Shahmukhi ( Punjabi : شاہ مُکھی , pronounced [ʃäː(ɦ)˦.mʊ.kʰiː] , lit. ' from the king's mouth ' ) is the right-to-left alphabet, developed from the Perso-Arabic script , used for the Punjabi language varieties , predominantly in Pakistan . It is generally written in the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand. Shahmukhi is one of the two standard scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurmukhi used officially in India .
9-603: Sāwaṇ or Sāuṇ ( Shahmukhi : ساؤݨ ; Gurmukhi : ਸਾਵਣ, ਸਾਉਣ , Punjabi pronunciation: [saːʋəɳᵊ, saːʊɳᵊ] ) is the fifth month in the Punjabi calendar and the Nanakshahi calendar . Many Indian calendars started in different eras such as Shaka Calendar (national calendar of India) traditional Vikrama as well as the Nanakshahi calendar which governs the activities within Sikhism . This month coincides with
18-622: A /ʰ/ or a /ʱ/ , this letter is mainly used as part of the multitude of digraphs, detailed above. Characters added which differ from Urdu include: لؕ to represent /ɭ/ and ݨ to represent /ɳ/ . These characters, however are rarely used. The letter ژ is pronounced 'j' in French or as vi si on in English and the letter ع is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic and Persian words. Voiced retroflex stop The voiced retroflex plosive or stop
27-625: Is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ ɖ ⟩ , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d` . Like all the retroflex consonants , the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d , the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant . Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu , have
36-534: Is written from right to left, while Gurmukhi is written from left to right. Shahmukhi has 36 primary letters with some other additional letters. Before the advent of Shahmukhi, writing systems were not popular for the Old Punjabi varieties . The name 'Shahmukhi' is a recent coinage, imitating its counterpart 'Gurmukhi'. However, the writing of Punjabi in the Perso-Arabic script is well-attested from
45-934: The Urdu alphabet , but contains additional letters representing the Punjabi phonology . For writing Saraiki , an extended Shahmukhi is used that includes 4 additional letters for the implosive consonants ( ٻ, ڄ, ݙ, ڳ ). Like Urdu, Shahmukhi also has diacritics, which are implied - a convention retained from the original Arabic script , to express short vowels. (ن٘) No Punjabi words begin with ں , ھ , or ے . Words which begin with ڑ are exceedingly rare, but some have been documented in Shahmukhi dictionaries such as Iqbal Salahuddin's Waddi Punjabi Lughat . The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows. In addition, ل and لؕ form ligatures with ا : لا ( ـلا ) and لؕا ( ـلؕا ). Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent
54-623: The 13th century onwards with the first major works produced by Baba Farid . According to Dhavan, Punjabi began to adopt the script as a "side effect" of educational practices in Mughal -era Punjab , when Punjabi Muslims learned the Persian language in order to participate in Mughal society. Educational materials taught Persian to Punjabi speakers by using Punjabi written in Persian's alphabet, which
63-898: The Sanskrit श्रावण Shraavana in the Hindu calendar and the Indian national calendar , with which it shares derivation, and with July and August in the Gregorian and Julian calendars and is 31 days long, like the Gregorian and Julian calendars. This month is the most humid month of the year in South Asia. Shahmukhi Most of the classical Punjabi literature has been produced in Shahmukhi; used by major Muslim writers including Baba Farid , Bulleh Shah , Waris Shah , Sultan Bahu , and Mian Muhammad Bakhsh , among others. Shahmukhi
72-557: The special sounds that are only in Punjabi, which already have additional letters added to the Arabic base itself to represent sounds not present in Arabic. Characters added which differ from Persian but not Urdu include: ٹ to represent /ʈ/ , ڈ to represent /ɖ/ , ڑ to represent /ɽ/ , ں to represent /◌̃/ , and ے to represent /ɛ:/ or /e:/ . Furthermore, a separate do-cashmi- he letter, ھ , exists to denote
81-522: Was a novel innovation. This was one of the first attempts at standardising the Punjabi language; prior to this, Punjabi was primarily a spoken language, not formally taught in schools. Shackle suggests that the Gurmukhi script was not favoured by Punjabi Muslims due to its religious (Sikh) connotations. Shahmukhi script is a modified version of the Arabic script 's Persian alphabet . It is identical to
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