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33-609: See List of Salvia species Salvia ( / ˈ s æ l v i ə / ) is the largest genus of plants in the sage family Lamiaceae , with nearly 1,000 species of shrubs , herbaceous perennials , and annuals . Within the Lamiaceae, Salvia is part of the tribe Mentheae within the subfamily Nepetoideae . One of several genera, commonly referred to as sage , it includes two widely used herbs, Salvia officinalis ( common sage , or just "sage") and Salvia rosmarinus ( rosemary , formerly Rosmarinus officinalis ). The genus

66-482: A corpus luteum after a Graafian follicle has expelled its secondary oocyte arrested in second meiosis . Thecal shape is also important in graptolite and pterobranch taxonomy. In dinoflagellates that are armoured their covering is made up of thecal plates . In microbiology and planktology , a theca is a subcellular structural component out of which the frustules of diatoms and dinoflagellates are constructed. This plant physiology article

99-530: A broadly defined Salvia . This approach would require only 15 name changes whereas maintaining the five small genera and renaming various Salvia taxa would require over 700 name changes. The circumscription of individual species within Salvia has undergone constant revision. Many species are similar to each other, and many species have varieties that have been given different specific names. There have been as many as 2,000 named species and subspecies. Over time,

132-457: A relatively high degree of crossability , but some, Salvia fruticosa × Salvia tomentosa , have been intentional. A natural hybrid, Salvia longispicata × Salvia farinacea has given rise to a series of popular ornamentals such as Salvia 'Indigo Spires' and Salvia Mystic Spires Blue 'Balsalmisp'. Numerous garden-worthy cultivars and varieties have been produced, often with mixed or unknown parentage. The following have gained

165-401: A role in male sporo- and gametogenesis. The thecal arrangement of a typical stamen can be as follows: In biology , the theca of follicle can also refer to the site of androgen production in females. The theca of the spinal cord is called the thecal sac , and intrathecal injections are made there or in the subarachnoid space of the skull . In human embryogenesis , the theca cells form

198-534: Is below. Salvia species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera ( butterfly and moth ) species including the bucculatricid leaf-miner Bucculatrix taeniola which feeds exclusively on the genus and the Coleophora case-bearers C. aegyptiacae , C. salviella (both feed exclusively on Salvia aegyptiaca ), C. ornatipennella and C. virgatella (both recorded on Salvia pratensis ). Many interspecific hybrids occur naturally, with

231-678: Is distributed throughout the Old World and the Americas (over 900 total species), with three distinct regions of diversity: Central America and South America (approximately 600 species); Central Asia and the Mediterranean (250 species); Eastern Asia (90 species). The name Salvia derives from Latin salvia (sage), from salvus (safe, secure, healthy), an adjective related to salūs (health, well-being, prosperity or salvation), and salvēre (to feel healthy, to heal). Pliny

264-438: Is still the most widely studied classification of Salvia , even though more than 500 new species have been discovered since his work. Other botanists have since offered modified versions of Bentham's classification system, while botanists in the last hundred years generally do not endorse Bentham's system. It was long assumed that Salvia' s unusual pollination and stamen structure had evolved only once, and that therefore Salvia

297-450: Is used with modifiers to refer to any member of the genus. The ornamental species are commonly referred to by their genus name Salvia . Salvia species include annual, biennial , or perennial herbaceous plants, along with woody subshrubs . The stems are typically angled like other members in Lamiaceae. The leaves are typically entire, but sometimes toothed or pinnately divided. The flowering stems bear small bracts , dissimilar to

330-400: Is usually entire or three-toothed. The lower lip typically has two lobes. The stamens are reduced to two short structures with anthers two-celled, the upper cell fertile, and the lower imperfect. The flower styles are two-cleft. The fruits are smooth ovoid or oblong nutlets and in many species they have a mucilaginous coating . Many members of Salvia have trichomes (hairs) growing on

363-579: The Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : List of Salvia species Salvia is the largest genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae , with the number of species estimated to range from 700 to nearly 3,000. Members include shrubs , herbaceous perennials , and annuals . There are three main regions of radiation of Salvia : The naming of distinct Salvia species has undergone regular revision, with many species being renamed, merged, and reclassified over

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396-443: The locules and the cells is called the connective and the parenchyma . Both pollen sacs are separated by the stomium . When the anther is dehiscing, it opens at the stomium. The outer cells of the theca form the epidermis . Below the epidermis, the somatic cells form the tapetum . These support the development of microspores into mature pollen grains. However, little is known about the underlying genetic mechanisms, which play

429-426: The stigma is bent down in a general location that corresponds to where the pollen was deposited on the pollinator's body. The lever of most Salvia species is not specialized for a single pollinator, but is generic and selected to be easily released by many bird and bee pollinators of varying shapes and sizes. The lever arm can be specialized to be different lengths so that the pollen is deposited on different parts of

462-412: The taxonomic list of Salvia species will continue to change. The first significant accounting of the genus was done by George Bentham in 1832–1836, based on a similarity in staminal morphology between Salvia members. His work, Labiatarum Genera et Species (1836), is still the most comprehensive organization of Salvia . Even though there were only 291 species at that time, he still considered

495-606: The Elder was the first author known to describe a plant called " Salvia " by the Romans, likely describing the type species for the genus Salvia , Salvia officinalis . The common modern English name sage derives from Middle English sawge , which was borrowed from Old French sauge , from Latin salvia (the source of the botanical name). When used without modifiers, the name "sage" generally refers to Salvia officinalis ("common sage" or "culinary sage"), although it

528-483: The basal leaves—in some species the bracts are ornamental and showy. The flowers are produced in racemes or panicles , and generally produce a showy display with flower colors ranging from blue to red, with white and yellow less common. The calyx is normally tubular or bell shaped, without bearded throats, and divided into two parts or lips, the upper lip entire or three-toothed, the lower two-cleft. The corollas are often claw shaped and are two-lipped. The upper lip

561-423: The genus Salvia is the unusual pollination mechanism . It is central to any investigation into the systematics , species distribution, or pollination biology of Salvia . It consists of two stamens (instead of the typical four found in other members of the tribe Mentheae) and the two thecae on each stamen are separated by an elongate connective which enables the formation of the lever mechanism. Sprengel (1732)

594-686: The genus may consist of as many as three different clades , or branches. The study concluded that Salvia is not a natural genus—some of its branches have a closer relationship to other genera in the tribe Mentheae than to other Salvia species. As of May 2024 , Plants of the World Online accepted 1024 species, listed below. Hybrids accepted by Plants of the World Online as of May 2024 include: There are also many horticultural cultivars and hybrids , particularly those involving Salvia microphylla , Salvia greggii and their hybrid Salvia × jamensis . Thecae In botany ,

627-731: The largest genus in Labiatae (also called Lamiaceae). