62-413: The Japanese word Sosai (Japanese:総裁, "Sōsai") means roughly "president" or "director-general". It is used in several ways: This office also exist in various sports, in particular budō , business and charitable organizations. The term is also used to translate the head of various foreign organizations. The most famous of such people is Sōsai Ōyama Masutatsu , who earned this appellation by creating
124-426: A karate style called Kyokushinkai and spreading karate in the western world. Mas Oyama is an exceptional icon to be called "Sosai" because of his contributions especially in the world of Martial Arts and in the overall history of Japan. Bud%C5%8D Budō ( 武道 ) is a Japanese term describing modern Japanese martial arts . Literally translated it means the "Martial Way", and may be thought of as
186-406: A book on western Catch wrestling . This worked, and kataguruma , or "shoulder wheel", remains part of the judo repertoire, although at this moment the judo organizations of some countries prohibit this throw in competition judo. On 5 August 1879, Kanō participated in a jūjutsu demonstration given for former United States president Ulysses S. Grant . This demonstration took place at the home of
248-482: A career in some government ministry. Indeed, through influential friends of his father's, he was initially offered a position with the Ministry of Finance. However, his love for teaching led him instead to accept a position teaching at Gakushuin. The students of Japan's elite attended Gakushuin and were of higher social positions than their teachers. The students were allowed to ride in rickshaws ( jinrikisha ) right to
310-459: A delicate difference; whereas bujutsu only gives attention to the physical part of fighting (how to best defeat an enemy), budo also gives attention to the mind and how one should develop oneself. The first significant occurrences of the word budō date back to the Kōyō Gunkan (16th century) and were used to describe the samurai lifestyle rather than the practice of martial techniques. The word
372-482: A demonstration by the Yōshin-ryū jūjutsu teacher Totsuka Hikosuke and later took part in randori with members of Totsuka's school. Kanō was impressed by the Yōshin-ryū practitioners and realized that he might never be able to beat someone as talented as Totsuka simply by training harder: he also needed to train smarter. It was this experience that first led Kanō to believe that to be truly superior, one needed to combine
434-576: A hundred bouts within that interval. During the late 1890s, the Kodokan moved two more times; first to a 207-mat space in November 1897, and then to a 314-mat space in January 1898. In 1909, Kanō incorporated the Kodokan, and endowed it with 10,000 yen (then about US$ 4,700). The reason, said Japan Times on 30 March 1913, was "so that this wonderful institution might be able to reconstruct, for that
496-554: A new system for physical culture and moral training as well as for winning contests." However, after judo was introduced into the Japanese public schools, a process that took place between 1906 and 1917, there was increasing standardization of kata and tournament technique. Kanō also oversaw the development and growth of his judo organization, the Kodokan Judo Institute . This was a remarkable effort in itself, as
558-413: A powerful build from jujitsu training. He was known for excellence in kata , and was also a specialist in atemi , or the striking of vital areas. In Iso's method, one began with kata and then progressed to free fighting ( randori ). Due to Kanō's intense practice and his solid grounding in the jujitsu taught by Fukuda, he was soon an assistant at Iso's school. In 1881, Fukuda's widow gave the scrolls of
620-553: A week to help teach. Kanō had only a handful of students at this time, but they improved their technique through regular contests with local police jūjutsu teams. The Kodokan moved to a 60-mat space in April 1890. In December 1893, the Kodokan started moving to a larger space located in Tomizaka-cho, Koishikawa-cho, and the move was completed by February 1894. The Kodokan's first kangeiko , or winter training, took place at
682-472: A week to support Kanō's teaching. Eventually student and master began to exchange places, and Kanō began to defeat Iikubo during randori : Usually it had been him that threw me. Now, instead of being thrown, I was throwing him with increasing regularity. I could do this despite the fact that he was of the Kito-ryu school and was especially adept at throwing techniques. This apparently surprised him, and he
