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32-585: The name Saimaa likely comes from a non-Uralic, non-Indo European substrate language. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the name may be connected to the Sami word sápmi . The lake was formed by glacial melting at the end of the Ice Age . Major towns on the lakeshore include Lappeenranta , Imatra , Savonlinna , Mikkeli , Varkaus , and Joensuu . About 6,000 years ago, ancient Lake Saimaa, estimated to cover nearly 9,000 km (3,500 sq mi) at

64-522: A high number of words with an obscure origin, likely deriving from old languages of the region. Nganasan language The Nganasan language (formerly called тавгийский , tavgiysky , or тавгийско-самоедский , tavgiysko-samoyedsky in Russian; from the ethnonym тавги , tavgi ) is a moribund Samoyedic language spoken by the Nganasan people . Nganasan is the most divergent language of

96-520: A network of waterways . These waterways are mainly used to transport wood , minerals , metals , pulp and other cargo , though tourists also use the waterways. Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate refers to substratum loanwords from unidentified non- Indo-European and non- Uralic languages that are found in various Finno-Ugric languages , most notably Sami . The presence of Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate in Sami languages

128-1161: A rather low level of socioeconomic development in pre-Sami cultures. Some possible substrate words can also be found in Finnish . There are also some examples of possible substrate words the hypothetical Finno-Volgaic languages group that differ from the Pre-Sami substrate, i.e. Proto-Finno-Volgaic * täštä 'star', or * kümmin 'ten'. Some words in Finno-Volgaic languages contain rare consonant clusters, which suggests loanwords from unknown languages. Finnish words such as jauho ('flour'), lehmä ('cow'), tähti ('star'), tammi ('oak') and ihminen ('human') could be substrate words. Aikio (2021) lists some other substrate vocabulary as: Irregular correspondences among Uralic languages are frequent among some words, such as 'to milk' and ' hazelnut '. These are presumed to be non-native loanwords by Aikio (2021): Some toponyms in Finland appear to be of non-Uralic origin; for example,

160-512: A week. The Ust'ye Avam pupils no longer have this education, as their school closed after it burned down in 2012. In 2019 professor Beáta Wagner-Nagy, who did fieldwork at Taimyr, reported the following. Radio Taimyr , with its station in Dudinka have their broadcasts in Nganasan language daily since 1990, but these programs are only of 10–15 minutes long. 24 percent of Nganasan do listen to

192-490: A word koita regularly appears in hydronyms for long and narrow bodies of water and is thus probably the continuation of the native word for 'long, narrow'. Many other toponyms in Finland seem to come from a substrate language or from multiple substrate languages: among these are Saimaa , Imatra , Päijänne , and Inari . There are also toponyms from a substrate language in Sápmi ; for example, an ending -ir (< *-ērē)

224-527: Is commonly found in names of mountains and is probably the continuation of the substrate word for 'mountain'. Other such toponymic words are *skiečč 'watershed', * čār- 'uppermost (lake)', * jeak(k) - 'isolated mountain', *nus - 'mountain top on the edge of a mountain area', * sāl- 'large island in the sea', *čiest - 'seashore cliff', and * inč- 'outermost island'. There are irregularities in Sami substrate words which suggest they might have been borrowed from distinct, but related languages. In

256-531: Is dotted with islands, and narrow canals divide the lake in many parts, each having its own name (major basins include Orivesi , Puruvesi , Haukivesi , Yövesi , Pihlajavesi , and Pyhäselkä , among others). The southernmost major basin is sometimes called "Suur-Saimaa", or "Greater Saimaa", but this is not an official name. Saimaa exhibits all major types of lake in Finland at different levels of eutrophication . Finland's Ministry for Foreign Affairs describes

288-662: Is the Saimaa salmon . Due to its rich, easily accessible asbestos deposits, the shores of the lake are the most probable origin of asbestos-ceramic , a type of pottery made between c. 1900 BC – 200 AD. The areas around Saimaa lake are a very popular location for summer cabins as well as lake cruises. The Saimaa Canal from Lauritsala ( Lappeenranta ) to Vyborg connects Saimaa to the Gulf of Finland . Other canals connect Saimaa to smaller lakes in Eastern Finland and form

320-467: Is used with transitive words. The reflexive conjugation is used for some intransitive verbs. Each conjugation type has its own personal endings. There are three subtypes of objective conjugation endings that correspond to object number. Nganasan has a broad mood paradigm with nine forms: indicative, imperative, interrogative, inferential, renarrative, irrealis, optative, admissive-cohortive, debitive, abessive and prohibitive. Mood forms are mostly built with

