pressure on both parties to merge. Erdal İnönü and Aydın Güven Gürkan , the new leader of

1420-468: The revolutions . Atatürk was frequently giving speeches on Turkish Hearths after important events occurred in Turkey. Also reopening of Turkish magazine " Türk Yurdu " which was an organ of Turkish Hearts, was supported. Later, in 1931, Turkish Hearts were closed by Atatürk after they lost their non-political stance, because of their Pan-Turkist views and movements; and with all of its premises, it merged to

1491-467: The "people ( halk ) who established the Turkish republic". Further, "the natural and historical facts which effected the establishment ( teessüs ) of the Turkish nation" were "(a) unity in political existence, (b) unity in language, (c) unity in homeland, (d) unity in race and origin ( menşe ), (e) to be historically related and (f) to be morally related". Membership is usually gained through birth within

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1562-475: The CHP, two similar parties, co-existed for a while. On 6 June 1993, İnönü announced that he was planning to resign and Murat Karayalçın was elected as the new president of the party on 11 September 1993. Then the CHP and the SHP agreed to merge on 29 January 1995. Former foreign minister Hikmet Çetin (SHP) became the interim chairman and the merged party chose the name of CHP after İnönü's suggestion. In June 2024,

1633-851: The French model as the authentic form of secularism. Kemalism strove to control religion and transform it into a private affair rather than an institution interfering with politics, as well as scientific and social progress. It is more than merely creating a separation between state and religion. Atatürk has been described as working as if he were Leo the Isaurian , Martin Luther , the Baron d'Holbach , Ludwig Büchner , Émile Combes , and Jules Ferry rolled into one in creating Kemalist secularism. Kemalist secularism does not imply nor advocate agnosticism or nihilism ; it means freedom of thought and independence of

1704-518: The HP, met and agreed on a plan to merge the parties. On 3 November 1985, SODEP merged with the HP. İnönü agreed to give up his seat during the merger. The new party formed by this merger was named the Social Democrat People's Party ( Turkish : Sosyal Demokrat Halkçı Parti ) with the abbreviation SHP which resembled that of CHP and a party flag with 6 arrows which resembled that of CHP. The abbreviation SHP should not be confused with

1775-653: The Kurdish Conference in Paris in 1989, to which Chairman İnönü wanted to agree. But after it emerged that representatives of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) could also take part, participation was forbidden. The seven took part anyway and all were expelled from the party, even though the PKK was not present at the congress and in fact protested against it. As a result, Aydın Güven Gürkan , 12 other MPs of

1846-404: The MGK decided to allow the formation of new parties with severe restrictions. The new parties were not allowed to use the names of former parties and senior politicians were not allowed to be charter member of the new parties. Furthermore, the MGK had the power of rejecting the charter members. Any party without a certain number of charter members was not allowed to run for the election. (This power

1917-403: The MGK. However, the party was not closed and the founders decided to continue with new charter members. The new chairman was Cezmi Kartay whose name had not been rejected. But due to ensuing vetoes, the party was unable to qualify to enter the parliamentary elections (like most of the other parties) which was held on 6 November 1983 . In this election, most pre-coup CHP voters cast ballots for

1988-488: The Republic of Turkey should be inspired by actual needs here on Earth as a basic tenet of national life. Kemalism advocates a republican system as the best representative of the wishes of the people. Among the many types of republic , the Kemalist republic is representative , liberal and parliamentary with a parliament chosen in general elections, a president as head of state elected by parliament and serving for

2059-483: The Republic of Turkey. The identity of Kurds in Turkey was denied for decades with Kurds described as " Mountain Turks ". Atatürk stated in 1930: Within the political and social unity of today's Turkish nation, there are citizens and co-nationals who have been incited to think of themselves as Kurds , Circassians , Laz or Bosnians . But these erroneous appellations - the product of past periods of tyranny - have brought nothing but sorrow to individual members of

