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40-627: Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park in Cornish, New Hampshire , preserves the home, gardens, and studios of Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1848–1907), one of America's foremost sculptors. The house and grounds of the National Historic Site served as his summer residence from 1885 to 1897, his permanent home from 1900 until his death in 1907, and the center of the Cornish Art Colony . There are three hiking trails that explore

80-412: A century later, the simple box form of mast was arrived at. Although sailing ships were superseded by engine-powered ships in the 19th century, recreational sailing ships and yachts continue to be designed and constructed. In the 1930s aluminum masts were introduced on large J-class yachts . An aluminum mast has considerable advantages over a wooden one: it is lighter and slimmer than a wooden one of

120-471: A female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. Of all households 21.2% were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.02. In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 31.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

160-534: A fundamental transformation in Mediterranean navigation: the lateen which had long evolved on smaller Greco-Roman craft replaced the square rig , the chief sail type of the ancients, that practically disappeared from the record until the 14th century (while it remained dominant in northern Europe). The dromon , the lateen-rigged and oared bireme of the Byzantine navy , almost certainly had two masts,

200-592: A larger foremast and one midships. Their length has been estimated at 12 m and 8 m respectively, somewhat smaller than the Sicilian war galleys of the time. Multiple-masted sailing ships were reintroduced into the Mediterranean Sea by the Late Middle Ages . Large vessels were coming more and more into use and the need for additional masts to control these ships adequately grew with

240-621: A national historical park. The centerpieces of Aspet are its main house, built 1816–17 with Federal styling, which underwent a series of alterations by Saint-Gaudens, with design work by George Fletcher Babb , and the Little Studio, also designed by Babb and built in 1903–04 to replace earlier studios. The grounds are landscaped with hedges and terraced gardens, in which reproductions of works by Saint-Gaudens are displayed. The gardens were designed by Saint-Gaudens and landscape architect Ellen Shipman . The grounds also include an outdoor room,

280-540: A prestige object commissioned by king Hiero II of Syracuse and devised by the polymath Archimedes around 240 BC, and other Syracusan merchant ships of the time. The imperial grain freighters travelling the routes between Alexandria and Rome also included three-masted vessels. A mosaic in Ostia (c. 200 AD) depicts a freighter with a three-masted rig entering Rome's harbour. Special craft could carry many more masts: Theophrastus ( Hist. Plant. 5.8.2) records how

320-467: A sizable foresail rigged on a slightly inclined foremast is depicted in an Etruscan tomb painting from 475 to 450 BC. An artemon ( Greek for foresail) almost the same size as the galley 's mainsail can be found on a Corinthian krater as early as the late 6th century BC; apart from that Greek longships are uniformly shown without it until the 4th century BC. In the East, ancient Indian Kingdoms like

360-436: A steel mast of an equivalent strength can be smaller in diameter than an aluminum mast, allowing less turbulence and a better airflow onto the sail. From the mid-1990s racing yachts introduced the use of carbon fibre and other composite materials to construct masts with even better strength-to-weight ratios. Carbon fibre masts could also be constructed with more precisely engineered aerodynamic profiles. Modern masts form

400-626: A studio away from the summer heat of New York City . Artist friends followed him, including painter and illustrator Maxfield Parrish , who designed and built his estate, the Oaks, in the area. The surrounding area became the center of the popular Cornish Art Colony . Cornish was the residence of the reclusive author J. D. Salinger from the 1950s until his death in 2010. Until 2008, when the Smolen–Gulf Bridge opened in Ohio , Cornish had been home to

440-643: Is dotted with several small villages, including Cornish Center, Cornish Flat , Cornish City, Cornish Mills, South Cornish, Balloch , and Squag City. Cornish is served by state routes 12A and 120 , both of which connect Claremont to the south with Lebanon to the north. As of the 2020 Census, the total population was 1,616, with a total of 761 housing units, 707 of which were occupied. The town's residents consisted of 1 American Indian or Alaska Native, 9 Asian, 7 Black or African American, 12 Some Other Race, 92 Two or More Races, and 1,495 White. 18 residents were Hispanic or Latino, and 1,494 Not Hispanic or Latino. As of

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480-431: Is the mainmast. This contrasts with a ketch or a yawl , where the after mast, and its principal sail, is clearly the smaller of the two, so the terminology is (from forward) mainmast and mizzen. (In a yawl, the term "jigger" is occasionally used for the aftermast.) Some two-masted luggers have a fore-mast and a mizzen-mast – there is no main-mast. This is because these traditional types used to have three masts, but it

520-610: The Kalinga from as early as 2nd century are believed to have commanded naval sail ships. One of the earliest documented evidence of Indian sail building comes from the mural of the three-masted ship in Ajanta caves that date back to 400–500 CE. The foremast became fairly common on Roman galleys , where, inclined at an angle of 45°, it was more akin to a bowsprit , and the foresail set on it, reduced in size, seems to be used rather as an aid to steering than for propulsion. While most of

