16-760: Bassovia Leptostemonum Lyciosolanum Solanum (but see text) Androcera Nutt. Aquartia Jacq. Artorhiza Raf. Bassovia Aubl. Battata Hill Bosleria A.Nelson Ceranthera Raf. Cliocarpus Miers Cyphomandra Mart. ex Sendtn. Diamonon Raf. Dulcamara Moench Lycopersicon Mill. Melongena Mill. Normania Lowe Nycterium Vent. Ovaria Fabr. Parmentiera Raf. ( non DC.: preoccupied ) Petagnia Raf. Pionandra Miers Pheliandra Werderm. Pseudocapsicum Medik. Scubulus Raf. Solanastrum Fabr. Solanocharis Bitter Solanopsis Bitter Triguera Cav. Solanum
32-682: A global scale: Other species are significant food crops regionally, such as Ethiopian eggplant or scarlet eggplant ( S. aethiopicum ), naranjilla or lulo ( S. quitoense ), cocona ( S. sessiliflorum ), turkey berry ( S. torvum ), pepino or pepino melon ( S. muricatum ), tamarillo ( S. betaceum ), wolf apple ( S. lycocarpum ), garden huckleberry ( S. scabrum ) and " bush tomatoes " (several Australian species). The species most widely seen in cultivation as ornamental plants are: Several species are locally used in folk medicine , particularly by native people who have long employed them. Cyphomandra About 50, see text Cyphomandra
48-568: A plant also known as strychnos , most likely S. nigrum . Its derivation is uncertain, possibly stemming from the Latin word sol , meaning "sun", referring to its status as a plant of the sun. The species most commonly called nightshade in North America and Britain is Solanum dulcamara , also called bittersweet or woody nightshade (so-called because it is a ( scandent ) shrub ). Its foliage and egg-shaped red berries are poisonous,
64-463: A subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name , in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet : e.g. the tiger cowry of the Indo-Pacific, Cypraea ( Cypraea ) tigris Linnaeus , which belongs to the subgenus Cypraea of the genus Cypraea . However, it is not mandatory, or even customary, when giving the name of a species, to include
80-512: A wide range of growth habits , such as annuals and perennials , vines , subshrubs , shrubs , and small trees . Many formerly independent genera like Lycopersicon (the tomatoes) and Cyphomandra are now included in Solanum as subgenera or sections . Thus, the genus today contains roughly 1,500–2,000 species . The generic name was first used by Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) for
96-408: Is Banksia subg. Isostylis , a subgenus of the large Australian genus Banksia . The ICNafp requires an explicit "connecting term" to indicate the rank of the division within the genus. Connecting terms are usually abbreviated, e.g. "subg." for "subgenus", and are not italicized. In zoological nomenclature, when a genus is split into subgenera, the originally described population is retained as
112-479: Is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants , which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato , the tomato and the eggplant (aubergine, brinjal). It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae , comprising around 1,500 species. It also contains the so-called horse nettles (unrelated to the genus of true nettles, Urtica ), as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit. Solanum species show
128-533: Is being achieved. The following list is a provisional lineup of the genus' traditional subdivisions, together with some notable species. Many of the subgenera and sections might not be valid; they are used here provisionally as the phylogeny of this genus is not fully resolved yet and many species have not been reevaluated. Cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data suggest that the present subdivisions and rankings are largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with Leptostemonum being
144-711: Is one among a group related to part of the traditional subgenus Leptostemonum . Thus, if it is preferred to retain the taxon , Cyphomandra is probably best considered a section in Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum . Most grow as shrubs or small trees 2 or 3 metres in height. The best known species is the widely cultivated Tamarillo or tree tomato, but a number of the others are also cultivated as garden plants because of their attractive flowers or fruits. Several other species (e.g. S. cajanumense , S. circinatum , S. sibundoyense ) also have fruits that are edible when ripe, and yet others are used as dyestuffs or in folk medicine where they are native. Species contained in
160-536: The Cyphomandra clade, with their former specific epithets cited if they have significantly changed when moving to Solanum , are: Species formerly in the genus Cyphomandra which are not members of the Cyphomandra clade are: Subgenera In biology , a subgenus (plural: subgenera ) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus . In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ,
176-467: The larvae of some Lepidoptera species ( butterflies and moths ). Most parts of the plants, especially the green parts and unripe fruit, are poisonous to humans (although not necessarily to other animals), with some species even being deadly. Many species in the genus bear some edible parts, such as fruits , leaves , or tubers . Three crops in particular have been bred and harvested for consumption by humans for centuries, and are now cultivated on
SECTION 10
#1732766199063192-598: The active principle being solanine , which can cause convulsions and death if taken in large doses. Black nightshades (many species in the Solanum nigrum complex, Solanum sect. Solanum ) have varying levels of toxins and are considered too toxic to eat by many people in North America and Europe, but young stems and leaves or fully ripened fruit of various species are cooked and eaten by native people in North America, Africa, and Asia. Deadly nightshade ( Atropa belladonna ) belongs, like Solanum , to subfamily Solanoideae of
208-428: The nightshade family, but, unlike that genus, is a member of tribe Hyoscyameae ( Solanum belongs to tribe Solaneae). The chemistry of Atropa species is very different from that of Solanum species and features the very toxic tropane alkaloids , the best-known of which is atropine . The genus was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. Its subdivision has always been problematic, but slowly some sort of consensus
224-1500: The only one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major lineage several members of the traditional sections Cyphomandropsis and the old genus Cyphomandra . Section Allophylla Section Cyphomandropsis Section Pachyphylla Section Acanthophora Section Androceras : 12 spp. Section Anisantherum Section Campanulata Section Crinitum Section Croatianum Section Erythrotrichum Section Graciliflorum Section Herposolanum Section Irenosolanum Section Ischyracanthum Section Lasiocarpa Section Melongena Section Micracantha Section Monodolichopus Section Nycterium Section Oliganthes Section Persicariae Section Polytrichum Section Pugiunculifera Section Somalanum Section Torva Section Afrosolanum Section Anarrhichomenum Section Archaesolanum Section Basarthrum Section Benderianum Section Brevantherum Section Dulcamara Section Herpystichum Section Holophylla Section Juglandifolia Section Lemurisolanum Section Lycopersicoides Section Lycopersicon Section Macronesiotes Section Normania Section Petota Section Pteroidea Section Quadrangulare Section Regmandra Section Solanum Some plants of other genera were formerly placed in Solanum : Solanum species are used as food plants by
240-414: The subgeneric name. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp), the subgenus is one of the possible subdivisions of a genus. There is no limit to the number of divisions that are permitted within a genus by adding the prefix "sub-" or in other ways as long as no confusion can result. The secondary ranks of section and series are subordinate to subgenus. An example
256-463: Was a formerly accepted genus in the plant family Solanaceae (the nightshades and relative). It used to contain about 35 species native to the Americas from Mexico southwards to Northern Argentina . Recent authors have treated Cyphomandra as a clade within the genus Solanum rather than as a separate genus, uniting the members of the old genus with some other Solanum . This lineage
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