2130-542: The Republic of Turkey. His doctrine was implanted into the Constitution as state ideology in 1937. Atatürk refrained from being dogmatic and described his ideology to be based on science and reason. There are six principles ( ilke ) of the ideology: Republicanism ( Turkish : cumhuriyetçilik ), Populism ( Turkish : halkçılık ), Nationalism ( Turkish : milliyetçilik ), Laicism ( Turkish : laiklik ), Statism ( Turkish : devletçilik ), and Reformism ( Turkish : inkılapçılık ). Together, they represent

2201-537: The SHP, dozens of regional party administrators and 3000 party members resigned from the SHP. As a result, People's Labour Party (HEP) was formed in 1990. Nevertheless the party was one of the first parties to acknowledge that the Kurdish Question was not just an issue of terrorism . In the South Eastern Report published by the party in 1990 the problems of not acknowledging the Kurds as

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2272-417: The Turkish state and the power of the people to bring in that new unity. Kemalist populism is an extension of the Kemalist modernization movement, aiming to make Islam compatible with the modern nation-state. This included state supervision of religious schools and organizations. Mustafa Kemal himself said "everyone needs a place to learn religion and faith; that place is a mektep , not a madrasa . " This

2343-429: The Turkish traits and patterns of these reforms takes generations of cultural and social experience, which results in the collective memory of the Turkish nation. Nationalism ( Turkish : milliyetçilik ): The Kemalist revolution aimed to create a nation state from the remnants of the multi-religious and multi-ethnic Ottoman Empire. Atatürk's nationalism originates from the social contract theories, especially from

2414-451: The activities of religious institutions. Despite their protest, this policy was officially adopted by the 1961 constitution . Kemalist policies aimed to stamp out the religious element within society. After the end of the Turkish War of Independence , all education was under the control of the state in both secular and religious schools. It centralized the education system, with one curriculum in both religious and secular public schools, in

2485-610: The allegiance to the different millets that eventually led to divisiveness in the empire). The motto " Ne mutlu Türküm diyene " (English: How happy is the one who calls themselves a Turk) was promoted against such mottoes as "long live the Sultan," "long live the Sheikh", or "long live the Caliph." Laicism ( Turkish : laiklik ) in Kemalist ideology aims to banish religious interference in government affairs, and vice versa. It differs from

2556-565: The borders of the state and also the principle of jus sanguinis . The Kemalist notion of nationality is integrated into the Article 66 of the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey. Every citizen is recognized as a Turk, regardless of ethnicity, belief, and gender, etc. Turkish nationality law states that he or she can be deprived of his/her nationality only through an act of treason. Kemalists saw non-Muslims as only nominal citizens, and they have often been treated as second-class citizens in

2627-493: The coalition agreement, the SHP insisted on lifting the ban on pre-1980 parties which were dissolved by the military government. The pre-1980 parties were authorized on 19 June 1992. This was risky for the SHP. Shortly after legalization, a group of SHP MPs resigned from the party and reformed the Republican People's Party (CHP), Erdal İnönü's father's party (most party members were pre-1980 CHP members). The SHP and

2698-401: The democratic, secular and social state governed by the rule of law, founded on human rights , and on the tenets laid down in the preamble to the constitution of the Republic of Turkey. Similar to its CUP predecessors, it can be said that Kemalism endorsed social Darwinism in some way by desiring the Turkish youth to be healthy and physically strong. Atatürk defined the Turkish nation as

2769-599: The early 20th century the Young Turks picked up their legacy. Atatürk's formative years were spent in Hamidian Salonica . During his time in the army, he joined the Committee of Union and Progress , which was agitating for constitutionalism against Hamidian absolutism, and abandoned Ottoman nationalism in favor of Turkish nationalism , while adopting a secular political outlook (see İttihadism ). Atatürk