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#1732794309281744-698: A year in Europe, and during this trip, he visited Paris , Berlin , Brussels , Amsterdam , and London . He returned to Japan in 1901. Soon after returning to Japan, he resumed his post as president of Tokyo Higher Normal School, and he remained in this position until his retirement on 16 January 1920. He also helped establish Nada Middle High School in 1928 at Kobe, which later became one of highest-ranked private high schools in Japan. Considering that he majored in political science and economics, Kanō's family thought that after graduating from university, he would pursue
806-414: Is a formal system of prearranged exercises, including, besides the aforementioned actions, hitting and kicking and the use of weapons, according to rules under which each combatant knows beforehand exactly what his opponent is going to do. The use of weapons and hitting and kicking is taught in kata and not in randori, because if these practices were resorted to in randori injury might well arise... As to
868-433: Is constructed. Judo is taught under two methods, one called randori, and the other kata. Randori, or Free Exercise, is practised under conditions of actual contest. It includes throwing, choking, holding down, and bending or twisting the opponent's arms or legs. The combatants may use whatever tricks they like, provided they do not hurt each other, and obey the general rules of judo etiquette. Kata, which literally means Form,
930-495: Is that a bujutsu is the martial art you practice, whereas a budo is the lifestyle you live and the path you walk by practicing a bujutsu. For example, one could say that judo and jujutsu practised as a martial art are one and the same, meaning that the practice of the art jujutsu leads to obtaining the lifestyle of judo (Judo was originally known as Kano Jujutsu, after judo's founder Kanō Jigorō ). That would also be true for arts such as kenjutsu / kendo and iaijutsu / iaido . Budō
992-406: Is the idea of formulating propositions, subjecting them to philosophical critique and then following a "path" to realize them. Dō signifies a "way of life". Dō in the Japanese context is an experiential term in the sense that practice (the way of life) is the norm to verify the validity of the discipline cultivated through a given art form. Modern budō has no external enemy, only the internal one:
1054-400: Is to perfect the self, and to make a contribution to society. In the old days, Jūjutsu practitioners focused their efforts on becoming strong, and did not give too much consideration to how they could put that strength to use. Similarly, Judo practitioners of today do not make sufficient efforts to understand the ultimate objective of Judo. Too much emphasis is placed on the process rather than
1116-458: Is typified by its practical application of technique to real-world or battlefield situations. Budō, meaning martial way, has a more philosophical emphasis, but in actual usage, budo is considered the general term for all martial arts in Japan. Many consider budō a more civilian form of martial arts, as an interpretation or evolution of the older bujutsu , which they categorize as a more militaristic style or strategy. According to this distinction,
1178-487: Is what it really does, the moral and physical nature of the Japanese youth, without its founder's personal attention." The Kodokan moved once again during Kanō's lifetime, and on 21 March 1934, the Kodokan dedicated this 510-mat facility. Guests at the opening included the Belgian, Italian, and Afghan ambassadors to Japan. In 1958, when the Kodokan moved to its current eight story facility, that now has more than 1200 mats,
1240-508: The Ministry of Education ( 文部省 , Monbushō ) from 1898 to 1901, and as president of Tokyo Higher Normal School from 1900 until 1920. He was the educational founder of Nada High School in Kobe, Japan. He played a key role in making judo and kendo part of the Japanese public school programs of the 1910s. Kanō was also a pioneer of international sports . Accomplishments included being
1302-596: The Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school of jūjutsu. Yagi, in turn, referred Kanō to Fukuda Hachinosuke, a bonesetter who taught Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū in a 10-mat room adjacent to his practice. Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū was itself a combination of two older schools: the Yōshin-ryū and Shin no Shindō-ryū. Fukuda's training method consisted mostly of the student taking fall after fall for the teacher or senior student until he began to understand
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#17327943092811364-528: The University of Tokyo in 1877 and graduated with a B.A. in Political Science and Philosophy in 1882. During his time at the university, he started looking for jūjutsu teachers. He first looked for bonesetters , called seifukushi . His assumption was that doctors who knew the martial art were better teachers. His search brought him to Yagi Teinosuke, who had been a student of Emon Isomata in
1426-459: The ego that must be fought. Similarly to budō, bujutsu is a compound of the roots bu (武), and jutsu (術:じゅつ), meaning technique. Thus, budō is translated as "martial way", or "the way of war" while bujutsu is translated as "science of war" or "martial craft." However, both budō and bujutsu are used interchangeably in English with the term "martial arts". Budo and bujutsu have quite
1488-517: The "Way of War" or the "Way of Martial Arts". Budō is a compound of the root bu ( 武 :ぶ; wǔ in Chinese), meaning "war" or "martial"; and dō ( 道 :どう; dào in Chinese), incorporating the character above for head and below for foot, meaning the unification of mind and body "path" or "way" (including the ancient Indic Dharmic and Buddhist conception of "path", or mārga in Sanskrit ). Budō
1550-703: The Department of Aesthetics and Morals. He graduated in July 1882, and the following month he began work as a professor, fourth class, at the Gakushuin , or Peers School, in Tokyo. In 1883, Kanō was appointed professor of economics at Komaba Agricultural College (now the Faculty of Agriculture at University of Tokyo), but during April 1885, he returned to Gakushuin, with the position of principal . In January 1891, Kanō
1612-566: The Kodokan's enrollment grew from fewer than a dozen students in 1882 to more than a thousand dan -graded members by 1911. In May or June 1882, Kanō started the Kodokan judo with twelve mats, in space belonging to the Eishō-ji ( 永昌寺 ) , a Buddhist temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of Taitō ward), with Iikubo attending the dōjō three days
1674-405: The Tomizaka-cho dojo during the winter of 1894–1895. Midsummer training, or shochugeiko , started in 1896. "In order to inure the pupil to the two extremes of heat and cold and to cultivate the virtue of perseverance", Britain's E.J. Harrison wrote: all [Japanese judo] dojo including the Kodokan hold special summer and winter exercises. For the former, the hottest month of the year, August, and
1736-432: The art, despite Nakai's insistence that such training was out of date and dangerous. By the time Kanō moved to Kaisei Academy , his bullying had died off, but his interest on jujutsu had not. His father also discouraged him from jūjutsu, as he ignored the bullying his son had suffered, but after noting Kanō's deep interest of the art, he allowed him to train on condition Kanō would strive to master it. Kanō matriculated at
1798-557: The best elements of several ryū , or schools, of jūjutsu including Yagyu Shingan-ryū Taijutsu. Toward this end, he began to seek teachers who could provide him with superior elements of jūjutsu that he could adopt. After Iso died in 1881, Kanō began training in Kitō-ryū with Iikubo Tsunetoshi (Kōnen). Iikubo was an expert in kata and throwing, and fond of randori . Kanō applied himself thoroughly to learning Kitō-ryū, believing Iikubo's throwing techniques in particular to be better than in
1860-518: The contest is… A main feature of the art is the application of the principles of non-resistance and taking advantage of the opponent's loss of equilibrium; hence the name jūjutsu (literally soft or gentle art), or judo (doctrine of softness or gentleness)... ...of the principle of the Maximum Efficiency in Use of Mind and Body. On this principle the whole fabric of the art and science of judo
1922-628: The couple had six daughters and three sons. During the summer of 1892, Kanō went to Shanghai to help establish a program that would allow Chinese students to study in Japan. Kanō revisited Shanghai during 1905, 1915, and 1921. In January 1898, Kanō was appointed director of primary education at the Ministry of Education, and in August 1899, he received a grant that allowed him to study in Europe. His ship left Yokohama on 13 September 1899, and he arrived in Marseilles on 15 October. He spent about
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1984-412: The doors of the classes, whereas teachers were forbidden. The teachers often felt compelled to visit the homes of these students whenever summoned to give instruction or advice. In effect, the teachers were treated as servants. Kanō believed this to be unacceptable. He refused to play such a subservient role when teaching his students. To Kanō, a teacher must command respect. At the same time, he employed
