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73-555: Sogamoso is named after Sugamuxi or Suamox, the original name in Chibcha for the city and Sugamuxi , the last iraca of the sacred City of the Sun. Suamuxi means "Dwelling of the Sun". Knowledge about Sugamuxi has been provided by Pedro Simón and the German countess Gertrud von Podewils Dürniz , in her work Chigys Mie . Sogamoso limits with the following municipalities: Sogamoso has

146-499: A ction"; izhe – "street" i – open "i" as in "' i nca" – sié – "water" or "river" o – short "o" as in "b o x" – to – "dog" u – "ou" as in "y ou " – uba – "face" y – between "i" and "e"; "a" in action – ty – "singing" b – as in " b ed", or as in Spanish "ha b a"; – bohozhá – "with" ch – "sh" as in " sh ine", but with the tongue pushed backwards – chuta – "son" or "daughter" f – between

219-596: A subtropical highland climate ( Köppen : Cfb ) with mild days and cool nights. Before the Spanish conquest , Suamox, as it was called, was ruled by the iraca of which the last ruler was called Sugamuxi . The city was a place of pilgrimage and the iraca was both priest and ruler housed in the Sun Temple , a richly ornamented temple honouring Sué , the Sun god in the Muisca religion . Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada

292-734: A "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle – foï – "mantle" g – "gh" as in " g ood", or as in Spanish "abo g ado"; – gata – "fire" h – as in " h ello" – huïá – "inwards" ï – "i-e" as in Beelzebub – ïe – "road" or "prayer" k – "c" as in " c old" – kony – "wheel" m – "m" as in " m an" – mika – "three" n – "n" as in " n ice" – nyky – "brother" or "sister" p – "p" as in " p eople" – paba – "father" s – "s" as in " s orry" – sahawá – "husband" t – "t" as in " t ext" – yta – "hand" w – "w" as in " w ow!" – we – "house" zh – as in " ch orizo", but with

365-457: A grammar, a confessional in Spanish and a confessional in Muysca. For the elaboration of his work, Lugo devised a sort or type in order to express a vowel that was not part of the phonetic inventory of Spanish and that was necessary to capture if a correct pronunciation was wanted, he called it "Inverse Ipsilon" and today we know it as "The Lugo's y". In other sources it appears simply expressed with

438-616: A major festival where ritual offerings were made. It was the only day of the year when the zaque showed his face, as he was considered a descendant of the Sun god. The Muisca mythology is well documented. Many of the writers who contributed to the Chronicles of the West Indies were based in Bogotá. They recorded many of the myths as they were interested in the traditions and culture of the conquered people. The Muisca territory became

511-426: A permanent threat as rivals of the zaque of Hunza , especially for the possession of the salt mines of Zipaquirá , Nemocón and Tausa . The Muisca people were organized in a confederation that was a loose union of states that each retained sovereignty. The confederation was not a kingdom, as there was no absolute monarch, nor was it an empire , because it did not dominate other ethnic groups or peoples. It

584-499: A popular sport of Colombia. Also important were matches of wrestling . The winner received a finely woven cotton blanket from the chief and was qualified as a guecha warrior . Muisca priests were educated from childhood and led the main religious ceremonies. Only the priests could enter the temples. Besides the religious activities, the priests had much influence in the lives of the people, giving counsel in matters of farming or war. The religion originally included human sacrifice , but

657-439: A semivocalic extension of bilabial consonants, as Adolfo Constenla presented it at the time, for example in cusmuy *[kusmʷɨ], */kusmɨ/, she considers it a phonetic characteristic and not a phonological one. The Myska alphabet consists of around 20 letters. Myska didn't have an "L" in their language. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows: a – as in Spanish "casa"; ka – "enclosure" or "fence" e – as in "

730-533: Is an agglutinative language , characterized by roots that are usually monosyllabic or bisyllabic (to a lesser extent longer), which combine to form extensive expressions. Typologically, it is a final core language. In addition, it is an inflectional language , which means that the roots receive prefixes and suffixes. The closest living language to Muysca is Uwa . Compared to other northern Chibcha languages, Muysca presents more recent innovations. The following greetings have been taken directly from written sources from

