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72-558: Songpa was at the center of 1988 Summer Olympics , and most of the sports facilities associated with that event are located within the district. In 2009, Songpa was named one of the world's most livable cities at the LivCom Awards presented by the United Nations Environment Programme . In 18 BCE, the kingdom of Baekje founded its capital city, Wiryeseong ( 위례성 ), in what is believed to be

144-494: A 123-story, 555-meter-tall skyscraper in Sincheon-dong completed in 2016. It has 624,642 m of floor space. Prior to its construction, it was estimated to cost 1.7 trillion won and create more than 23,000 construction jobs. Focusing on reduction in unemployment rate as a way to overcome economic crisis, Songpa District launched a handful of projects. First of all, Songpa employed 120 people in computerizing important data of

216-501: A field trip using only English. In the "English Village Tour", sixth-grade students stay for 3 days in a specially built village named Pungnap Camp, using only English. The district will be allocating native English-speaking tutors in every primary school by 2010 and specially supporting 19 schools (12 primary and 7 secondary schools) with an "After-School English Teacher" who would lead after-school, supplementary lessons and special activity classes. Furthermore, Songpa District designated

288-402: A generator that charges cell phone by riding a bicycle was displayed on 'a climate play ground'. Songpa organized "Green Songpa Committee" for the first time among Korea's municipal governments. An environment governance organization consisting of environmental specialists, NGOs, businessmen, residents, and government officers evaluate and advise the district's environment policies. The committee

360-476: A history and culture street parade, Baekje culture experience events, folk performances and a Baekje costume show. Designated as a culture festival by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in 2008, Hanseong Baekje Culture Festival has become one of Korea's representative festivals. Furthermore, Songpa District is planning to build a Hanseong Baekje Museum, which will feature antiques and remains from prehistoric ages,

432-455: A joint organizing committee and a united team. The negotiations were continued into another meeting, but were not successful. The IOC did not meet the demands of North Korea and only about half of the desired sporting events were offered to the North. So the focus thereafter was solely on Seoul and South Korea. The games were boycotted by North Korea and its ally Cuba . Ethiopia , Albania and

504-518: A leading community in Korea to cope with the climate change by demonstrating the accomplishment effectively. During the EXPO, Songpa's best practices to deal with the climate change were presented. These included 'Songpa Nanum powerhouse','CO 2 Home Doctor', 'Songpa SPB (the unattended bicycle rental)', 'A model apartment for coping with the climate change', and the project 'the city on the water'. And also,

576-437: A lifelong education for the residents, tap and develop individuals with talents, and strengthen the community. Songpa District has four small libraries ("Small Library on Pine Tree Hill") close to residential areas. Due to this ease of access, they are also called "Close-to-Life Libraries". Through the "School Library Open-to-The-Public" system, Songpa turned unused areas at schools into libraries open to residents. In doing so,

648-688: A modernized musical theater with 1,260 seats. The Charlotte Musical Center, another art hall with its interior and exterior of medieval European design, performs more than 1,000 musicals a year. In celebration of the area's historical significance during the Baekje Kingdom , Songpa has held the Hanseong Baekje Culture Festival in Olympic Park almost every year in September since 1994. Festival activities include

720-422: A month for a year to help one student. As of May 2009, 673.8 million won was saved in 5,615 bank accounts, and 93.5 million won was granted to 103 students. Songpa aims to save a total of 5 billion won by 2011. The "Mentorship Program" is an after-class program for students from low-income families, in which mentors—consisting of college students, current and former teachers, and other volunteers—visit students once

792-523: A month. The program enables 100 students to visit the sister city every summer, staying at homestay houses. Students from the two regions better understand another's culture while introducing their own to others, gaining both cultural pride and a global perspective. Songpa has established programs to support English education in its public primary schools. For example, in the "Culture Experience English Class", 260 students from 37 primary schools in Songpa go on

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864-439: A pleasant and safe environment in and around schools, Songpa supports the operational costs for school libraries, improvement of facilities for providing meals at schools, expansion of video and audio equipment, replacement of desks and chairs, and installation of artificial grass. Songpa District opened "Children-Only Multiplex Facility," which has a theater, experiential education room, kid's book cafe and cafeteria. This facility

936-605: A professor of medicine at UC San Francisco who is an expert on ephedrine and other stimulants, agreed that "These [levels] are what you'd see from someone taking cold or allergy medicines and are unlikely to have any effect on performance." Following Exum's revelations the IAAF acknowledged that at the 1988 Olympic Trials the USOC indeed followed the correct procedures in dealing with eight positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration. Additionally, in 1988

