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61-753: Saint-Luc or Saint Luke may refer to: People [ edit ] Saint Luke or Luke the Evangelist , one of the Four Evangelists. The Early Church Fathers ascribed to him authorship of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles. Patron saint of artists, physicians, bachelors, surgeons, students and butchers; his feast day is 18 October Places [ edit ] Saint-Luc, Quebec , Canada,

122-569: A Hellenized Jew . The phrase could just as easily be used to differentiate between those Christians who strictly observed the rituals of Judaism and those who did not. Luke's presence in Rome with the Apostle Paul near the end of Paul's life was attested by 2 Timothy 4:11: "Only Luke is with me". In the last chapter of the Book of Acts, widely attributed to Luke, there are several accounts in

183-524: A Syrian, individual. However, the probability of an origin in the area of modern Turkey was only insignificantly lower than the probability of a Syrian origin. The genetic evidence is therefore compatible with the possibility that the body comes from Syria, but also with its replacement in Constantinople. Authorship of Luke%E2%80%93Acts The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles make up

244-672: A forgery. Scholars have characterised the language used by the author of Luke–Acts as 'a more polished Greek than Mark', saying it 'at times lacks Mark's Hebraisms (cf. Mk 11:9; 14:36) or uses Greek equivalents (Lk 3:12; 6:15; 23:33).' However, some typical Hebraic phrases such as 'and it came to pass' can still be commonly found in Luke–Acts, and especially the L source verses appear to be based on Semitic sources; E. Earle Ellis (1999) cited as examples Luke 1:5–2:40; 5:1–11; 7:11–17, 36–50; 8:1–3; 9:51–56; 11:27f.; 13:10–17; 14:1–6; 17:11–19; 19:1–10; 23:50–24:53. Some early scholars thought that

305-533: A former town, now part of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Côte Saint-Luc , a city on the island of Montreal in Quebec, Canada Saint Luke Parish, Dominica , an administrative parish Saint-Luc, Eure , France, a village Saint-Luc, Switzerland , a municipality Others [ edit ] AS Saint-Luc , a football team in the Democratic Republic of Congo Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc ,

366-632: A hospital in Brussels, Belgium Institut Saint-Luc , a Belgian art school See also [ edit ] Guild of Saint Luke , the painters' and artists' guild in Medieval Europe Saint-Luc-de-Bellechasse, Quebec , a municipality Saint-Luc-de-Vincennes, Quebec , a municipality Saint Lucas (disambiguation) St. Luke's (disambiguation) San Luca , an Italian village San Lucas (disambiguation) Luc (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

427-521: A lack of conclusive evidence as to the identity of the author of the works has led to discussion in scholarly circles, both secular and religious. The New Testament mentions Luke briefly a few times, and the Epistle to the Colossians refers to him as a physician (from Greek for 'one who heals'); thus he is thought to have been both a physician and a disciple of Paul . Since the early years of

488-474: A major one? One possible explanation is that Luke believed that Jesus’ birth was of such importance for the entire world that he dramatically juxtaposed this event against an (imagined) act of worldwide domination by a Roman emperor who was himself called “savior” and “son of God”—but who was nothing of the sort. For an ancient historian following in the footsteps of Thucydides, such a procedure would have been perfectly acceptable. Christian tradition, starting from

549-463: A number of advancements in understanding the historical nature and accuracy of Luke's writings. On the purpose of Acts, New Testament scholar Luke Timothy Johnson has noted that "Luke's account is selected and shaped to suit his apologetic interests, not in defiance of but in conformity to ancient standards of historiography." Such a position is shared by Richard Heard, who sees historical deficiencies as arising from "special objects in writing and to

610-741: A scientific investigation of the relics in Padua , and by numerous lines of empirical evidence (archeological analyses of the Tomb in Thebes and the Reliquary of Padua , anatomical analyses of the remains, carbon-14 dating , comparison with the purported skull of the Evangelist located in Prague ) confirmed that these were the remains of an individual of Syrian descent who died between AD 72 and AD 416. The Bishop of Padua then delivered to Metropolitan Ieronymos

671-406: A two-part work, Luke–Acts , by the same anonymous author. It is usually dated to around 80–90 AD, although some scholars suggest 90–110. The first part, the Gospel of Luke, tells how God fulfilled his plan for the world's salvation through the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth , the promised messiah . Acts continues the story of Christianity in the 1st century , beginning with