2046-434: The family business. Instead he worked as a lay priest and as a senior clerk for a shipping line. Kanō's father was a great believer in the power of education in the modern world, and he provided Jigorō, his third son, with an excellent education. The boy's early teachers included the neo-Confucian scholars Yamamoto Chikuun and Akita Shusetsu . Kanō's mother died when the boy was nine years old, after which his father moved
2108-453: The family to Tokyo . The young Kanō was enrolled in private schools , and had his own English language tutor. In 1874 he was sent to a private school run by Europeans, Ikuei Academy, to improve his English and German language skills. At the time of his adolescence, Kanō stood 1.57 m (5 ft 2 in) but weighed only 41 kg (90 lb). He was frequently bullied at Ikuei due to this small size and his intellectual nature, to
2170-620: The fifth headmaster of the Kitō-ryū, had adopted when he founded his own style, the Jikishin-ryū: " jūdō ". The name combined the characters jū ( 柔 ) , meaning "pliancy", and dō , which is literally "The Way", but figuratively meaning 'method.' From a technical standpoint, Kanō combined the throwing techniques of the Kitō-ryū and the choking and pinning techniques of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū. As such, judo's Koshiki no Kata preserves
2232-687: The first Asian member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) (he served from 1909 until 1938); officially representing Japan at most Olympic Games held between 1912 and 1936; and serving as a leading spokesman for Japan's bid for the 1940 Olympic Games . His official honors and decorations included the First Order of Merit and Grand Order of the Rising Sun and the Third Imperial Degree. Kanō
2294-478: The hottest time of the day, from 1 pm, are chosen; and for the latter commencing in January, the pupils start wrestling at four o'clock in the morning and keep it up until seven or eight. The summer practice is termed shochugeiko and the winter practice kangeiko. There is likewise the 'number exercise' on the last day of the winter practice when as a special test of endurance, the pupils practice from 4 am till 2 pm and not infrequently go through as many as
2356-734: The introduction of the Kodokan Bunkakai, or Kodokan Cultural Association. This organization held its first meeting at Tokyo's Seiyoken Hotel on 5 April 1922, and held its first public lecture three days later at the YMCA hall in Kanda. The mottoes of the Kodokan Cultural Association were "Good Use of Spiritual and Physical Strength" and "Prospering in Common for Oneself and Others." Although those are literal translations,
2418-668: The latest European and American pedagogical methods. The theories of the American educator John Dewey especially influenced him. Kanō's manner had the desired effect upon the students, but the administration was slower to warm to his methods and it was not until the arrival of a new principal that Kanō's ideas found acceptance. All this is to say that Kanō's educational philosophy was a combination of both traditional Japanese neo-Confucianism and contemporary European and American philosophies, to include Instrumentalism , Utilitarianism , and "evolutionary progressivism", as Social Darwinism
2480-440: The martial arts of the past, if the martial arts practitioners of the past had things that are of value, those who practice judo should pass all those things on. Among these, the samurai spirit should be celebrated even in today's society" In 1915, Kanō gave this definition to judo: Judo is the way of the highest or most efficient use of both physical and mental energy. Through training in the attack and defence techniques of judo,
2542-412: The mechanics of the technique. Fukuda stressed applied technique over ritual form. He gave beginners a short description of the technique and had them engage in free practice ( randori ) in order to teach through experience. It was only after the student had attained some proficiency that he taught them traditional forms ( kata ). This method was difficult, as there were no special mats for falling, only
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2604-444: The modern civilian art de-emphasizes practicality and effectiveness in favor of personal development from a fitness or spiritual perspective. The difference is between the more "civilian" versus "military" aspects of combat and personal development. They see budō and bujutsu as representing a particular strategy or philosophy regarding combat systems, but still, the terms are rather loosely applied and often interchangeable. One view
