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52-590: Solapur district (Marathi pronunciation: [solaːpuːɾ] ) is a district in Maharashtra state of India . The city of Solapur is the district headquarters. It is located on the south east edge of the state and lies entirely in the Bhima and Seena basins. The entire district is drained by the Bhima River . Solapur district leads Maharashtra in production of Indian cigarettes known as beedi . In ancient times,

104-413: A khilat (robe of honour). The Sultan agreed, and when Malik Tughluq returned to Chittor, the officers agreed to continue their march to Gujarat. Tughluq led the vanguard, while Multani held the supreme command of the army. Multani convinced most of the rebels to join his forces. Haidar, Zirak and their supporters had to flee Gujarat. Mubarak Shah then appointed his father-in-law Malik Dinar Zafar Khan as

156-437: A literacy rate of 77.72%. 32.40% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 15.05% and 1.80% of the population respectively. Languages of Solapur district (2011) At the time of the 2011 Census of India , 73.13% of the population in the district spoke Marathi , 9.28% Kannada , 6.47% Hindi , 4.49% Telugu , 3.94% Urdu and 0.94% Lambadi as their first language. Solapur district

208-471: A month. The rest of the army joined him on the banks of the Narmada River on his way back to Delhi. Mubarak Shah was bisexual . His harem had a large number of women, many of which accompanied him on his campaigns. After killing his brother Khizr Khan, he took the latter's widow Deval into his own harem. According to the 16th century historian Firishta , who calls Mubarak Shah "a monster in

260-500: A rival to Nizamuddin by declaring that he would personally consider all the petitions passed to him through the saint. However, Ruknuddin did not emerge as a rival of Nizamuddin either. Nizamuddin met and saluted Mubarak Shah at a Quran-reading ceremony ( siyyum ) after the death of Shaikh Ziyauddin Rumi, but Mubarak Shah did not acknowledge the salutation. Subsequently, he announced a reward of 1,000 tankas (coins) for anyone who brought him

312-405: A stable government during the first year of his reign. He also made some new appointments: The paiks who had killed Malik Kafur claimed credit for putting Mubarak Shah on the throne, and demanded high positions in his court. Mubarak Khan had them beheaded instead. Mubarak Shah attributed his rise to power to the divine will. He once asked his courtiers if any of them had expected him to become

364-506: A threat to his control over the throne. Mubarak Shah, who was a major threat as one of the few adult sons of Alauddin, was imprisoned. The former bodyguards ( paiks ) of Alauddin, who disapproved of Kafur's actions, freed Mubarak Shah after killing Kafur. According to an account mentioned by the 16th century chronicler Firishta , Kafur had sent some paiks to blind Mubarak Shah, but the captive prince gave them his jeweled necklace, and convinced them to kill Kafur instead. However, this account

416-506: Is a later-day fabrication: according to the earlier chronicler Ziauddin Barani , the paiks took the initiative to kill Kafur on their own. After Kafur's murder, the nobles offered the post of regent ( naib-i mulk ) to Mubarak Shah. However, Mubarak Shah believed that as a regent, his life would be in constant danger. Initially, he rejected the offer, and instead requested to be allowed to flee to another country with his mother. Nevertheless,

468-636: Is subdivided for administrative purposes into eleven talukas , which in turn comprise smaller divisions. The talukas are North Solapur , South Solapur , Akkalkot , Barshi , Mangalwedha , Pandharpur , Sangola , Malshiras , Mohol , Madha and Karmala . List of districts of Maharashtra Maharashtra is divided into 36 districts, which are grouped into six divisions. Geographically, historically, politically, and according to cultural sentiments, Maharashtra has five main regions: The table below lists important geographic and demographic parameters for all 36 districts. Population data are extracted from

520-698: The Seunas , also called Yadavas, from Khandesh , declared independence. The Yadavas under Bhillama V, conquered all territory north of the Krishna including all of present Solapur district. Eventually the Yadavas defeated the Hoysalas and took all territory north of the Bhadra. Several grants were made to Yogeshwara during the reigns of some Yadava rulers. The Yadava rulers and their ministers made many contributions to

572-615: The 2011 Census of India. In 2018, then Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis constituted a committee under leadership of Chief secretary. The committee has proposed 22 new districts. Earlier in 2015, former ministers has demanded formation of new districts, they were Katol (Nagpur), Chimur(Chandrapur), Pusad (Yavatmal), Khamgaon (Buldhana), Achalpur (Amravati), and Aheri (Gadchiroli). No. Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah Qutb-ud-din Mubarak Shah ( r.  1316–1320 ) also known as Ikhtiyar al-Din ,