352-570: The Samoyedic branch of the Uralic language family (Janhunen 1998). There are two main dialects , Avam ( авамский говор , avamsky govor ) and Vadeyev ( Russian : вадеевский говор , romanized :  vadeyevsky govor ). A part of the vocabulary can be traced to elements of unknown substrate origin, which are roughly twice as common in Nganasan than in other Samoyedic languages such as Nenets or Enets , and bear no apparent resemblance to

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384-712: The Taimyr peninsula . According to Aikio, the speakers of the Proto-Samic language arrived in Lapland around 650 BC and fully assimilated the local Paleo-European populations by the middle of 1st millennium AD. In his opinion, the detailed reconstruction of these languages is impossible. The languages of more eastern post- Swiderian cultures might have influenced Finno-Ugric languages as well. According to Peter Schrijver , some of these substrate languages probably had many geminated consonants. A lexical comparison with

416-465: The Saimaa basin (an area larger than the lake) as a "maze of detail": according to an English-language statement, the area includes 14,000 islands and "more shoreline here per unit of area than anywhere else in the world, the total length being nearly 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi)." An endangered freshwater seal , the Saimaa ringed seal , lives only at Saimaa. Another of the lake's endangered species

448-545: The constituents they modify. The relative construction is always placed immediately before the modified constituent, whereas other types of constructions allow other constituents to interfere. The word order in such construction is the same as in simple sentences (Tereščenko, 1973). Coordination is most often achieved by means of intonation. Sometimes pronominal and adverbial derivatives can be used as conjunctions. For example, adverb ŋonə 'also' can be used as conjunction. The category of conjunctions may be undergoing formation under

480-419: The corresponding possessed forms of the postposition na- . Other pronouns are inflected like nouns (Helimski, 1998). Verbs agree with their subjects in person and number, and have three conjugation types. Like other Samoyedic languages, Nganasan has the opposition of perfective and imperfective verbs. The subjective conjugation is used when there is no object or the object is focused. The objective conjugation

512-508: The first of these only happens in word-initial syllables. /ⁱa/ does not occur after palatal consonants, having been neutralized into /a/ . /o/ does not occur after labial consonants, having unrounded to /ə/ in this position. One of the main features of Nganasan is consonant gradation , which concerns the consonant phonemes /h, t, k, s/ alternating with /b, d, g, ɟ/ and their nasal combinations /ŋh, nt, ŋk, ns/ with /mb, nd, ŋg, ɲɟ/ . The language's Cyrillic -based alphabet

544-415: The form of personal, negative or demonstrative pronouns can be inserted between the negative auxiliary and the main verb (Wagner-Nagy, 2011). There are a few negative verbs other than ni- , such as kasa — "nearly", ləði — "vainly", əku — "maybe", and ŋuəli — "of course", but their functionality is restricted, with only ni- having a full paradigm. Existential sentences are negated with

576-401: The heads in case, and adjectives also agree with the head in number. The case agreement is only complete in grammatical cases; in locative cases the attribute gets genitive form. There are no prepositions in Nganasan, postpositions are composite parts of words and also require the attributes in genitive cases. Possession is expressed with genitive construction or by a possessive suffix attached to

608-479: The help of affixation but special particles are also sometimes used. All mood forms, except the imperative, have the same personal suffixes. Tenses are distinguished in the indicative, imperative and interrogative moods (Tereščenko, 1979). Most corresponding imperfective and perfective stems have the same root, but in rare cases the roots can be different. The aspectual opposition between imperfective and perfective verbs remains semantic in most verbal forms. However, in

640-563: The hypothetical Pre-Germanic substratum yields no results. Some examples of Kildin Sami words and corresponding Northern Sami cognates without convincing Uralic /Finno-Ugric (or any other) etymologies: Most of these words have cognates in all Sami languages. A more extensive list of such words can be found in G. M. Kert 's 2009 work on Sami toponymics. Semantically, pre-Sami substrate consists mostly of basic vocabulary terms (i.e. human body parts) and nature/animal names, and lacks terms of kinship and societal organization, which suggests

672-573: The indicative mood it is used to express present continuous and present perfect meanings, respectively. In this case, the opposition is present formally: imperfective verbs take imperfective suffixes and the perfective ones have the perfective suffixes (Helimski, 1998). Imperfective verbs can also express future meanings. These forms are not considered tense in the strict sense. The proper tense forms of past and future include past, past perfect, future, future-in-the past (Katzschmann, 2008). sG kotumunə hireə "worth killing" sLat niimsiəm kotomundə "I

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704-418: The negative existential predicate d'aŋku or its derivative stem d'anguj- . D'aŋku can only be used in present indicative as it behaves like a noun: it takes nominal predicative endings. D'anguj- (a composite of d'aŋku and ij- "be") is used for all other tense/mood combinations. Subordination is typically formed by constructions with non-finite verbal forms. Such constructions are usually placed before