803-494: Is centered around agriculture , trade, the steel industry and construction materials , and in the exploitation of limestones , marble and coal . During the years 2007 and 2008, the city had a quick development in urban construction. Sogamoso is served by Alberto Lleras Camargo Airport . Aerocivil lifted the restriction of air operations in September 2009. Due to the increase of economic relationships with Bogotá and

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876-715: Is hard to compare the Muisca Confederation with other American civilizations, such as the Aztec or the Inca empires as it was more similar to a confederation of states, such as the Achaean League . The Muisca Confederation was one of the biggest and best-organized confederations of tribes on the South American continent. Every tribe within the confederation was ruled by a chief or a cacique . Most of

949-594: Is mainly derived from mythological contexts, but thanks to the Chronicles of the West Indies we do have descriptions of the final period of Muisca history, prior to Spanish arrival. Excavations in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense (the highlands of Cundinamarca and Boyacá departments) show evidence of human activity since the Archaic stage at the beginning of the Holocene era. Colombia has one of

1022-461: Is titled "Bocabulario de la Lengua Chibcha o Mosca" [ sic ]. It was transcribed by Diego Gómez and Diana Girlado between 2012 and 2013. These manuscripts are actually a single vocabulary, one copies the other. The first was transcribed by Quesada Pacheco in 1991 and the second by Gómez y Giraldo between 2012 and 2013 It was published in Madrid, Spain, in the year 1619. It consists of

1095-614: The hoa , centered in Hunza , ruling a territory roughly covering modern southern and northeastern Boyacá and southern Santander ; the psihipqua , centered in Muyquytá and encompassing most of modern Cundinamarca , the western Llanos ; and the iraca , religious ruler of Suamox and modern northeastern Boyacá and southwestern Santander. The territory of the Muisca spanned an area of around 25,000 km (9,700 sq mi) from

1168-466: The zipa , had its capital at Bacatá (now Bogotá ). This southern polity included the majority of the Muisca population and held greater economic power. The northern territory was ruled by the zaque , and had its capital in Hunza, known today as Tunja . Although both areas had common political relations and affinities and belonged to the same tribal nation, there were still rivalries between them. Among

1241-488: The Altiplano Cundiboyacense of what today is the country of Colombia . The name of the language Muysc cubun in its own language means "language of the people", from muysca ("people") and cubun ("language" or "word"). Despite the disappearance of the language in the 17th century (approximately), several language revitalization processes are underway within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by

1314-625: The Altiplano Cundiboyacense , Colombia , that formed the Muisca Confederation before the Spanish conquest . The people spoke Muysccubun, a language of the Chibchan language family , also called Muysca and Mosca . They were encountered by conquistadors dispatched by the Spanish Empire in 1537 at the time of the conquest . Subgroupings of the Muisca were identified chiefly by their allegiances to three great rulers:

1387-539: The Andean civilizations called preceramic , the population of northwestern South America migrated through the Darién Gap between the isthmus of Panama and Colombia. Other Chibchan languages are spoken in southern Central America and the Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the Muisca Confederation , a cultural grouping. As early as 1580

1460-797: The Andes of the north of South America . Their political and administrative organization enabled them to form a compact cultural unity with great discipline. In Spanish, it is called cultura muisca The contributions of the Muisca culture to the Colombian national identity have been many. Pre-Columbian Muisca patterns appear in various seals of modern municipalities located on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense , for instance Sopó and Guatavita , Cundinamarca . The remaining Muisca people in central Colombia also have their own seal. The Muisca culture had certain sports which were part of their rituals. The turmequé game, also known as tejo , has survived and became

1533-589: The Caro y Cuervo Institute in 1987. According to the researcher, this manuscript "was written at times when the language was still spoken. " González's transcription has been one of the most consulted works by modern linguists interested in the language. Three documents from the Biblioteca Real de Palacio are compendiums of the Muysca language and are part of the so-called Mutis Collection, a set of linguistic-missionary documents of several indigenous languages of