560-719: The National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966. The Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site was authorized by Congress on August 31, 1964, and established on May 30, 1977. Besides a portion of the Appalachian National Scenic Trail , this is the only NPS site in New Hampshire . The NPS later acquired two adjacent properties associated with Saint-Gaudens and the Cornish Art Colony, which were formally incorporated in

600-545: The Romans imported Corsican timber by way of a huge raft propelled by as many as fifty masts and sails. Throughout antiquity , both foresail and mizzen remained secondary in terms of canvas size, although large enough to require full running rigging . In late antiquity , the foremast lost most of its tilt, standing nearly upright on some ships. By the onset of the Early Middle Ages , rigging had undergone

640-862: The Sugar River in Claremont before that river joins the Connecticut. The long ridge of Croydon Mountain follows the eastern boundary of town; the highest point in town is a knob on Croydon Mountain which reaches an elevation of 2,323 ft (708 m) above sea level . The eastern part of the town is a portion of the approximately 25,000-acre (100 km ) Blue Mountain Forest Association private game preserve, also known locally as Corbin Park , named after its founder, Austin Corbin . Cornish

680-735: The United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 42.6 square miles (110.4 km ), of which 42.0 square miles (108.7 km ) are land and 0.66 square miles (1.7 km ) are water, comprising 1.54% of the town. The Connecticut River forms the western boundary of the town, which is also the New Hampshire– Vermont border. The town is drained by direct tributaries of the Connecticut: Blow-me-down Brook , Mill Brook, and Walker Brook; and by Redwater Brook, which flows south to

720-696: The Wildland Firefighters National Monument while working and studying at Saint-Gaudens. The 2023-2024 Sculptor-in-Residence is Davis Fandiño. Cornish, New Hampshire Cornish is a town in Sullivan County , New Hampshire , United States. The population was 1,616 at the 2020 census. Cornish has four covered bridges . Each August, it is home to the Cornish Fair. The town was granted in 1763 and contained an area once known as "Mast Camp", because it

760-477: The pintle -and- gudgeon rudder , all advanced ship design technology necessary for the great transoceanic voyages was in place by the beginning of the 15th century. The first hollow mast was fitted on the American sloop Maria in 1845, 28 m (92 ft) long and built of staves bound with iron hoops like a barrel. Other hollow masts were made from two tapered timbers hollowed and glued together. Nearly

800-449: The poverty line , including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over. Mast (sailing) Until the mid-19th century, all vessels' masts were made of wood formed from a single or several pieces of timber which typically consisted of the trunk of a conifer tree. From the 16th century, vessels were often built of a size requiring masts taller and thicker than from single tree trunks. On these larger vessels, to achieve

840-547: The 2015-19 American Community Survey , 41.9% of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher. The median household income was $ 82,083, and the median age was 54.1, with 28.8% being age 65 or older. 8.6% were veterans. Home ownership rate was 92.6%. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,661 people, 645 households, and 465 families residing in the town. The population density was 39.4 inhabitants per square mile (15.2/km ). There were 697 housing units at an average density of 16.5 per square mile (6.4/km ). The racial makeup of

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880-643: The National Historic Site in 2000. In 2010, an adjacent property known as "Blow-Me-Down-Farm", formerly owned by Charles Cotesworth Beaman Jr., was donated to the NPS by the Saint-Gaudens Memorial, a non-profit operating partner of the Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park. The John D. Dingell Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act , signed into law March 12, 2019, redesignated the national historic site as

920-677: The Pan Grove, a collaborative design of Babb and Saint-Gaudens, featuring an 8-foot by 4-foot green marble pool set in a birch grove with a statue of the Greek god Pan . Saint-Gaudens has had a sculptor-in-residence since 1969, the oldest continuous artist residency in the National Park Service. American sculptor Lawrence Nowlan was an artist-in-residence at Saint-Gaudens for five summers from 1995 to 1997 and again from 2001 to 2002. He received his first major commission to design

960-475: The West, the concept of a ship carrying more than one mast, to give it more speed under sail and to improve its sailing qualities, evolved in northern Mediterranean waters: The earliest foremast has been identified on an Etruscan pyxis from Caere , Italy , dating to the mid-7th century BC: a warship with a furled mainsail is engaging an enemy vessel, deploying a foresail . A two-masted merchant vessel with

1000-423: The ancient evidence is iconographic, the existence of foremasts can also be deduced archaeologically from slots in foremast-feets located too close to the prow for a mainsail. Artemon , along with mainsail and topsail , developed into the standard rig of seagoing vessels in imperial times , complemented by a mizzen on the largest freighters. The earliest recorded three-masters were the giant Syracusia ,

1040-444: The deck, into which a mast is fixed, with a pivot near the top so that the mast can be lowered"; "large bracket attached firmly to the deck, to which the foot of the mast is fixed; it has two sides or cheeks and a bolt forming the pivot around which the mast is raised and lowered"; "substantial fitting for mounting the mast on deck, so that it can be lowered easily for trailering or for sailing under bridges", "hinged device allowing for