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624-575: The Baradus planned to kill the Sultan during a hunting expedition in Sirsawah , but Yusuf Sahi and his colleagues opposed the plan arguing that the Sultan's army would kill the conspirators in an open field. Instead, they suggested killing the Sultan in the royal Hazar Sutun palace, and capturing all the nobles at the palace. Khusrau Khan then told the Sultan that he wanted his men to be granted access to

676-490: The Deccan kingdoms to his empire, because of the difficulty of controlling and governing these distant territories remotely from Delhi. However, after the rebellion of the last Yadava tributary Bhillama, his general Malik Kafur had taken charge of Devagiri, and had received letters of submission from the various chiefs. After Malik Kafur was recalled to Delhi, Ayn al-Mulk Multani acted as the governor of Devagiri, but later, he too

728-558: The Deccan, which began the rule of the Bahmani Sultanate . According to the 2011 census Solapur District has a population of 4,317,756, the 43rd largest district in India by population (out of 640). The district has a population density of 290 inhabitants per square kilometre (750/sq mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.1%. Solapur has a sex ratio of 932 females for every 1000 males, and

780-691: The Kadambas to invade. In the battle between Kadambas and Vakatakas, the rulers of Asmaka and Kuntala betrayed their overlord and helped the Kadambas win the battle. Afterwards the ruler of Asmaka took over Vidarbha as well as Kuntala, but he was soon overthrown by the Vishnukundins. The Vishnukundins may have briefly controlled Kuntala for a time, but after their overthrow the Rashtrakutas declared independence. The Chalukyas under Pulakeshin II soon ousted

832-660: The Pandharpur temple which is situated in the district. At the end of the 13th century, the Delhi Sultanate under Alauddin Khilji first invaded the Yadava kingdom and the king, Ramachandra (also known as Ramdev), was reduced to a tributary and was forced to cede some territory to the sultans. In 1307, due to Ramdev's violation of the treaty, Alauddin invaded again and sent Ramdev as a captive to Delhi. After 6 months he

884-531: The Rashtrakutas and took over Kuntala. The Chalukyas continued to rule over present Solpaur until the rise of the Rashtrakutas under Dantidurga . The dynasty continued its rule over southern Maharashtra until the middle of the 10th century, when it collapsed quickly. Taila II, the Chalukya mahasamanta of the Rashtrakutas, captured Manyakheta from the last Rashtrakuta king Karka III and took over most of present Maharashtra and northern Karnataka. His descendants of

936-583: The Sultan forced himself upon him and took advantage of him", and secretly planned revenge against him. Mubarak's other subordinates warned him about Khusrau's treacherous plans, but while being sodomized by the Sultan, Khusrau convinced him that the accusers were falsely slandering him. Mubarak was ultimately killed by Khusrau Khan's accomplices. Khusrau Khan convinced Mubarak Shah to allow him to raise an army of Baradu Hindus by arguing that all other nobles ( maliks ) had their own groups of followers. He enlisted several soldiers at Bahilwal (near Mount Abu and in

988-427: The Sultan. Mubarak then declared that if Nizamuddin did not visit him personally at the beginning of the next lunar month, he would compel the saint to do so via an executive order. Nizamuddin did not respond and instead prayed at his mother's grave. At the beginning of the next month (1 Jamadi II ), Mubarak Shah was killed. The Baradus killed or blinded the other surviving sons of Alauddin to eliminate Khalji claims to

1040-615: The Sultanate's army in Gujarat, led by Haidar and Zirak, had revolted. Kafur had dispatched the Devagiri governor Ayn al-Mulk Multani to suppress the rebellion. During his march to Gujarat, near Chittor, Multani received the news that Kafur had been killed. His officers then decided to abandon the march until further orders from Delhi. After ascending the throne, Mubarak Shah sent Malik Tughluq to Multani's camp, asking him to continue

1092-515: The Vakatakas and that the lord of Kuntala was made into a feudatory of theirs. Around the turn of the 6th century CE, the Vakatakas were defeated. A tradition recorded around 125 years later claims the last Vakataka king was given wholly over to pleasures and neglected his kingdom, encouraged by a son of his feudatory in Asmaka. When the kingdom was sufficiently weakened, the ruler of Asmaka invited