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1606-499: The National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC). They proposed linguistic and cultural recuperation, defense of the territories nowadays occupied by others, and proposed urban and tourist plans. They support the communities of Ubaté , Tocancipá , Soacha , Ráquira , and Tenjo in their efforts to recover their organizational and human rights. The Muisca people of Suba opposed the drying up of

1679-600: The New Kingdom of Granada and although their orthography is inconsistent and a little different from the known ones, these pamphlets are associated with the variety spoken in Santafé and its surroundings Because Muysc Cubun is an extinct language, various scholars as Adolfo Constenla (1984), González de Pérez (2006) and Willem Adelaar with the collaboration of Pieter Muysken (2007) have formulated different phonological systems taking into account linguistic documents from

1752-761: The New Kingdom of Granada and the Captaincy General of Venezuela , collected by Mutis , due to the initial wishes of the Tsarina of Russia Catherine the Great , who wanted to create a dictionary of all the languages of the world This manuscript is made up of three books: the first titled "De la gramática breve de la lengua Mosca"; the second contains three titles: "Confesionarios en la Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ], "Oraciones en Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ] and "Catecismo breve en Lengua Mosca chibcha" [ sic ]; The third book

1825-548: The Sumapaz Páramo . The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time. Since 2008 a Spanish–Muysc cubun dictionary containing more than 3000 words has been published online. The project was partly financed by the University of Bergen , Norway. The sources of the Muysca language are seven documents prepared in

1898-674: The Tibabuyes wetland and wanted to recover the Juan Amarillo wetland . They defended the natural reserves like La Conejera , part of the Suba Hills that is considered by the Shelter's Council to be communal land. Suati Magazine ( The Song of the Sun ) is a publication of poetry, literature, and essays about Muisca culture. The community of Bosa made important achievements in its project of natural medicine in association with

1971-465: The 17th century and comparative linguistics. The proposal of Adolfo Constenla , Costa Rican teacher of the Chibcha languages, has been the basis of the other proposals and his appreciations are still valid, even more so because they were the result of the use of the comparative method with other Chibcha languages and lexicostatistics. In fact, Constenla's classification of the Chibcha languages remains

2044-452: The 17th century when the language was alive. In Muysca, the noun lacks morphemes of gender, number and case. In nouns denoting sex, it is necessary to add the corresponding name "fucha~fuhucha" or "cha". fulano fulano muysca person cha male cho good guy COP fulano muysca cha cho guy fulano person male good COP Muisca The Muisca (also called Chibcha ) are an Indigenous people and culture of

2117-473: The Colombian state. Important scholars who have contributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language include Juan de Castellanos , Bernardo de Lugo , José Domingo Duquesne and Ezequiel Uricoechea . The Muysca language is part of the Chibcha linguistic family , which in turn belongs to the macro-Chibchan group. The Chibcha linguistic family includes several indigenous languages of Central America and Northwestern South America. In prehistorical times, in

2190-477: The Geography Commission with Manuel Ancízar and did descriptive studies of the national territory and an inventory of the archaeological sites. The result of the expedition was published in Bogotá in 1889 as Peregrinación Alfa . Argüello García pointed out that the goal of that expedition in the context of the new nation was to underline the pre-Hispanic societies and in that sense, they centered on

2263-530: The Indigenous lands in Suba , a northern region in modern-day Bogotá, which had been recognized and protected by the crown, were taken away by the republican governments following a strategy of suppression of the native culture and ethnic presence in the country's largest urban centres. The Reservation of Cota was re-established on land bought by the community in 1916, and then recognized by the 1991 constitution;

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2336-658: The Ministry of Interior Affairs in 2005 reports a total of 14,051 Muisca people in Colombia. Much of the historic knowledge about the Muisca comes from the testimonies of conquistadors and colonists Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ; Spanish poet , soldier , and priest Juan de Castellanos (16th century); bishop Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita and Franciscan Pedro Simón (17th century). More recently, Javier Ocampo López and Gonzalo Correal Urrego have contributed notable scholarship. Knowledge of events up until 1450