1008-516: A recycling pool for used school uniforms and books. In this center, a school uniform costs only 4,000 won. In 2008, 1,541 uniforms were sold and 116 were exchanged among the total 2,043 donated. Recycling centers in Geoyeo-dong and Jamsil-dong offer used products at reasonable prices compared to market prices. Products such as home appliances, clothes, and shoes are donated from local residents, before being repaired and refurbished for resale. In

1080-523: A school district covering 12,852 m area in Munjeong-dong development district in order to invite autonomous private high schools, high schools with special purposes, or schools for foreign students. Songpa also supports 120 students in two schools for special education for the gifted in mathematics and science. For students from low-income or unemployed families, Songpa adopted "One-Account-per-One-citizen" movement in which 10 residents save 10,000 won

1152-570: A sports calendar in which the main events were scheduled to be broadcast in major Western markets in television prime time. Athletes from 160 nations competed at the Seoul Games. Aruba , American Samoa , Brunei , Cook Islands , Maldives , Vanuatu , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and South Yemen made their first Olympic appearance at these Games. Guam made their first Summer Olympic appearance at these games having participated in

1224-444: A tire and take emergency measures. The Songpa Culture and Art Center is planned to be completed by 2011 on the eastern side of Seokchon Lake . The center will accommodate as many as 1,500 people with its 3 floors and 2 underground floors. Various genres of arts including musicals, concerts, ballet, and modern dance will be performed at the center. The weightlifting stadium in Olympic Park was transformed into Woori Financial Art Hall,

1296-429: A variety of art troupes. The district runs a choir that won a number of national competitions, a symphony orchestra that promotes classical music, a multiple-genre ballet troupe, a folk art troupe formed to promote Korean traditional arts, and a silver choir and silver orchestra, both of which are showing the power of the elderly in national events and TV and radio music shows. These art troupes voluntarily do their jobs for

1368-468: A vote held on 30 September 1981, finishing ahead of Nagoya , Japan. The awarding to Seoul was internationally considered to be surprising, with Nagoya having been considered a favourite. Below was the vote count that occurred at the 84th IOC Session and 11th Olympic Congress in Baden-Baden , West Germany . Seoul had previously hosted many international events, but the most noteworthy ones were

1440-527: A week for a year to give them study assistance and guidance counselling. This one-on-one program is the largest of its kind in Seoul. To support women's economic activities, Songpa launched a "Town-visiting Local Tax Law Fair". This program helps women better understand local tax law by explaining diverse taxable and non-taxable laws and pretest cases filed against the office. There is a "Car Maintenance Class for Female Drivers", which teaches drivers how to change

1512-519: A work detail of prisoners in ragged clothes overseen by guards with wooden bats and dogs. In his words, he knew immediately that "a very serious crime" was occurring, and in January 1987, he led a raid on the facility and found beaten and malnourished inmates. He was politically pressured at various levels to reduce the charges against the owner, managers, and guards. In the end, the owner only served 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 years in prison. The Brothers Home

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1584-400: Is a cultural center and the biggest distribution hub in Korea. It consists of five special blocks, including 'Garden 5 Life', a shopping mall with more than 8,300 shops. Garak Market is a large wholesale agriculture and fish market. Opened in 1985, it was built to modernize agricultural and fishery distribution in Seoul. The market underwent remodeling until 2020. The Lotte World Tower is

1656-471: Is aimed at provoking children's imagination and helping them face challenges and also respect for their neighbors. Songpa District runs 33 childcare centers, 6 of which specialize in infant care. 25 childcare centers operate from 7:30 pm to midnight especially for double-income families and single-parent families. Through a student exchange program with sister cities , local and foreign students get an opportunity to experience each other's culture and life for

1728-471: Is located nearby and also dates back to the early Baekje era. Songpa was historically a hub of commercial and military activity, the location of many specialty markets, merchants, and traders, as well as being the site of many battles of the Joseon era. Songpa, once a calm and rural area, underwent major land development efforts in the 1970s, which transformed the region into a new, urban town. Songpa hosted

1800-407: Is noted in parentheses. Badminton and bowling were held as exhibition sports, which did not require IOC approval and were not part of the official Olympic schedule. Note: between May 8 and October 9, 1988,all the clocks in the country were advanced by one hour as a test of the possibility of adopting the daylight summer time in the country in the future. This advance also enabled the development of