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1144-530: The Western Chalukyas continued dominance until the middle of the 12th century. Several of their feudatories, such as the Kalachuris of Kalyani and Hoysalas, began revolts. During Kalachuri rule Lingayat thought began to spread throughout north Karnataka and southern Maharashtra, including Solapur. At the same time that the Kalachuris overthrew the Western Chalukyas, one of their other feudatories,

1196-414: The assembly of the Baradus. However, the Sultan angrily dismissed the suggestion, and none of the nobles dared to make a similar suggestion. Barani claims when the Sultan told Khusrau Khan about Qazi Ziyauddin's suggestion, Khusrau khan won over his confidence by making love with him. On the night of 9 July 1320, Qazi Ziyauddin visited the ground floor of the palace to supervise the palace guard. Randhol,

1248-540: The entire empire. In 1317 Alauddin's successor, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah led an expedition against the Yadavas. Harpaldev was flayed alive and beheaded and the entire Yadava kingdom was permanently annexed by the Delhi Sultanate. Solapur was then ruled from Devagiri by a governor. During the reign of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq, who infamously tried to shift the capital of his empire to Devagiri (renamed Daulatabad), there

1300-412: The governor of Gujarat, after executing the former governor Malik Dinar Zafar Khan for no apparent reason. Husamuddin later became an apostate (from Islam), because of which the amirs of Gujarat arrested him, and sent him to Delhi in chains. Mubarak Shah merely slapped him, and gave him a high position in the royal court. Mubarak Shah preferred Hasan as a partner, but turned to Husamuddin whenever Hasan

1352-453: The governor of Gujarat. The new governor compromised with the Hindu chiefs, and governed the province well. He collected a large sum of money from the chiefs and landholders of Gujarat, and sent it to Delhi. In his second regnal year, Mubarak Shah executed Zafar Khan for unknown reasons, and appointed his homosexual partner Husamuddin as the governor of Gujarat. After Husamuddin was deposed by

1404-408: The ground, and sat on his chest, but Khusrau Khan did not let go of his hair. Meanwhile, Jaharya arrived at the scene, stuck a patta (axe) at the Sultan's chest, lifted him up by his hair, and threw him to the ground. He then beheaded the Sultan, and the head was later thrown in the courtyard on the ground floor. The royal guards fled to save their lives, as a large number of Baradus started massacring

1456-544: The head of Nizamuddin. When Mubarak Shah constructed a jama masjid called Masjid-i-Miri and asked all Muslim scholars ( ulama ) and mystics to assemble there for the Friday prayers, Nizamuddin refused to oblige, declaring that he would visit the mosque closest to his home instead. In June-July 1320, when the notable people of Delhi visited the Sultan to greet him on the beginning of a new lunar month ( Jamadi ), Nizamuddin sent his servant-disciple instead of personally visiting

1508-528: The hilly region near Devagiri. The Delhi generals Khusrau Khan and Malik Qutlugh (who held the title amir-i shikar ) led an army to pursue them. The Delhi forces completely routed Raghava's army. Khusrau Khan dispatched a force led by amir-i koh Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Talbagha (son of Yaghda) to pursue Harapaladeva, who was wounded and captured after 2-3 skirmishes. Harapaladeva was presented before Mubarak Shah, who ordered his beheading. The body of Harapaladeva

1560-421: The king. When they replied in negative, he declared that Allah had made him the king, and only Allah could remove him from that position. He assumed the title Khalifatullah ("Representative of God"), which appears on his coins. To win popular support, Mubarak Shah revoked several of Alauddin's decisions: Before his death, Malik Kafur had conspired to kill Alp Khan , the governor of Gujarat . Because of this,

1612-584: The local amirs for apostacy , Mubarak Shah appointed Wahiduddin Quraishi as the new governor of Gujarat. Quraishi was also given the title Sadrul Mulk . After Ayn al-Mulk Multani was sent to govern Devagiri, Quraishi was recalled to Delhi, and appointed wazir with the title Tajul Mulk . The Yadava kingdom, with its capital at Devagiri in the Deccan region, had become a tributary state to Delhi during Alauddin's reign. Alauddin had decided against annexing

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1664-433: The march to Gujarat. However, Multani's officers suggested waiting for 1-2 months before implementing the orders, as they had not seen the new Sultan, and were not convinced that his rule would be stable. Tughluq determined that the dissenting officers wanted their posts to be guaranteed under the new regime. Therefore, he marched back to Delhi, and advised Mubarak Shah to send each officer a firman (letter of authority) and