2409-611: The Moon. They developed a vigesimal (based on 20) calendar and knew exactly the timing of the summer solstice (June 21), which they considered the Day of Sué , the Sun god. The Sué temple was in Sogamoso , the sacred city of the Sun and the seat of the Iraca (priest). The Muisca name of the city, Suamox or Sugamuxi , means "City of the Sun". On the solstice , the zaque went to Suamox for

2482-418: The Muisca culture as the main model. A similar tendency can be found in the works of Ezequiel Uricoechea . An objection to that point of view came from Vicente Restrepo: his work Los chibchas antes de la conquista española showed them as barbarians. Miguel Triana , in his work La Civilización Chibcha suggested that the rock art symbols were writing. Wenceslao Cabrera Ortíz was the one who concluded that

2555-511: The Muisca were migrants to the highlands; in 1969 he published on this and reported about excavations at the El Abra archaeological site. Those publications opened a new era in the studies of the pre-Hispanic cultures in Colombia. Recent archaeological work has also concentrated on the creation and composition of Muisca goldwork, with this data being made available for wider research. Several ( fossil ) flora and fauna found in Colombia in

2628-565: The Paul VI Hospital and the District Secretary of Health of Bogotá. The community of Cota has reintroduced the growing of quinua , and regularly barter their products at market. Toward the end of 2006 there was a report on the Muisca population: Studies of Muisca culture are abundant and have a long tradition. The first sources come from the Chronicles of the West Indies , which work lasted for three centuries during

2701-574: The Spanish colonies in America. The territory of the Muisca, located in a fertile plain of the Colombian Andes that contributed to make one of the most advanced South American civilizations, became part of the colonial region named Nuevo Reino de Granada . Much information about the Muisca culture was gathered by the Spanish administration and by authors such as Pedro de Aguado and Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita . The viceregal era contributed to

2774-658: The area the name Valle de los Alcázares ("Valley of the Palaces"). The houses had small doors and windows, and the dwellings of the higher rank citizens were different. The Muisca used little furniture as they would typically sit on the floor. Rivalries between the zaque and the zipa were taken advantage of by the Spaniards as they conquered the heart of what would be Colombia. Some of them, such as Sebastián de Belalcázar , Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , and Nicolás de Federman , interested in locating El Dorado , discovered

2847-401: The arrival of the Spanish invaders. They left abundant traces of their occupation that have been studied since the 16th century, and allow scientists to reconstruct their way of life. It is possible that the Muisca integrated with more ancient inhabitants, but the Muisca were the ones who molded the cultural profile and the social and political organization. Their language, a dialect of Chibcha ,

2920-456: The authorities in Charcas, Quito , and Santa Fe de Bogotá mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy was ordered to provide religious instruction in Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century. In 1770, King Charles III of Spain officially banned use of the language in

2993-760: The chicha is produced. Since 1989, there has been a process of reconstruction of the Indigenous councils by the surviving members of the Muisca Culture. Muisca Councils currently working are Suba , Bosa , Cota , Chía , and Sesquilé . The councils had an Assembly in Bosa on 20–22 September 2002, called the First General Congress of the Muisca People . In that congress, they founded the Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca , affiliated to

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3066-477: The construction of a chapel that would open the way to the first Catholic church of the time, located on the central square. Natural scientist Alexander von Humboldt who visited the New Kingdom of Granada at the beginning of the 19th century, wrote about Sogamoso in his chronicles. According to the political Map – administrative Number 41ª, del Plan of Territorial Classification 1999–2010, in February of

3139-446: The existence of the colonial New Kingdom of Granada . After the independence wars in 1810, there was a surge of interest in the study of the Muisca culture. Indigenous Colombians established the capital of their republic in Bogotá, the former viceroyal city, which was the capital of the confederation of the zipa , and was known as Bacatá . Research shows that this site was the cradle of an advanced society whose process of consolidation