1080-503: The easy folding of a mast 90 degrees from perpendicular, as for transporting the boat on a trailer, or passing under a bridge" The oldest evidence for the use of masts comes from the Ubaid period site of H3 in Kuwait, dating to the second half of the sixth millennium BC. Here, a clay disc made from a sherd that appears to depict a reed bundle boat with two masts has been recovered. In

1120-453: The historic site) and established it as a summer residence. He called it "Aspet" after the town of his father's birth in France. Saint-Gaudens established a studio, and produced work here every summer, and lived here year-round from 1900 until his death in 1907. Beaman's summer estate was a center of activity of the Cornish Art Colony. After the death of Saint-Gaudens' wife Augusta in 1926, Aspet

1160-476: The increase in tonnage. Unlike in antiquity, the mizzen-mast was adopted on medieval two-masters earlier than the foremast, a process which can be traced back by pictorial evidence from Venice and Barcelona to the mid-14th century. To balance out the sail plan the next obvious step was to add a mast fore of the main-mast, which first appears in a Catalan ink drawing from 1409. With the three-masted ship established, propelled by square rig and lateen, and guided by

1200-471: The leading edge of a sail's airfoil and tend to have a teardrop-shaped cross-section. On smaller racing yachts and catamarans, the mast rotates to the optimum angle for the sail's airfoil. If the mast has a long, thin cross-section and makes up a significant area of the airfoil, it is called a wing-mast; boats using these have a smaller sail area to compensate for the larger mast area. There are many manufacturers of modern masts for sailing yachts of all sizes,

1240-621: The longest covered bridge (still standing) in the United States. Cornish remains home to the longest two-span covered bridge in the world. The Cornish–Windsor Covered Bridge spans the Connecticut River and was built in 1866 at an original cost of $ 9,000. Cornish also has three other covered bridges: the Blow-Me-Down Covered Bridge , Dingleton Hill Covered Bridge , and Kenyon Bridge . According to

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1280-405: The naming is less standardised) are: When a vessel has two masts, as a general rule, the main mast is the one setting the largest sail. Therefore, in a brig , the forward mast is the foremast and the after mast is the mainmast. In a schooner with two masts, even if the masts are of the same height, the after one usually carries a larger sail (because a longer boom can be used), so the after mast

1320-472: The park's natural areas. Original sculptures are on exhibit, along with reproductions of his greatest masterpieces. It is located on Saint-Gaudens Road in Cornish, 0.5 miles (0.80 km) off New Hampshire Route 12A . Saint-Gaudens purchased the property in 1885 at the urging of Charles Cotesworth Beaman Jr., a friend and New York City lawyer, who had purchased the nearby Blow-Me-Down Farm (now also part of

1360-675: The required height, the masts were built from up to four sections (also called masts). From lowest to highest, these were called: lower, top, topgallant, and royal masts. Giving the lower sections sufficient thickness necessitated building them up from separate pieces of wood. Such a section was known as a made mast , as opposed to sections formed from single pieces of timber, which were known as pole masts . Those who specialised in making masts were known as mastmakers . For square-sail carrying ships , masts in their standard names in bow to stern (front to back) order, are: Some names given to masts in ships carrying other types of rig (where

1400-405: The same strength, is impervious to rot, and can be produced as a single extruded length. During the 1960s wood was eclipsed by aluminum. Aluminum alloys, generally 6000 series, are commonly utilised. Recently some sailing yachts (particularly home-built yachts) have begun to use steel masts. Whilst somewhat heavier than aluminum, steel has its own set of advantages. It is significantly cheaper, and

1440-399: The town was 97.71% White , 0.30% African American , 0.30% Native American , 0.12% Asian , 0.12% Pacific Islander , 0.30% from other races , and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.48% of the population. There were 645 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 5.4% had

1480-410: Was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.2 males. The median income for a household in the town was $ 53,393, and the median income for a family was $ 60,313. Males had a median income of $ 36,115 versus $ 29,474 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 23,165. About 2.8% of families and 4.5% of the population were below

1520-402: Was found convenient to dispense with the main-mast and carry larger sails on the remaining masts. This gave more working room, particularly on fishing vessels. On square-rigged vessels, each mast carries several horizontal yards from which the individual sails are rigged . Folding mast ships use a tabernacle anchor point. Definitions include: "the partly open socket or double post on

1560-629: Was the shipping point for the tall masts floated down the river by English settlers. It was incorporated in 1765 by colonial governor Benning Wentworth and named for Sir Samuel Cornish , a distinguished admiral of the Royal Navy . Since the 1827 partition of Cheshire County, the town has been within Sullivan County. Since the late 19th century, Cornish has been a well-known summer resort for artists and writers. Sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens began coming to Cornish in 1885, seeking

1600-595: Was transferred to the Saint-Gaudens Memorial, a non-profit organization, established by Augusta Saint-Gaudens in 1919. The Memorial ran the property as a museum from 1927 until it was transferred to the National Park Service (NPS) in 1965. The Trustees of the Memorial continue to support the preservation and development of the park and to provide public programming. The estate was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962 and administratively listed on

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