1716-476: The maternal uncle of Khusrau Khan, entered the palace with a large number of Baradus, who hid daggers under their clothes. When Ziyauddin let his guard down to accept a paan (betel leaf preparation) from Randhol, the Baradu leader Jaharya stabbed him to death. The Sultan, who was in the company of Khusrau Khan on the upper floor, heard the commotion caused by Ziyauddin's murder. However, Khusrau Khan told him that

1768-546: The nobles persuaded him to accept the regency. Mubarak Shah thus became the regent of his younger step-brother Shihabuddin. Some weeks later, he accused Shihabuddin's mother Jhatyapalli of trying to poison him. Subsequently, he had Shihabuddin imprisoned in Gwalior and blinded, and usurped the throne. Mubarak Shah ascended the throne with the title Qutubuddin on 14 April 1316, when he was 17 or 18 years old. Mubarak Shah retained Alauddin's officers and governors, which ensured

1820-682: The northern part of the district was part of Asmaka while the southern part of the district, along with Satara and Sangli districts, was part of the region of Manadesha , part of the larger region of Kuntala . Kuntala became part of the Mauryan Empire during the time of Ashoka. After the fall of the Mauryans, Kuntala came under the Sathavahanas . Solapur lay near the Sathavahana heartland, and so remained under their rule while

1872-456: The palace residents. Legend says that Mubarak Shah did not like the famous Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya , because Khizr Khan - the brother whom Mubarak Shah put to death - was a disciple of the saint. Mubarak Shah started patronizing the rival saint Shaikhzada Jam, but Shaikhzada Jam did not become as reputed as Nizamuddin Auliya. Mubarak Shah then tried to prop up Shaikh Ruknuddin of Multan as

1924-407: The palace, so that they could meet him without requiring him to leave the Sultan's company. The Sultan obliged, and subsequently, every night 300-400 Baradus started entering the palace. They assembled in the former chambers of Malik Kafur on the ground floor of the palace, which had been assigned to Khusrau Khan. On 7 May 1320, Qazi Ziyauddin, a teacher of the Sultan, suggested an investigation into

1976-452: The province of Gujarat . According to Tughluq Nama , this army included 10,000 Baradu horsemen, and was commanded by several Hindu chiefs ( rais and ranas ). Next, Khusrau Khan contacted officers who resented Sultan Mubarak Shah. Bahauddin, a dabir who had quarreled with the Sultan over a woman, joined the Baradu coinspiracy. Yusuf Sahi, Shaista (son of Muhammad Qirrat Qamar), and some other officers also joined Khusrau Khan. Initially,

2028-613: The rest of their empire became conquered by outside powers. The region must have had a high level of prosperity at the time, as it lay at the centre of multiple trade routes. In c. 250 CE, the Sathavahanas were overthrown by the Abhiras , whose empire later broke apart. A dynasty calling itself the Rashtrakutas , whose first ancestor ruled in around 350CE, had their base at Manapura in modern Satara district. Their core territory

2080-451: The royal horses had broken loose, and the noise was caused by the guards trying to catch the animals. Meanwhile, Jaharya and other Baradus entered the upper floor, and killed the Sultan's special guards - Ibrahim and Ishaq. The Sultan now realized that a rebellion was happening against him, and tried to escape to his harem , which was located a floor above. However, Khusrau Khan stopped him by seizing his hair. The Sultan knocked Khusrau Khan to

2132-583: The second year of his reign, Mubarak Shah marched to Devagiri with a large army. Before leaving Delhi, he assigned the administration to his father-in-law Shahin with the title Vafa Malik. Mubarak Shah followed the well-known route to Devagiri, assembling his forces at Tilpat near Delhi, and then marching to Devagiri in around two months. When the army reached Devagiri, all the local chiefs except Raghava and Harapaladeva accepted Mubarak Shah's suzerainty without offering any resistance. Raghava and his nearly 10,000-strong cavalry, as well as Harapaladeva, fled to

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2184-725: The shape of man", Mubarak Shah used to parade naked prostitutes on the terraces of his palaces and make them urinate on the nobles entering his court. Mubarak Shah also had homosexual relations with two uterine brothers, Hasan (later Khusrau Khan ) and Husamuddin (or Hisamuddin). According to Amir Khusrau's Tughluq Nama , the two brothers belonged to a Hindu military caste called Baradu. They had been captured during Ayn al-Mulk Multani -led 1305 conquest of Malwa . They were brought as slaves to Delhi, where they were brought up by Alauddin's naib-i khas-i hajib Malik Shadi. The two brothers acted as passive homosexuals only to maintain their status and position. Mubarak Shah appointed Husamuddin as