3212-498: The first decade of the 17th century and are considered a legitimate and reliable documentary set of the language. Manuscript 158 of the National Library of Colombia has a Grammar, an annex called "Modos de hablar en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" [ sic ], a Spanish-Muysca vocabulary and a "Catheçismo en la lengua Mosca o Chipcha" [ sic ]. It was transcribed by María Stella González and published by

3285-465: The goddess. The legend grew until the term became a metaphor for any place where great wealth may be found or made. The Muisca did not construct large stone structures. They didn't use the abundant rock to leave monumental ruins as has happened with other American cultures. Their houses were built with materials such as clay, canes, and wood. The houses had a conical form, most of them to the point that Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , founder of Bogotá , gave

3358-644: The grapheme y . Recently, a couple of doctrinal texts of the Muysca language were discovered in the Bodleian Library, which were sewn into the final part of an anonymous grammar of the Quechua language, published in Seville in 1603. The first of them is a brief Grammar, and the second a brief Christian Doctrine. These pamphlets are considered the earliest known texts of the General Language of

3431-514: The importance of Bogotá, and people from the area would play an important role in the fights for independence and republican consolidation. After independence in 1810, the new state dissolved many of the Indigenous reservations. The one in Tocancipá was dissolved in 1940. The one in Sesquilé was reduced to 10% of its original size. Tenjo was reduced to 54% of its original size after 1934, and

3504-622: The last resistance and the territories of the Confederations were shared by Belalcazar, Federmann, and De Quesada. Later the Spanish Crown would elect De Quesada as the man in charge, with the title adelantado de los cabildos de Santa Fe y Tunja . When the Muisca structure disappeared under the Spanish Conquest, the territory of the Confederations of the zaque and zipa were included in a new political division within

3577-522: The most accepted. In The languages of the Andes they present a phonologic chart based on the orthography developed during the colonial period, which diverges in some aspects from that used in Spanish according to the needs of the language. In his book Aproximación al sistema fonológico de la lengua muisca , González presents the following phonological table (González, 2006:57, 65, 122). González does not present approximants, although she considers [w] as

3650-686: The most ancient archaeological sites of the Americas: El Abra , which is estimated to be approximately 13,000 years old. Other archaeological traces in the region of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense have led scholars to talk about an El Abra Culture: In Tibitó , tools and other lithic artifacts date to 9740 BCE; on the Bogotá savanna, especially at Tequendama Falls , other lithic tools dated a millennium later were found that belonged to specialized hunters. Human skeletons were found that date to 5000 BCE. Analysis demonstrated that

3723-656: The most powerful of the American Post-Classic stage , mainly because of the precious resources of the area: gold and emeralds. When the Spaniards arrived in Muisca territory they found a rich state, with the Muisca Confederation controlling mining of the following products: The Muisca traded their goods at local and regional markets with a system of barter . Items traded ranged from those of basic necessity through to luxury goods. The abundance of salt, emeralds, and coal brought these commodities to de facto currency status. Having developed an agrarian society,

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3796-835: The north of Boyacá to the Sumapaz Páramo and from the summits to the western portion of the Eastern Ranges . Their territory bordered the lands of the Panche in the west, the Muzo in the northwest, the Guane in the north, the Lache in the northeast, the Achagua in the east, and the Sutagao in the south. At the time of the Spaniard invasion, the area had a large population, although

3869-520: The people used terrace farming and irrigation in the highlands. Main products were fruits , coca , quinoa , yuca and potatoes . Another major economic activity was weaving. The people made a wide variety of complex textiles. The scholar Paul Bahn said: "the Andean cultures mastered almost every method of textile weaving or decoration now known, and their products were often finer than those of today." The Muisca were an agrarian and ceramic society of

3942-640: The people were members of the El Abra Culture. Scholars agree that the group identified as Muisca migrated to the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Formative era (between 1000 BCE and 500 CE), as shown by evidence found at Aguazuque and Soacha . Like the other formative-era cultures of America, the Muiscas were transitioning between being hunter-gatherers and becoming sedentary farmers. Around 1500 BCE, groups of agrarians with ceramic traditions came to