1872-664: Is taking the lead in environmental initiatives. 1988 Summer Olympics The 1988 Summer Olympics ( Korean :  1988년 하계 올림픽 ; RR :  1988-nyeon Hagye Ollimpik ), officially the Games of the XXIV Olympiad ( 제24회 올림픽경기대회 ; Je-24-hoe Ollimpik-Gyeonggidaehoe ) and officially branded as Seoul 1988 ( 서울 1988 ), were an international multi-sport event held from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul , South Korea. 159 nations were represented at

1944-625: The 1986 Asian Games , the 1988 Summer Olympics , and the 1988 Summer Paralympics . Seoul Olympic Stadium and Olympic Park were constructed for these events, along with a multi-lane expressway, large-scale apartment complexes, and commercial facilities. Before the Olympics in 1988, Songpa split from the Gangdong District and became its own administrative district. In 2009, in pursuit of sustainable and environmentally-friendly urban development and participatory local autonomy, Songpa

2016-661: The 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. In the following list, the number in parentheses indicates the number of athletes from each nation that competed in Seoul: ^   Note:  Brunei participated in the Opening Ceremonies and Closing Ceremonies, marking its first appearance at the Olympic Games, but its delegation consisted of only one swimming official. 8,453 athletes from 159 NOCs These are

2088-473: The Brothers Home facility. Many of the guards were former inmates who had been "promoted" because of loyalty to the camp's owner. Various money-making operations were conducted such as manufacturing ball-point pens and fishing hooks, as well as clothing for Daewoo. Only a few inmates were paid belatedly for this work. By accident while on a hunting trip, prosecutor Kim Yong-won heard about and visited

2160-516: The Miss Universe 1980 and the 1986 Asian Games , thus demonstrating that it had the appropriate capability. Live doves were released during the opening ceremony as a symbol of world peace, but a number of the doves were burned alive or suffered major trauma by the lighting of the Olympic cauldron. As a result of protests following the incident, the last time live doves were released during

2232-745: The Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations. Madagascar had been expected to participate before withdrawing for financial reasons. In 1988, the Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee (SLOOC) produced and distributed an official song of the Seoul Games to publicize the Games to all the IOC member nations, encouraging their participation in

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2304-567: The United States 's 126 total medals in 2024 . Compared to the 1980 Summer Olympics ( Moscow ) and the 1984 Summer Olympics ( Los Angeles ), which were divided into two camps by ideology, the 1988 Seoul Olympics was a competition in which the boycotts virtually disappeared, although they were not completely over. North Korea boycotted the 1988 Seoul Olympics, as did five socialist countries including Cuba , an ally of North Korea. Albania , Ethiopia , and Seychelles did not respond to

2376-549: The "Olympic Street maintenance and improvement project" was introduced to convert motel zones in Bang-i, Sincheon, and Jamsil built for the 1988 Seoul Olympics into commercial building zones. Similarly, the "Songpa Daero maintenance and improvement project" developed a 283,500 m area around the Seokchon station intersection and Songpa Daero into a commercial area. To ease school-related expenses for residents, Songpa District runs

2448-483: The 1988 Olympics. An Associated Press article states that homeless and alcoholic persons, "but mostly children and the disabled" were arrested and sent to these camps to prepare for the Olympics. In addition, a prosecutor had his investigation into the Brothers Home camp limited at a number of levels of government "in part out of fear of an embarrassing international incident on the eve of the Olympics." In 1975,

2520-572: The 1988 United States Olympic trials for minimum amounts of pseudoephedrine , ephedrine , and phenylpropanolamine , which were banned stimulants . Bronchodilators are also found in cold medication. Due to the rules, his case could have led to disqualification from the Seoul Olympics and suspension from competition for six months. The levels of the combined stimulants registered in the separate tests were 2 ppm , 4 ppm and 6 ppm. Lewis defended himself, claiming that he had accidentally consumed

2592-561: The Games all over the world. These were the last Olympic Games of the Cold War , as well as for the Soviet Union and East Germany , as both ceased to exist before the next Olympic Games in 1992 . The Soviet Union dominated the medal count, winning 55 gold and 132 total medals. The results that got closest to that medal haul in the years since are China 's and the United States 's 48 gold medals in 2008 and 2012 , respectively, and

2664-471: The Hanseong Baekje period, and the era of Three States, so that visitors can better understand Songpa's 2,000-year history. More detailed information can be found at: http://hanseong.songpa.go.kr/ In spring, more than 25,000 people attend the "Seokchon Lake and Seongnae Stream Festival", a day dedicated to enjoying local blossoming cherry trees, which were planted and raised by the residents. In