2236-481: The throne, he resorted to populist measures, such as abolishing the heavy taxes and penalties imposed by his father, and releasing thousands of prisoners. He curbed a rebellion in Gujarat , recaptured Devagiri , and successfully besieged Warangal to extract a tribute. He was murdered because of a conspiracy by his slave general Khusrau Khan , who succeeded him on the throne. Mubarak Shah, also called Mubarak Khan,

2288-440: Was a large famine in the region. In 1344, an uprising of Hindu chieftains of Karnataka and Telangana briefly overthrew Sultanate rule in the region, although Delhi sultans kept control over some of the revenue centres. In 1347, Muslim nobles in the Deccan rebelled against Muhammad bin Tughlaq's authority and defeated all attempts to control them. The rebels then declared one of their number, Hasan Gangu, as sultan of all territories in

2340-630: Was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate of present-day India. A member of the Khalji dynasty , he was a son of Alauddin Khalji . After Alauddin's death, Mubarak Shah was imprisoned by Malik Kafur , who appointed his younger brother Shihabuddin Omar as a puppet monarch . After Malik Kafur's murder, Mubarak Shah became the regent. Soon after, he blinded his brother, and usurped the power. After ascending

2392-469: Was a son of Alauddin Khalji and Jhatyapali, the daughter of Ramachandra of Devagiri . After Alauddin died on 4 January 1316, his slave-general Malik Kafur appointed Alauddin's 6-year-old son Shihabuddin as a puppet monarch, and himself held the power as regent. At Shihabuddin's coronation ceremony, Mubarak Shah and other sons of Alauddin were ordered to kiss Shihabuddin's feet. Later, Kafur started persecuting Alauddin's family members, whom he considered

2444-523: Was hung at the gates of Devagiri. Mubarak Shah spent some time consolidating his rule in Deccan. Malik Yaklakhi, who had served as Alauddin's Naib-i-Barid-i-Mumalik, was appointed as the governor of Devagiri. The Kakatiya kingdom, with its capital at Warangal , was another kingdom tributary to Alauddin. However, the Kakatiya ruler Prataparudra had stopped making tribute payments to Delhi. Therefore, Mubarak Shah sent an army to subjugate him. The army

2496-522: Was led by Khusrau Khan, Khwaja Haji (who had served as Alauddin's minister of war), and Malik Qutlugh ( amir-i shikar ). The Delhi army besieged the Kakatiya capital Warangal , and Prataparudra decided to negotiate truce after putting up some resistance. He surrendered a huge amount of wealth to the invaders, and agreed to make regular tribute payments. After subduing the Kakatiyas, Khusrau Khan marched to Ellora, where Mubarak Shah had been residing for

2548-428: Was not available. Their relationship was not a secret, and Mubarak and Hasan used to exchange hugs and kisses in public. Mubarak gave Hasan the title Khusrau Khan , several iqta , the army of the deceased Malik Kafur, and the wizarat . According to the chronicler Barani , Mubarak became "so enamored by Hasan ... that he did not want to be parted from him for a moment." Barani further states that Hasan resented "the way

2600-559: Was recalled to crush a rebellion in Gujarat. Taking advantage of this, the Yadavas seized Devagiri, and declared their independence. They were led by Harapaladeva (or Hirpal), who was probably a son-in-law of the former Yadava monarch Ramachandra , and his prime minister Raghava (or Raghu). Mubarak Shah wanted to recapture Devagiri immediately after his ascension, but his counsellors had advised him against attempting to do so without consolidating his rule in Delhi first. In April 1317, during

2652-562: Was released and aided Malik Kafur in his attack on the Kakatiyas with a force of Maratha soldiers. In 1311, Malik Kafur was sent to conquer territory south of the Krishna but left portion of his army in Devagiri to keep an eye on Shankardev, who succeeded Ramdev. In 1313, Malik Kafur invaded Devagiri again and killed Shankardev and annexed the entire Yadava kingdom to the Delhi Sultanate. However, he returned to Delhi on hearing news of Alauddin's illness and Harpaldev, Ramdev's son-in-law, took back

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2704-663: Was the Kuntala region, and they often harassed the Vakatakas in Vidarbha. A work ascribed to Kalidasa mentions how the Gupta ruler Vikramaditya sent him as ambassador to the Kuntala king, who eventually warmed up to him. Kalidasa says how he made peace between the Vakatakas and the Rashtrakutas, but was scathing of the lord of Kuntala's neglect of statecraft. Around the 5th century CE, an inscription records an invasion of Kuntala by

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