4015-471: The practice may have been extinct by the time of the Spanish conquest, as there are no first-hand Spanish accounts. Oral tradition suggests that every family gave up a child for sacrifice , that the children were regarded as sacred and cared for until the age of 15, when their lives were then offered to the Sun-god, Sué . The cult of the Muisca centered on two main deities; Sué for the Sun and Chía for

4088-524: The precise number of inhabitants is not known. Estimates vary from 1 million to over 3 million inhabitants. Their economy was based on agriculture , salt mining, trading , metalworking , and manufacturing . Due to Spanish colonization, the population of the Muisca has drastically decreased and assimilated into the general population. The descendants of the Muisca are often found in rural municipalities including Cota , Chía , Tenjo , Suba , Engativá , Tocancipá , Gachancipá , and Ubaté . A census by

4161-477: The recognition was withdrawn in 1998 by the state and restored in 2006. In 1948 the state forbade the production of chicha , a corn-based alcoholic drink. This was a blow to the culture and economy of the Muisca. The ban remained until 1991. Since then, the "Festival of the chicha, maize, life, and joy" is celebrated every year in Barrio La Perseverancia, a neighborhood in Bogotá where most of

4234-532: The region as part of a de-indigenization project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its constitution of 1991 . Modern Muisca scholars as Diego Gómez have claimed that the variety of languages was much larger than previously thought and that in fact there was a Chibcha dialect continuum that extended throughout the Cordillera Oriental from the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy to

4307-433: The region from the lowlands. They had permanent housing and stationary camps, and worked the salty water to extract salt. In Zipacón there is evidence of agriculture and ceramics. The oldest settlement of the highlands dates to 1270 BCE. Between 800 BCE and 500 BCE, a second wave of migrants came to the highlands. Their presence is identified by multicolor ceramics, housing, and farms. These groups were still in residence upon

4380-432: The rest of the region, the government realised the need to build a highway. As of 2016, Sogamoso has seven universities: The city hosts historical places as: Chibcha language Chibcha , Mosca , Muisca , Muysca (*/ˈmɨska/ *[ˈmʷɨska] ), or Muysca de Bogotá is a language spoken by the Muisca people of the Muisca Confederation , one of the many indigenous cultures of the Americas . The Muisca inhabit

4453-494: The rich plains of Cundinamarca and Boyacá . The presence of the Spaniards gave hope to both sovereigns that, were they to make one Confederation, they could prevail in a war against the Spaniards. But the Spaniards prevailed. The reaction of the chief leaders and the people did little to change the destiny of the Confederations. The Spanish executed the last Muisca sovereigns, Sagipa and Aquiminzaque , in 1539 and 1540 respectively. In 1542 Gonzalo Suárez Rendón finally put down

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4526-440: The seat of the colonial administration for the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada ). The origin of the legend of El Dorado (Spanish for "The Golden One") in the early 16th century may be located in the Muisca Confederation . The zipa offered gold and other treasures to the Guatavita goddess. To do so, the zipa covered himself with gold dust and washed it off in the lake while tossing gold trinkets into

4599-416: The territories there were four chiefdoms: Bacatá , Hunza , Duitama , and Sogamoso . The chiefdom was composed by localities. The tribes were divided into Capitanías (ruled by a capitan). There were two kinds: Great Capitania ( sybyn ) and Minor Capitania ( uta ). The status of Capitan was inherited by maternal lineage. The Muisca legislation was consuetudinary , that is to say, their rule of law

4672-445: The tongue to the back – zhysky – "head" The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown: Bacata is Ba-CA-ta and Bacatá is Ba-ca-TA. In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened: fuhuchá ~ fuchá – "woman". In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel,

4745-433: The tribes were part of the Muisca ethnic group, sharing the same language and culture and forming relations through trade. They united in the face of a common enemy. The army was the responsibility of the zipa or zaque . The army was made up of the güeches , the traditional ancient warriors of the Muisca. The Muisca Confederation existed as the union of two lesser confederations. The southern confederation, headed by

4818-409: The vowel changes as follows: a - uba becomes oba – "his (or her, its) face" a - ita becomes eta – "his base" a - yta becomes ata – "his hand" (note: ata also means "one") Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel: a-ita would become eta but can be written as aeta , a-uba as aoba and a-yta as ayta Muysca