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732-592: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Saint Luke Luke the Evangelist is one of the Four Evangelists —the four traditionally ascribed authors of the canonical gospels . The Early Church Fathers ascribed to him authorship of both the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles . Prominent figures in early Christianity such as Jerome and Eusebius later reaffirmed his authorship, although

793-459: Is disagreement about how best to treat Luke's writings, with some historians regarding Luke as highly accurate, and others taking a more critical approach. Based on his accurate description of towns, cities and islands, as well as correctly naming various official titles, archaeologist William Mitchell Ramsay wrote that "Luke is a historian of the first rank; not merely are his statements of fact trustworthy. …[He] should be placed along with

854-476: Is doubtful whether the writing of history was ever Luke's intent. Luke wrote to proclaim, to persuade, and to interpret; he did not write to preserve records for posterity. An awareness of this, has been, for many, the final nail in Luke the historian's coffin." Robert M. Grant has noted that although Luke saw himself within the historical tradition, his work contains a number of statistical improbabilities, such as

915-491: Is often accompanied by an ox or bull , usually having wings. The ox is mentioned in both Ezechiel 1:10 and Revelation 4:7. Sometimes only the symbol is shown, especially when in a combination of those of all Four Evangelists . "St Luke is suggested by the ox, a sacrificial animal, because his Gospel stresses the sacrificial nature of Christ's ministry and opens with Zechariah performing his priestly duties." The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorated Saint Luke, Apostle of

976-574: Is often known as "Luke"—even among scholars who doubt that the author was actually named Luke. The traditional view is that the Gospel of Luke and Acts were written by the physician Luke , a companion of Paul . Many scholars believe him to be a Gentile Christian, though some scholars think Luke was a Hellenic Jew. This Luke is mentioned in Paul's Epistle to Philemon (v.24), and in two other epistles which are traditionally ascribed to Paul ( Colossians 4:14 and 2 Timothy 4:11). The view that Luke-Acts

1037-617: Is stress on the scriptural roots of the gentile mission (see the use of Isaiah 49:6 in Luke–Acts). DNA testing on what Christian tradition holds to be his body has revealed it to be of Syrian ancestry. Whether Luke was a Jew or gentile, or something in between, it is clear from the quality of the Greek language used in Luke-Acts that the author , held in Christian tradition to be Luke,

1098-466: The Muratorian Canon all regarded Luke as the author of the Luke-Acts. Neither Eusebius of Caesarea nor any other ancient writer mentions another tradition about authorship. In addition to the authorship evidence provided by the ancient sources, some feel the text of Luke-Acts supports the conclusion that its author was a companion of Paul. First among such internal evidence are portions of

1159-661: The Saint Thomas Christians of India who claim to still have one of the Theotokos icons that Saint Luke painted and which Saint Thomas brought to India. The art critic A. I. Uspensky writes that the icons attributed to the brush of the Evangelist Luke have a completely Byzantine character that was fully established only in the 5th-6th centuries. In traditional depictions, such as paintings, evangelist portraits , and church mosaics , Saint Luke

1220-481: The Venetian Republic . In 1992, the then Greek Orthodox Metropolitan Ieronymos of Thebes and Livadeia (who subsequently became Archbishop Ieronymos II of Athens and All Greece) requested from Bishop Antonio Mattiazzo of Padua the return of "a significant fragment of the relics of St. Luke to be placed on the site where the holy tomb of the Evangelist is located and venerated today". This prompted

1281-917: The ascension of Jesus to Heaven . The early chapters, set in Jerusalem , describe the Day of Pentecost (the coming of the Holy Spirit ) and the growth of the church in Jerusalem. Initially, the Jews are receptive to the Christian message, but later they turn against the followers of Jesus. Rejected by the Jews, the message is taken to the Gentiles under the guidance of Paul the Apostle. The later chapters tell of Paul's conversion , his mission in Asia Minor and

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1342-410: The "we" passages as an earlier written source incorporated into Acts by a later redactor (whether Luke the evangelist or not), acknowledges the apparent historicity of these texts whilst viewing them as distinct from the main work. This view has been criticized for failing to provide sufficient evidence of a distinction between the source text and the document into which it was incorporated. Noting

1403-642: The 8th century, states that Luke was the first icon painter. He is said to have painted pictures of the Virgin Mary and Child, in particular the Hodegetria image in Constantinople (now lost). Starting from the 11th century, a number of painted images were venerated as his autograph works, including the Black Madonna of Częstochowa , Our Lady of Vladimir , and Madonna del Rosario . He