2666-607: The moral phase of judo, – not to speak of the discipline of the exercise room involving the observance of the regular rules of etiquette, courage, and perseverance, kindness to and respect for others, impartiality and fair play so much emphasized in Western athletic training, – judo has special importance in Japan... Although Kanō promoted judo whenever he could, he earned his living as an educator. Kanō entered Tokyo Imperial University during June 1877. He majored in political science and economics , which at that time were taught by
2728-421: The objective, and many only desire to become strong and be able to defeat their opponents. Of course, I am not negating the importance of wanting to become strong or skilled. However, it must be remembered that this is just part of the process for a greater objective... The worth of all people is dependent on how they spend their life making contributions. During March 1922, Kanō brought all this to fruition through
2790-764: The old building was sold to the Japan Karate Association . On 18 April 1888, Kanō and Reverend Thomas Lindsay presented a lecture called "Jiujitsu: The Old Samurai Art of Fighting without Weapons" to the Asiatic Society of Japan. This lecture took place at the British Embassy in Tokyo . Its theme was that the main principle of judo involved gaining victory by yielding to strength. Being an idealist, Kanō had broad aims for judo, which he saw as something that simultaneously encompassed self-defense, physical culture, and moral behavior. Since
2852-513: The phrases were usually translated into English as "Maximum Efficiency with Minimum Effort" and "Mutual Welfare and Benefit." The theories of this organization were described in some detail in an article published in an American magazine Living Age in September 1922. The purpose of my talk is to treat of judo as a culture: physical, mental, and moral, – but as it is based on the art of attack and defense, I shall first explain what this judo of
2914-493: The point other students sometimes dragged him out of the school buildings to beat him up, so he wished he were stronger in order to defend himself. One day, Nakai Baisei, a friend of the family who was a member of the shōgun ' s guard, mentioned that jūjutsu was an excellent form of physical training, and showed Kanō a few techniques by which a smaller man might overcome a larger and stronger opponent. Seeing potential for self-defense on this, Kanō decided he wanted to learn
2976-460: The practitioner nurtures their physical and mental strength, and gradually embodies the essence of the Way of Judo. Thus, the ultimate objective of Judo discipline is to be utilized as a means to self-perfection, and thenceforth to make a positive contribution to society. In 1918, Kanō added: Don't think about what to do after you become strong – I have repeatedly stressed that the ultimate goal of Judo
3038-413: The prominent businessman Shibusawa Eiichi . Other people involved in this demonstration included the jūjutsu teachers Fukuda Hachinosuke and Iso Masatomo, and Kanō's training partner Godai Ryusaku. Fukuda died soon after this demonstration, at the age of 52. Kanō began studying with Iso, who had been a friend of Fukuda. Despite being 62 years old and standing only 5 feet (1.52 m) tall, Iso had gained
3100-469: The school to Kanō, then 21 years old. Some popular works suggest that Kanō obtained a teaching license in this school, but this has not been documented: no Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū certificate(s) with Kanō's name visible is depicted anywhere in the Kōdōkan museum or in any published source. Neither is such rank specified in any authentic Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū archival documents. While under Iso's tutelage, Kanō witnessed
3162-527: The schools he had previously studied. It is Iikubo who issued Kanō a documented jūjutsu rank and teaching credential, namely a certificate of menkyo (not menkyo kaiden ) in Nihonden Kitō Jūdō , dated October 1883. During the early 1880s, there was no clear separation between the jūjutsu that Kanō was teaching and the jūjutsu that his teachers had taught in the past. Kanō's Kitō-ryū teacher, Iikubo Tsunetoshi, came to Kanō's classes two or three times
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#17327943092813224-459: The spirit of Judo live in their daily lives. If we consider Judo first as a physical exercise, we should remember that our bodies should not be stiff, but free, quick and strong. We should be able to move properly in response to our opponent's unexpected attacks. We should also not forget to make full use of every opportunity during our practice to improve our wisdom and virtue. These are the ideal principles of my Judo. "Because judo developed based on