4891-407: The waters. This tradition was well known outside the Confederation, as far as the Caribbean Sea ; the Spaniards were attracted by stories of a "city of gold" that did not exist. Indigenous people sometimes got rid of the avaricious Spaniards in that way, pointing them in the direction of other peoples. Lake Guatavita was explored by conquistadors who were looking for gold offerings from the zipa to

4964-1296: The year 2000, the city was conformed by 18 veredas: Sogamoso is composed of 70 neighbourhoods. l. Alamos del sur 2. Álvaro González Santana 3. Angelmar 4. Benjamín Herrera 5. Campoamor 6. Centro 7. Chapinero 8. Chicamocha 9. Colombia 10. El Cortez 11. El Diamante 12. El Durazno 13. El Jardín 14. El Laguito 15. El Nogal 16. El Oriente 17. El Prado 18. El Recreo 19. El Rosario 20. El Sol 21. El Carmen 22. Gustavo Jiménez Jiménez 23. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán 24. José Antonio Galán 25. Juan José Rondón 26. La Castellana 27. La Esmeralda 28. La Florida 29. La Isla 30. La Pradera 31. La Villita 32. Las Acacias 33. Las Américas 34. Los Alisos 35. Los Alpes 36. Los Arrayanes 37. Los Libertadores 38. Los Rosales 39. Los Sauces 40. Lunapark 41. Magdalena 42. Monquirá 43. Enrique Olaya Herrera 44. Prado Norte 45. Rafael Uribe Uribe 46. San Andresito 47. San Cristóbal 48. San Martín 49. San Martín – Centro 50. Santa Ana – Mochacá 51. Santa Bárbara 52. Santa Catalina 53. Santa Helena 54. Santa Inés 55. San Rafael 56. Santa Isabel 57. Santa Marta 58. Siete de Agosto 59. Simón Bolívar 60. Sucre 61. Sugamuxi 62. Universitario 63. Rafael Valdés Tavera 64. Veinte de Julio 65. Venecia 66. Villa Blanca 67. Villa del Sol 68. Asodea 69. Villa del Lago 70. Valdez Tavera The economy of Sogamoso

5037-455: Was cut short by the Spanish conquest. This search for an identity resulted in giving emphasis to the Muisca culture and overlooking other native nations, which were seen as wild people. Researchers wrongly concluded that the Muisca culture inhabited a previously empty land and that all archeological finds could be attributed solely to the Muisca. In 1849 president Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera invited Italian cartographer Agustín Codazzi , who led

5110-409: Was determined by long-extant customs with the approval of the zipa or zaque . This kind of legislation was suitable to a confederation system, and it was a well-organized one. The natural resources could not be privatized: woods, lakes, plateaus, rivers and other natural resources were common goods. Chibcha , also known as muysca , mosca , or muysca cubun , belongs to the Chibchan languages . It

5183-401: Was spoken across several regions of Central America and the north of South America . The Tairona culture and the U'wa , related to the Muisca culture, speak similar languages, which encouraged trade. The Muisca used a form of hieroglyphs for numbers. Many Chibcha words were absorbed or "loaned" into Colombian Spanish: The Muisca had an economy and society considered to have been one of

5256-524: Was the conquistador of the Muisca Confederation , arriving in Suamox territories (Iraca Valley) in September 1537. Soldiers of De Quesada -according to Spanish chroniclers accidentally- set the Sun Temple on fire. Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita narrates about the march of De Quesada to Suamox, the looting of the city and the fire of the temple of the Sun. Soon after the conquest, the missionaries began

5329-407: Was very similar to those peoples of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta ( Kogui , Ijka, Wiwa , and Kankuamo ) and the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy ( U'wa ). Zipa Saguamanchica (ruled 1470 to 1490) was in a constant war against aggressive tribes such as the Sutagao , and especially the Panche , who would also make difficulties for his successors, Nemequene and Tisquesusa . The Caribs were also

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