1464-475: The Acts of the Apostles make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts . Together they account for 27.5% of the New Testament , the largest contribution by a single author. Most scholars understand Luke's works ( Luke–Acts ) in the tradition of Greek historiography . Luke 1:1–4, drawing on historical investigation, identified the work to the readers as belonging to the genre of history. There

1525-467: The Acts of the Apostles, certain details of his personal life can be reasonably assumed. While he does exclude himself from those who were eyewitnesses to Jesus' ministry, he repeatedly uses the word we in describing the Pauline missions in Acts of the Apostles, indicating that he was personally there at those times. The composition of the writings, as well as the range of vocabulary used, indicate that

1586-573: The Aegean, and finally his imprisonment in Rome, where, as the book ends, he awaits trial . Both books are addressed to Theophilus , the author's patron—and perhaps a label for a Christian community as a whole as the name means "Beloved of God", and the preface of Acts explicitly references "my former book" about the life of Jesus —almost certainly the work we know as the Gospel of Luke. Furthermore, there are linguistic and theological similarities between

1647-599: The Evangelist on 18 October. Eight bodies and nine heads, located in different places, are presented as the relics of the Apostle Luke. Despot George of Serbia purportedly bought the relics from the Ottoman sultan Murad II for 30,000 gold coins. After the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia , the kingdom's last queen, George's granddaughter Mary , who had brought the relics with her from Serbia as her dowry, sold them to

1708-401: The Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts. As one scholar writes, "the extensive linguistic and theological agreements and cross-references between the Gospel of Luke and the Acts indicate that both works derive from the same author". Because of their common authorship, the Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles are often jointly referred to simply as Luke-Acts. Similarly, the author of Luke-Acts

1769-609: The Pauline epistles ). Epiphanius states that Luke was one of the Seventy Apostles ( Panarion 51.11), and John Chrysostom indicates at one point that the "brother" that Paul mentions in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians 8:18 is either Luke or Barnabas ( Homily 18 on Second Corinthians on 2 Corinthians 8:18). If one accepts that Luke was indeed the author of the Gospel bearing his name and

1830-504: The Seventy , Evangelist , companion (coworker) of the holy Apostle Paul , hieromartyr, physician, first icon painter with several feast days. The following are fixed feast days: There are also moveable feasts in which Luke is commemorated: The Roman Catholic Church commemorates Luke the Evangelist on 18 October. The Coptic Orthodox Church commemorates the martyrdom of Luke on Paopi 22 . The Church of England commemorates Luke

1891-457: The author refers to having eyewitness testimony of events in the Gospel "handed down to us" and to having undertaken a "careful investigation", but the author does not mention his own name or explicitly claim to be an eyewitness to any of the events, except for the we passages . The Epistle to Philemon , almost universally accepted as an authentic letter of Paul, includes the name "Luke" among other "co-workers" of Paul who are sending greetings to

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1952-439: The author was an educated man. A quote in the Epistle to the Colossians differentiates between Luke and other colleagues "of the circumcision ." My fellow prisoner Aristarchus sends you his greetings, as does Mark, the cousin of Barnabas. Jesus, who is called Justus, also sends greetings. These are the only Jews among my co-workers for the kingdom of God, and they have proved a comfort to me.   [...] Our dear friend Luke,

2013-662: The book which have come to be called the "we" passages ( Acts 16:10–17 ; 20:5–15 ; 21:1–18 ; 27:1–37 ; 28:1-16 ). Although the bulk of Acts is written in the third person , several brief sections of the book are written from a first-person perspective. These "we" sections are written from the point of view of a traveling companion of Paul: e.g. "After Paul had seen the vision, we got ready at once to leave for Macedonia", "We put out to sea and sailed straight for Samothrace". Such passages would appear to have been written by someone who traveled with Paul during some portions of his ministry. Accordingly, some have used this evidence to support

2074-438: The conclusion that these passages, and therefore the entire text of the Luke-Acts, were written by a traveling companion of Paul's. The physician Luke would be one such person. It has also been argued that the level of detail used in the narrative describing Paul's travels suggests an eyewitness source. In 1882 Hobart claimed that the vocabulary used in Luke-Acts suggests its author may have had medical training, but this assertion

2135-466: The doctor, and Demas send greetings. This comment has traditionally caused commentators to conclude that Luke was a gentile. If this were true, it would make Luke the only writer of the New Testament who can clearly be identified as not being Jewish. However, that is not the only possibility. Although Luke is considered likely to have been a gentile Christian, some scholars believe him to have been