2840-404: The executive (president and Council of Ministers), the legislative (Parliament) and the judiciary, in which no one branch of government has authority over another—although parliament is charged with the supervision of the Council of Ministers, which can be compelled to resign by a vote of no-confidence. The Kemalist republic is a unitary state in which three organs of state govern the nation as

2911-517: The hope this would eliminate or lessen the appeal of religious schools. The laws were meant to abolish the Sufi religious schools or orders ( tarikats ) and their lodges ( tekkes ) . Titles like sheikh and dervish were abolished, and their activities were banned by the government. The day of rest was changed by the government from Friday to Sunday. But the restrictions on personal choice extended to both religious duty and naming. Turks had to adopt

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2982-603: The ideas of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey . Its symbol is the Six Arrows ( Turkish : Altı Ok ). Atatürk's Turkey was defined by sweeping political, social, cultural, and religious reforms designed to separate the Republican state from its Ottoman predecessor and embrace a Western lifestyle, including the establishment of secularism/laicism , state support of

3053-469: The imminent collapse of the Empire , began chiefly in the 19th-century Tanzimat reforms. The mid-century Young Ottomans attempted to create the ideology of Ottoman nationalism, or Ottomanism , to quell the rising ethnic nationalism in the Empire and introduce limited democracy for the first time while maintaining Islamist influences. With their demise under Sultan Abdul Hamid II 's absolutist reign, in

3124-522: The institutions of the state from the dominance of religious thought and religious institutions. The Kemalist principle of laicism is not against moderate and apolitical religion, but against religious forces opposed to and fighting modernization and democracy. According to the Kemalist perception, the Turkish state is to stand at an equal distance from every religion, neither promoting nor condemning any set of religious beliefs. Kemalists, however, have called for not only separation of church and state but also

3195-690: The largely secular politics of the Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire, when even non-religiously affiliated political parties like the Committee of Union and Progress and the Freedom and Accord Party feuded over matters such as the Islamic piety of their candidates in the Ottoman elections of 1912 . Thus, in the Kemalist political perspective, politicians cannot claim to be the protector of any religion or religious sect, and such claims constitute sufficient legal grounds for

3266-529: The names of the former parties and politicians. As such, the party's founders asked Erdal İnönü to be the chairman of the party. İnönü was a physics professor who had never been in politics; however, he was the son of İsmet İnönü , the second president of Turkey . İnönü, who was initially reluctant about the proposition, finally agreed. Some of the other charter members were Türkan Akyol , Oktay Ekşi , Cahit Külebi , Cahit Talas . Twenty-one charter members of SODEP, including İnönü, were rejected on 23 June by

3337-649: The nation, with the exception of a few brainless reactionaries, who became the enemy's instruments. In 2005, the Article 301 of the Turkish Penal code made it a crime to insult Turkishness ( Turkish : Türklük ), but under pressure of the EU, this was changed in 2008 to protect the "Turkish nation" instead of Turkish ethnicity in 2008, an 'imagined' nationhood of people living within the National Pact ( Turkish : Misak-ı Milli ) borders. Kemalism focused on

3408-399: The nation-state's narrower interests, renouncing the concern for the "Outside Turks". Pan-Turkism was an ethnocentric ideology [to unite all ethnically Turkic nations] while Kemalism is polycentric [united under a "common will"] in character. Kemalism wants to have an equal footing among the mainstream world civilizations. Pan-Turkists have consistently emphasized the special attributes of

3479-497: The party was re-founded by an unknown name. SODEP The Social Democracy Party ( Turkish : Sosyal Demokrasi Partisi , SODEP ) of Turkey was one of the two main parties of Turkey in early 1980s but later on merged with the People's Party to form the Social Democratic Populist Party (SHP) in 1985. Although SODEP, which existed in Turkish political life for a short period of time,

3550-458: The passive Anglo-American concept of secularism , but is similar to the concept of laïcité in France. The roots of Kemalist secularism lie in the reform efforts in the late Ottoman Empire, especially the Tanzimat period and the later Second Constitutional Era . The Ottoman Empire was an Islamic state in which the head of the Ottoman state held the position of the Caliph. The social system