2736-401: The IOC in September 1981, in hopes that the increased international exposure brought by the Olympics would legitimize his authoritarian regime amidst increasing political pressure for democratization and less rigidity in state policies. Further, he hoped it would provide protection from increasing threats from North Korea , and showcase the economic strength that the country was experiencing to

2808-693: The IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch , who was committed to the participation of these countries. Thus, at the Assembly of National Olympic Committees in Mexico City in November 1984, the "Mexico Declaration" was adopted. The declaration offered support for participation in the 1988 Olympics by all members of the Association of National Olympic Committees. The agreement with the Soviet Union

2880-399: The Olympic Games. According to The Oxford Olympics Study data is not available to establish the cost of the Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics. the cost of the stadium was 491 billion won, approximately US$ 354 million. The 1988 Summer Olympics featured 23 different sports encompassing 31 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 237 events. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline

2952-451: The Olympics was a big opportunity to bring international attention to South Korea. But before that, it was necessary to prove the country's capacity, as South Korea was seen as an exotic and risky destination for large events. The project continued to run even after President Park's assassination in 1979 . With the successful staging of Miss Universe 1980 and the 1986 Asian Games , Chun Doo-hwan , Park's successor, submitted Korea's bid to

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3024-469: The Seoul Olympics as a form of political communication. They revealed the significance of South Korea's military government throughout the period of the Olympic bid and preparation, followed by the many advantages of the hosting the Games: rapid economic modernization, social mobilization and the legitimization of the military dictatorship. Existing camps for "vagrants" (homeless persons) were ramped up before

3096-661: The autumn, ginkgo leaves are gathered and sent to Nami Island , a tourist attraction in Gangwon Province, to be used as a sightseeing attraction for tourists. This recycling allows Songpa to save the annual disposal cost of 12 million won. Songpa District is implementing a variety of education policies for its residents. This is being done by expanding libraries, improving school environments, providing homestays for foreign students, promoting public English education, and supporting students from low-income families. These policies help produce students with great skills, provide

3168-516: The banned substances. After the supplements that he had taken were analyzed to prove his claims, the USOC accepted his claim of inadvertent use, since a dietary supplement he ingested was found to contain "Ma huang", the Chinese name for Ephedra (ephedrine is known to help weight loss). Fellow Santa Monica Track Club teammates Joe DeLoach and Floyd Heard were also found to have the same banned stimulants in their systems, and were cleared to compete for

3240-514: The community. In response to climate change , Songpa District is implementing new policies and projects, such as the Waterway Project. Additional actions include transferring an unacceptable facility to the outer area, improving transportation systems in response to the increase in transportation volume, and expanding parks and green zones. To reduce air pollution and help low-income residents, Songpa District invested 300 million won in

3312-852: The district can save money by using these otherwise-unused spaces, while the schools can supply more books supported by Songpa District office. Unlike typical libraries, the "Children-Only Library" provides children with a playground where they can enjoy playing as well as reading. This library has more than 30,000 books and various facilities such as a child-care room, a theater, and a foreign book room. In 37 school zones in Songpa District, CCTV cameras (90 inside and 17 outside of schools) are installed to prevent accidents and crimes. Safe routes to schools are ensured by paving access roads to schools with vivid colors, paving non-skid treads, painting traffic lanes, and building speed bumps, safety barriers, traffic signals, and traffic safety signs. To provide

3384-518: The district. Through this computerization, Songpa contributed to green growth by saving paper. A special budget of 5 billion won—raised through savings of incentives, fringe benefits, and service operation expenses—was used to create 1,270 new jobs, including administrative home-delivery service, anti-smoking campaigns, welfare service, and help for the elderly. Songpa sought to revitalize regional economy by easing construction regulation and upgrading land use regulation through urban planning. For instance,

3456-461: The federation reviewed the relevant documents with the athletes' names undisclosed and stated that "the medical committee felt satisfied, however, on the basis of the information received that the cases had been properly concluded by the USOC as 'negative cases' in accordance with the rules and regulations in place at the time and no further action was taken". Songpa-daero Seoul Metropolitan City Route 31 ( Korean :  서울특별시도 제31호선 )

3528-450: The festival and consolidating the harmony and friendship of the entire world citizens through the song. The song " Hand in Hand " was written by Italian composer Giorgio Moroder and American songwriter Tom Whitlock , and performed by singing group Koreana . Existing facilities modified or refurbished in preparation for the Olympic Games. New facilities constructed in preparation for