2196-492: The end of the 20th century. Instead, they believe Luke-Acts was written by an anonymous Christian author who may not have been an eyewitness to any of the events recorded within the text. The author of Acts "wanted his readers to understand that he was for a time a traveling companion of Paul, even though he was not." Alternatively Vernon Robbins (1978) regards the "we" passages as a Greek rhetorical device used for sea voyages. However, more recent scholars have since written on

2257-440: The faith, Christians have regarded him as a saint . He is believed to have been a martyr , reportedly having been hanged from an olive tree, though some believe otherwise. The Catholic Church and other major denominations venerate him as Saint Luke the Evangelist and as a patron saint of artists, physicians, bachelors , notaries, butchers, brewers, and others; his feast day is 18 October. Many scholars believe that Luke

2318-580: The first person also affirming Luke's presence in Rome, including Acts 28:16: "And when we came to Rome..." According to some accounts, Luke also contributed to the authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews . Luke died at age 84 in Boeotia , according to a "fairly early and widespread tradition". According to Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos , Greek historian of the 14th century (and others), Luke's tomb

2379-428: The first person plural but the author never refers to himself as "I" or "me". Some regard the "we" passages as fragments of a second document, part of some earlier account, which was later incorporated into Acts by the later author of Luke-Acts. Many modern scholars have expressed doubt that the author of Luke-Acts was the physician Luke, and critical opinion on the subject was assessed to be roughly evenly divided near

2440-450: The incoherence of Robbins' sea voyages literary device theory by arguing that contemporary first-person accounts were the exception rather than the rule, that Robbins' cited literature is too broad in both linguistic range (Egyptian, Greek, and Latin) and its temporal extent (1800 BC to third century AD), many of the literary sea voyages cited represented the author's actual presence and were not literary devices at all, many of his examples use

2501-408: The letter's recipients ( Philemon , verse 24). The identification of Luke as a physician comes from Colossians 4:14, but Colossians is believed by most New Testament scholars to be pseudonymous. 2 Timothy 4:11 also mentions a "Luke" and refers to him being "with me" but most modern scholars do not accept 2 Timothy as an authentic letter of Paul. In the "we" passages , the narrative is written in

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2562-436: The limitations of his sources of information." In modern times, Luke's competence as a historian is questioned, depending upon one's a priori view of the supernatural . Since post- Enlightenment historians work with methodological naturalism , such historians would see a narrative that relates supernatural, fantastic things like angels, demons etc., as problematic as a historical source. Mark Powell claims that "it

2623-410: The middle of the twentieth century. Although there currently exists no scholarly consensus on the "we" passages, three interpretations in particular have become dominant: a) the writer was a genuine historical eyewitness, b) the writer was redacting existing written material or oral sources, whether by genuine eyewitnesses or not, c) use of the first person plural is a deliberate stylistic device which

2684-457: The name (Theophilus) of that to whom they are writing. The earliest manuscript of the Gospel (Papyrus 75 = Papyrus Bodmer XIV-XV), dated c. AD 200, ascribes the work to Luke; as did Irenaeus writing c. AD 180, and the Muratorian fragment , a 7th-century Latin manuscript thought to be copied and translated from a Greek manuscript as old as AD 170. The Gospel of Luke and

2745-509: The prevalence of Semitic idioms was much higher in the gospel and the first half of Acts than in the second half of Acts. They noted that the Acts narratives of the first half mostly took place inside the Levant while the narratives in the second half of Acts were mostly set in gentile environments outside the Levant . They also suggested that there was a link between the narratives' geography and

2806-466: The rib of Saint Luke that was closest to his heart to be kept at his tomb in Thebes. Thus, the relics of Saint Luke are divided as follows: We also collected and typed modern samples from Syria and Greece. By comparison with these population samples, and with samples from Anatolia that were already available in the literature, we could reject the hypothesis that the body belonged to a Greek, rather than

2867-454: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Saint-Luc . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Luc&oldid=1085270881 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2928-452: The sizable crowd addressed by Peter in Acts 4:4. He has also noted chronological difficulties whereby Luke "has Gamaliel refer to Theudas and Judas in the wrong order, and Theudas actually rebelled about a decade after Gamaliel spoke (5:36–7)", though this report's status as a chronological difficulty is hotly disputed. Brent Landau writes: So how do we account for a Gospel that is believable about minor events but implausible about

2989-474: The third-person throughout and not just during sea voyages, etc. The "we" passages—a number of verses in Acts are written in the first person plural ("we") apparently indicating that the writer is participating in the events he is describing—were first interpreted by Irenaeus as evidence that the writer was a personal eyewitness of these events, and a companion of Paul on his travels; the traditional Luke. This interpretation had come under sustained criticism by