3621-615: The permanent banning of political parties. The Ottoman social system was based on religious affiliation. Religious insignia extended to every social function. Clothing identified citizens with their own particular religious grouping; headgear distinguished rank and profession. Turbans , fezes , bonnets , and head-dresses denoted the sex, rank, and profession — both civil and military — of the wearer. Religious insignia outside of worship areas became banned. While Atatürk considered women's religious coverings as antithetical to progress and equality, he also recognized that headscarves were not such

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3692-534: The policies of the radical Unionists. However this allowed him to observe the CUP's successes and shortcomings in implementing their programs. During World War I , his military career took off with his defense of Gallipoli , and by the war's end he was a Pasha in charge of three army commands on the Syrian Front . Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat -and the CUP's self-liquidation- by the war's end, Atatürk lead

3763-408: The possibility of a pause or transition phase during the course of the progressive unfolding or implementation of the reform. The current understanding of this concept can be described as "active modification". Turkey and its society, taking over institutions from Western Europe, must add Turkish traits and patterns to them and adapt them to Turkish culture, according to Kemalism. The implementation of

3834-619: The reason for the 31 March Incident by Islamists and absolute monarchists. The secular policies of the Ottoman parliament also factored in the Arab Revolt during World War I. When secularism was implemented in the fledgling Turkish state, it was initiated by the abolition of the centuries-old caliphate in March 1924. The office of Shaykh al-Islām was replaced with the Presidency of Religious Affairs ( Turkish : Diyanet ). In 1926,

3905-558: The ruling party CHP . Kemalism had a narrower definition of language, which sought to remove ( purify ) the Persian, Arabic, Greek, Latin, etc. words from the Turkish language and replace them with either Turkic originated words or derive new words with Turkic roots. Kemalism gave an important place to Hittites and the Hittite symbolism to construct the Turkish identity and nationhood. Kemalist researchers, such as Ahmet Ağaoğlu (who

3976-412: The same abbreviation used by the similarly named but distinct Social Democratic People's Party after 2002. The short and turbulent history of the party was documented both by Erdal İnönü and by Cezmi Kartay. Kemalism Reforms Kemalism Kemalism ( Turkish : Kemalizm , also archaically Kamâlizm ) or Atatürkism ( Turkish : Atatürkçülük ) is a political ideology based on

4047-495: The sciences, gender equality , economic statism and more. Most of those policies were first introduced to and implemented in Turkey during Atatürk's presidency through his reforms . Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 's ideas are derived from Enlightenment philosophers , Europe's revolutionary history, and his own experience as a citizen, soldier, and revolutionary in the last days of the Ottoman Empire . Various reforms to avoid

4118-500: The social contract as its "highest ideal". In the administration and defense of the Turkish Nation; national unity, national awareness and national culture are the highest ideals that we fix our eyes upon. Kemalist ideology defines the "Turkish Nation" ( Turkish : Türk Ulusu ) as a nation of Turkish people who always love and seek to exalt their family, country and nation, who know their duties and responsibilities towards

4189-403: The transfer of the social-economic transformation to realize a true populist state. However, Kemalists reject class conflict and collectivism . Kemalist populism believes national identity is above all else. Kemalist populism envisions a sociality that emphasizes class collaboration and national unity like solidarism . Populism in Turkey is to create a unifying force that brings a sense of

4260-403: The unity of the Turkish state. Kemalist social theory (populism) does not accept any adjectives placed before the definition of a nation [a nation of ...] Sovereignty must belong solely to people without any term, condition, etc.: Ḥâkimiyet bilâ ḳaydü şarṭ Milletiñdir Egemenlik kayıtsız şartsız Milletindir Sovereignty belongs to the nation unrestrictedly and unconditionally Populism