3600-406: The festival, people enjoy musical concerts and participate in a cherry blossom road walking event, a photo contest, and a writing contest. Dano is a traditional holiday on the fifth day of the fifth month of the calendar, when ancestors used to pray for a good harvest for the year. Among the most enjoyable traditional plays are seesawing and Pungmulnori. Koreans celebrate the first full moon day of

3672-466: The five-colored Olympic Rings, as well as a mass demonstration of taekwondo . The skydiving team trained at SkyDance SkyDiving and had hoped the opening ceremony appearance would set the stage for skydiving becoming a medal event by 2000. The idea for South Korea to place a bid for the 1988 Games emerged during the last days of the Park Chung Hee administration in the late 1970s, as hosting

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3744-686: The former Brothers Home. Victims of the Brothers Home are seeking a government investigation into the crimes committed and accountability. In preparation for the 1988 Olympics, the International Olympic Committee worked to prevent another Olympic boycott by the Eastern Bloc as had happened at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . This was made more difficult by the lack of diplomatic relations between South Korea and communist countries. This prompted action by

3816-570: The games by a total of 8,391 athletes (6,197 men and 2,194 women). 237 events were held and 27,221 volunteers helped to prepare the Olympics. The 1988 Seoul Olympics were the second summer Olympic Games held in Asia, after Tokyo 1964 , and the first held in South Korea. As the host country, South Korea ranked fourth overall, winning 12 gold medals and 33 medals in the competition. 11,331 media (4,978 written press and 6,353 broadcasters ) showed

3888-478: The international community in the post-war era, the South Korean government hoped to use the Olympics as a "coming-out party". The Olympics gave a powerful impetus to the development of South Korea's relations with Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and with China. In January 1982, South Korea's curfew that had been in place since 1945 was lifted. In utilizing media events theory, Larson and Park investigated

3960-463: The invitation sent by the IOC . Nicaragua did not participate due to athletic and financial considerations, while the expected participation of Madagascar was withdrawn for financial reasons. Nonetheless, the much larger boycotts seen in the three previous editions were avoided, resulting in the largest number of participating nations during the Cold War era. For South Korea, the 1988 Olympics

4032-457: The lunar year when the full moon is the biggest and the brightest, by praying for their hopes. Traditional activities include a bridge-treading rite, a tug of war, and a Catherine wheel game. Following its ecological restoration, Seokchon Lake and Seongnae Stream became an eco-friendly park where residents enjoy both the beautiful nature and artistic performances in diverse genres including classical music, opera, jazz, dance, and fusion performed on

4104-623: The modern-day Songpa District. Baekje subsequently developed from a member state of the Mahan confederacy into one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea . Several remains of city fortresses dating from this time exist in the Seoul area. Pungnap Toseong ( 풍납토성 ), an earthen wall in Pungnap-dong (near Jamsil ) in the southeastern part of Seoul, is widely believed to be the site of Wiryeseong. Another earthen wall, Mongchon Toseong ( 몽촌토성 ),

4176-531: The opening ceremony was in 1992 in Barcelona, at the start of the ceremony. Balloon doves were released in 1994 Winter Olympics and the 1998 Winter Olympics and paper doves were used at the Atlanta Ceremony in 1996 . These were also the last Summer Olympic Games to hold the opening ceremony during the daytime. The opening ceremony featured a skydiving team descending over the stadium and forming

4248-605: The previous president of South Korea had begun a policy of rounding up vagrants. According to government documents obtained by the Associated Press, from 1981 to 1986 the number of people held increased from 8,600 to more than 16,000. Police officers often received promotions based on the number of vagrants they had arrested, and owners of facilities received a subsidy based on the number of people held. There were multiple reports of inmates raped or beaten, and sometimes beaten to death. 4,000 of these "vagrants" were held at

4320-457: The same reason. The highest level of the stimulants Lewis recorded was 6 ppm, which was regarded as a positive test in 1988 but is now regarded as negative test. The acceptable level has been raised to ten parts per million for ephedrine and twenty-five parts per million for other substances. According to the IOC rules at the time, positive tests with levels lower than 10 ppm were cause of further investigation but not immediate ban. Neal Benowitz,