3050-404: The use of the "we" passages in the context of travel by ship, some scholars have viewed the "we" passages as a literary convention typical to shipboard voyages in travel romance literature of this period. This view has been criticized for failing to find appropriate parallels, and for failing to establish the existence of such a stylistic convention. Distinctive differences between Acts and

3111-477: The very greatest of historians." Professor of Classics at Auckland University , Edward Musgrave Blaiklock , wrote: "For accuracy of detail, and for evocation of atmosphere, Luke stands, in fact, with Thucydides . The Acts of the Apostles is not shoddy product of pious imagining, but a trustworthy record. …It was the spadework of archaeology which first revealed the truth." New Testament scholar Colin Hemer has made

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3172-413: The very homogeneous Hellenistic educational curriculum ( ἐνκύκλιος παιδεία , enkyklios paideia ) that had been, and would continue to be, used for centuries throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Luke's earliest mention is in the Epistle to Philemon , chapter 1, verse 24. He is also mentioned in Colossians 4:14 and 2 Timothy 4:11, both traditionally held to be Pauline epistles (see Authorship of

3233-418: The works of a fictional genre have also been noted, indicating that Acts does not belong to this genre. According to Bart D. Ehrman , the "we" passages are written by someone falsely claiming to have been a travelling companion of Paul, in order to present the untrue idea that the author had firsthand knowledge of Paul's views and activities. Ehrman holds that The Acts of the Apostles is thereby shown to be

3294-423: The writer was a historical eyewitness (whether Luke the evangelist or not), remains the most influential in current biblical studies. Objections to this viewpoint mainly take the form of the following two interpretations, but also include the claim that Luke-Acts contains differences in theology and historical narrative which are irreconcilable with the authentic letters of Paul the Apostle . The interpretation of

3355-585: Was a physician who lived in the Hellenistic city of Antioch in Ancient Syria , born of a Greek family, although some scholars and theologians think Luke was a Hellenic Jew . While it has been widely accepted that the theology of Luke–Acts points to a gentile Christian writing for a gentile audience, some have concluded that it is more plausible that Luke–Acts is directed to a community made up of both Jewish and gentile Christians since there

3416-577: Was also said to have painted Saints Peter and Paul, and to have illustrated a gospel book with a full cycle of miniatures. The late medieval Guilds of Saint Luke gathered together and protected painters in many cities of Europe, especially Flanders. The Academy of Saint Luke , in Rome, was imitated in many other European cities during the 16th century. The tradition that Luke painted icons of Mary and Jesus has been common, particularly in Eastern Orthodoxy . The tradition also has support from

3477-466: Was challenged by an influential study by Cadbury in 1926 that argued Luke's medical terminology was no different than terminology used by other non physician authors such as Plutarch. The traditional view recognizes that Luke was not an eyewitness of the events in the Gospel, nor of the events prior to Paul's arrival in Troas in Acts 16:8, and the first "we" passage is Acts 16:10. In the preface to Luke,

3538-413: Was common to the genre of the work, but which was not intended to indicate a historical eyewitness. New Testament scholar Bart Ehrman goes beyond the theory of stylistic insertions to propose that the "we" passages are deliberate deceptions, designed to convince readers that the author was a travelling companion of Paul, even though he was not. The interpretation of the "we" passages as indicative that

3599-402: Was located in Thebes , whence his relics were transferred to Constantinople in the year 357. The Gospel of Luke does not name its author. The Gospel was not, nor does it claim to be, written by direct witnesses to the reported events, unlike Acts beginning in the sixteenth chapter. However, in most translations the author suggests that they have investigated the book's events and notes

3660-407: Was one of the most highly educated of the authors of the New Testament. The author's conscious and intentional allusions and references to, and quotations of, ancient Classical and Hellenistic Greek authors, such as Homer, Aesop, Epimenides, Euripides, Plato, and Aratus indicate that he was familiar with actual Greek literary texts. This familiarity most likely derived from his experiences as a youth of

3721-408: Was written by the physician Luke was virtually unanimous in the early Christian church. The Papyrus Bodmer XIV, which is the oldest known manuscript containing the ending of the gospel (dating to around 200 AD ), uses the subscription "The Gospel According to Luke". Nearly all ancient sources also shared this theory of authorship—Irenaeus, Tertullian , Clement of Alexandria , Origen , and

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