4331-408: The value of Turkish citizenship. A sense of pride associated with this citizenship would give the needed psychological spur for people to work harder and achieve a sense of unity and national identity. Active participation, or the "will of the people", was established with the republican regime and Turkishness replacing the other forms of affiliations that had been promoted in the Ottoman Empire (such as

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4402-540: The vote, winning in six metropolitan areas, 39 provinces, and 283 districts. The Kurdish question placed the party under serious strain as the MPs Ahmet Türk , Mehmet Ali Eren, Mahmut Alinak , Kenan Sönmez, Ismail Hakki Önal, Adnan Ekmen and Salik Sumer were of Kurdish origin. This was at a time when use of the Kurdish language was forbidden in public and private life. Some of these MPs wanted to take part in

4473-478: The working classes in income distribution and reforms that expanded the space for freedom in social life. After the coup of 1980 , all political parties were dissolved by the military government (ruling through the National Security Council or Turkish : MGK ) regardless of their ideology, on 16 October 1981. For approximately one and half year, there were no political parties. Finally,

4544-494: The world. Though, the results of the ambitions for the establishment of a state, covering all humanity, regardless of race, are written in history. However, Atatürk owned the idea of taking Turkicness as one of the identities of Turkish nation. Turkish History Thesis started under Atatürk's order and administration, which contained ethno-racial ideas based on Turkish origins coming from Central Asia . Also Atatürk era high school books contained education of Orkhon alphabet and

4615-487: Was a centre-left party that wanted to bring together the electorate of the dissolved CHP , its difference from the People's Party was that it focused on adopting and implementing the ideology of social democracy with its universal values, not Kemalist Turkish nationalism and laicism . In this context, SODEP pursued a strategy that aimed at democratising the capitalist system and the bourgeois parliamentary regime as much as possible, social justice reforms in favour of

4686-424: Was called veto power by the newspapers). This gave MGK the power to limit the number of parties that would stand in the coming parliamentary elections. SODEP was founded on 6 July 1983 by former supporters of the banned Republican People's Party , which is usually credited as the founder of Turkish republic in 1923. There were many newly founded parties, and it proved difficult to reach voters without referring to

4757-414: Was intended to combat the "corruption" of Islam by the ulema . Kemal believed that during the Ottoman period, the ulema had come to exploit the power of their office and manipulate religious practices to their own benefit. It was also feared that, were education not brought under state control, unsupervised madrasa s could exacerbate the rising problem of tarikat insularity that threatened to undermine

4828-585: Was not in a position to play a major role in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, which reinstated the constitution, though he was a key player in the deposition of Abdul Hamid during the 31 March Incident . During the Second Constitutional Era personal rivalries with İsmail Enver and Ahmed Cemal meant that he was kept at arms-length from power: the Central Committee of the CUP . It also didn't help that Atatürk mostly disagreed with

4899-649: Was organized according to various systems, including the religiously organized Millet system and Shari'ah law , allowing religious ideology to be incorporated into the Ottoman administrative, economic, and political system. In the Second Constitutional Era, the Ottoman Parliament pursued largely secular policies, although techniques of religious populism and attacks on other candidates' piety still occurred between Ottoman political parties during elections . These policies were stated as

4970-404: Was the abolishment of the Ottoman caliphate on March 3, 1924, followed by the removal of its political mechanisms. The article stating that "the established religion of Turkey is Islam" was removed from the constitution on April 10, 1928. From a political perspective, Kemalism is anti-clerical, in that it seeks to prevent religious influence on the democratic process, which was a problem even in

5041-475: Was used against the political domination of sheikhs, tribal leaders, and the Islamic political system of the Ottoman Empire. Atatürk's nationalism aimed to shift the political legitimacy from royal autocracy (by the Ottoman dynasty ), theocracy (based in the Ottoman caliphate ), and feudalism (tribal leaders) to the active participation of its citizenry, the Turks. Kemalist social theory wanted to establish

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