736-412: The neighboring Tungusic and Yukaghir languages . The source of this substrate remains a mystery so far. Compulsory education did not exist for Nganasans until the 1930s. Until then, Nganasans were illiterate with no exceptions. Not many Nganasans spoke Russian; any spoken Russian would not be in standard Russian. Rather, it would be a pidgin called Taimyr Pidgin Russian or Govorka. The first school

768-440: The possessed (Helimski, 1998; Katzschmann, 2008). Nganasan is a pro-drop language: pronominal subjects are often omitted when the verb conjugation type is subjective (Tereščenko, 1979). Standard negation is expressed by negative auxiliary ( ńi- ) followed by the main verb in connegative form marked with ʔ, e.g. ńi-ndɨ-m konɨʔ "I do not go". All inflectional markers are taken by the negation auxiliary (Gusev, 2015). Objects in

800-967: The radio program; some more want to but do not have a radio set. There are no TV broadcasts in Nganasan. Since 1993, the newspaper Sovetsky Taimyr (renamed to Taimyr after the collapse of the Soviet Union ) has been irregularly publishing news and other stories in Nganasan. Nganasan has 10 vowel phonemes and 21 consonant phonemes. Several disyllabic sequences of vowels are possible: The sequences / ⁱai / and / iu / also occur, but only across morpheme boundaries. The vowels /e/ and /o/ only occur in initial syllables. Vowels can be divided two pairs of groups based on harmony: Front /ⁱa e i y/ vs Back /a o ɨ u/ , and Unrounded /ⁱa e i ɨ/ vs Rounded /a o y u/ . Backness harmony only applies to high vowels. Front vowels do not occur after initial dental consonants. /ə ɨ u/ do not occur after palatal consonants, as they have fronted to /e i y/ , although

832-441: The sentence focus, especially in emphatic speech. The focused constituent usually immediately precedes the verb. Wagner-Nagy (2010) suggests that Nganasan is similar to Hungarian in its behavior, in that its word order is determined by pragmatic factors rather than being fixed. On the phrase level, the attributes within the noun phrase usually precede the noun and become focused when placed after it. Numerals and adjectives agree with

864-407: The time, was abruptly discharged through a new outlet. The event created thousands of square kilometres of new residual wetlands. Following this event, the region saw a population maximum in the decades following only to later return to an ecological development towards old boreal conifer forests which saw a decline in population. The Vuoksi River flows from Saimaa to Lake Ladoga . Most of the lake

896-752: The west, the substrate languages probably had an s-type sibilant which corresponds to an š-type sibilant in the east. As we only have fragments of Lakelandic Sami which were preserved in Finnish placenames and dialectal vocabulary, the features of the Paleo-Lakelandic substrate in Lakelandic Sami cannot be studied. Many placenames in Finland come from Sami words of unknown origin which are likely substrate words, such as jokuu from Proto-Sami *čuokōs ‘track, way’. The Sami substrate in Finnish dialects also reveals that Lakelandic Sami languages had

928-525: Was afraid to kill" sEla + s1 kotumu(ng)ətənə "so that I do not kill", etc. sLoc + s1 koðaʔmuəntənunə "where I killed", etc. sLat koðutundə "when killed" koðutundənə "when I killed" s3 kotunagətu "in order that he killed", etc. The dominating word order in Nganasan is SOV, similar to other Samoyedic languages. However, Nganasan is considered to exhibit more freedom in word order than other languages of its group. According to Tereščenko (1979), other types of word orders are used for shifting

960-719: Was demonstrated by Ante Aikio . Janne Saarikivi  [ fi ] points out that similar substrate words are present in Finnic languages as well, but in much smaller numbers. The number of substrate words in Sámi likely exceeds one thousand words. Borrowing to Saami from Paleo-Laplandic probably still took place after the completion of the Great Saami Vowel Shift . Paleo-Laplandic likely became extinct about 1500 years ago. The Nganasan language also has many substrate words from unknown extinct languages in

992-646: Was devised in the 1990s: Nouns in Nganasan have the grammatical categories of number (singular, dual, plural), case (nominative, genitive, accusative, lative, locative, elative, prolative, comitative) and possessivity (non-possessive versus possessive forms). Nganasan lacks determiners; however, the possessive forms of second person singular and third person singular can be used to express definiteness (Katzschmann, 2008). Nganasan has personal, demonstrative, interrogative, negative and determinative pronouns. Personal pronouns are not inflected: their grammatical case forms coincide and their local case forms are expressed by

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1024-496: Was founded in Dudinka in 1920. After its foundation, other villages started to have schools. Russian was taught as the primary language in these schools, not only because the administration desired to Russify the population, but also due to the fact Nganasan was spoken rather than written until the 1980s. In schools, there are some learning materials for some age groups: Volochanka pupils only learn their heritage language 2 times

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