4392-447: The solar power plant "Nanum" project. Of the profit earned by the power plant, 25% is used to pay for low-income households' utility fee, another 25% goes to people in need in the third world, and the other 50% is being invested in a second Nanum plant. An estimated 600 million won will be used to support low-income families in Songpa for the next 15 years. Further solar energy savings come from 44 LED solar streetlights installed alongside

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4464-454: The top ten nations that won medals at the 1988 Games.   *   Host nation (South Korea) The official mascot for the 1988 Summer Olympic Games was Hodori . It was a stylized tiger designed by Kim Hyun as an amicable Amur tiger , portraying the friendly and hospitable traditions of the Korean people . Hodori's female version was called Hosuni . The name 호돌이 Hodori

4536-507: The walking course by Jangji stream. One solar streetlight produces 225W of electricity an hour, and stays on for 3 days when it is exposed to the sun for four hours. During the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group talks designed to build cooperation among major cities aimed to be low carbon dioxide cities, Songpa's policies against global warming were introduced. The EXPO ensured Songpa District's position as

4608-714: The waterside stage. Korea's traditional folk song performance is staged on every Sunday in Seoul Nori Madang. People enjoy traditional folk plays designated as intangible culture assets like farm band, masked dance, classical dance, farm music, and other folk songs. The domed hall accommodates 2,500 spectators, and performances are staged for four seasons. "Suyo-mudae" stages noble artistic performances like plays, operas, and musicals every Wednesday in Songpa Gumin Hall, run by Songpa District. To develop and expand local culture and art, Songpa District supports

4680-580: The world. Seoul was awarded the bid on 30 September 1981, becoming the 16th nation in the Summer Olympics , as well as the second Asian nation (following Japan in the 1964 Summer Olympics ) and the first mainland Asian nation to host the Olympics. Influenced by the model of 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, which served as a rite of passage for the Japanese economy and re-integration of Japan in

4752-471: Was a religious facility based on the Christian faith. There were in fact inspections by both city officials and church officials. However, these were scheduled inspections in which healthier inmates were presented in carefully planned and orchestrated circumstances. There were no unannounced inspections. In the 1990s, construction workers found about 100 human bones on a mountainside outside the location of

4824-576: Was a symbolic event that elevated its international image while also contributing to national pride. Only thirty-five years after the Korean War which devastated the nation, and during a decade of social unrest in South Korea, the Olympics was successfully held and became the culmination of what was deemed the " Miracle on the Han River ". Seoul was chosen to host the Summer Games through

4896-703: Was chosen from 2,295 suggestions sent in by the public. It is a compound of 호 ho , the Sino-Korean bound morpheme for "tiger" (appearing also in the usual word 호랑이 horangi for "tiger"), and 돌이 dori , a diminutive for "boys". In the United States, NBC became the telecast provider hereafter for the Summer Games, after a five-Olympics run by the American Broadcasting Company from 1968 to 1984. NBC's coverage

4968-605: Was developed as an autonomous district of Seoul, with the aim of becoming a world-class city. To promote economic development, a high-tech business zone is being built in the neighborhood of Munjeong-dong . This zone falls into three categories: future business (semiconductors, automobiles, digital contents, batteries, biopharmaceuticals, digital TVs and displays, and mobile devices), specialized business (pharmaceuticals, medical instruments, medicine, health care, construction, and engineering service), and administrational function (court, prosecutor's office, and police office). Garden 5

5040-510: Was reached in 1987. After the Los Angeles games, East Germany had already decided to participate again in Seoul. The IOC also decided that it would send invitations to the 1988 Games itself and did not leave this task to the organizing committee as had been done before. Despite these developments, behind the scenes, the IOC did consider relocating the Games and explored the suitability of Munich as an alternative. Another point of conflict

5112-625: Was the involvement of North Korea in hosting the Games, something that had been encouraged by Cuban president Fidel Castro , who called for North Korea to be considered joint host of the Games. As a result, on 8 and 9 January 1986 in Lausanne , Switzerland, the IOC President chaired a meeting of the North and South Korean Olympic Committees. North Korea demanded that eleven of the 23 Olympic sports be carried out on its territory, and also demanded special opening and closing ceremonies. It wanted

5184-629: Was their first sporting event to feature the new Quantel Cypher to generate the on-screen graphics. However, the network would continue to use Chyron Corporation for the rest of the year with Quantel being used again for the 1988 World Series . The Cypher would be implemented permanently starting with Super Bowl XXIII in January 1989. In 2003, Wade Exum, the United States Olympic Committee's director of drug control administration from 1991 to 2000, released documents that showed Carl Lewis had tested positive three times at

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