3286-423: The standard straw mats ( tatami ) laid over wooden floors. Kanō had trouble defeating Fukushima Kanekichi, who was one of his seniors at the school. Therefore, Kanō started trying unfamiliar techniques on his rival. He first tried techniques from sumo taught by a former practitioner named Uchiyama Kisoemon. When these did not help, he studied more, and tried a technique (" fireman's carry ") that he learned from
3348-407: The throw... I told Mr. Iikubo about this, explaining that the throw should be applied after one has broken the opponent's posture. Then he said to me: "This is right. I am afraid I have nothing more to teach you." Soon afterward, I was initiated in the mystery of Kito-ryu jujitsu and received all his books and manuscripts of the school. To name his system, Kanō revived a term that Terada Kan'emon,
3410-498: The traditional forms of the Kitō-ryū with only minor differences from the mainline tradition. Similarly, many of the techniques (but not the forms) of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū are preserved in the Kime no Kata . Kanō's initial work was influenced by various methods and institutions. As he wrote in 1898, "By taking together all the good points I had learned of the various schools and adding thereto my own inventions and discoveries, I devised
3472-447: The use of black and white belts , and the introduction of dan ranking to show the relative ranking among members of a martial art style. Well-known mottoes attributed to Kanō include "maximum efficiency minimal effort" ( 精力善用 , seiryoku zen'yō ) and "mutual welfare and benefit" ( 自他共栄 , jita kyōei ) . In his professional life, Kanō was an educator . Important postings included serving as director of primary education for
3534-500: The very beginning, I had been categorizing Judo into three parts, rentai-ho, shobu-ho, and shushin-ho. Rentai-ho refers to Judo as a physical exercise, while shobu-ho is Judo as a martial art. Shushin-ho is the cultivation of wisdom and virtue as well as the study and application of the principles of Judo in our daily lives. I therefore anticipated that practitioners would develop their bodies in an ideal manner, to be outstanding in matches, and also to improve their wisdom and virtue and make
3596-484: Was appointed to a position at the Ministry of Education. In August 1891, he gave up this position to become a dean at the Fifth Higher Normal School (present-day Kumamoto University ). One of the teachers at Fifth Higher between 1891 and 1893 was Lafcadio Hearn . Around this same time, Kanō married. His wife, Sumako Takezoe, was the daughter of a former Japanese ambassador to Korea . Eventually,
3658-531: Was featured in the Summer Olympic Games demonstration programme in 1964 . Kan%C5%8D Jigor%C5%8D Kanō Jigorō ( 嘉納 治五郎 , 10 December 1860 – 4 May 1938 ) was a Japanese judoka, educator, politician, and the founder of judo . Judo was one of the first Japanese martial arts to gain widespread international recognition, and the first to become an official Olympic sport . Pedagogical innovations attributed to Kanō include
3720-552: Was inducted as the first member of the International Judo Federation (IJF) Hall of Fame on 14 May 1999. Kanō Jigorō was born to a sake -brewing family in the town of Mikage, Japan (now within Higashinada-ku, Kobe ). The family sake brands included "Hakushika", "Hakutsuru", and "Kiku-Masamune". However, Kanō's father Kanō Jirōsaku (née Mareshiba Jirōsaku) was an adopted son and he did not go into
3782-563: Was later re-theorized and redefined to the definition we know today. First by Nishikubo Hiromichi and the Dai Nippon Butokukai when the name of their vocational school for martial arts was changed from bujutsu senmon gakkō to budō senmon gakkō . And later by Kanō Jigorō , judo 's founder, when he chose to name his art judo instead of jujutsu . In modern history usage, bujutsu translates as martial art , military science , or military strategy depending on context, and
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#17327943092813844-406: Was quite upset over it for quite a while. What I had done was quite unusual. But it was the result of my study of how to break the posture of the opponent . It was true that I had been studying the problem for quite some time, together with that of reading the opponent's motion. But it was here that I first tried to apply thoroughly the principle of breaking the opponent's posture before moving in for
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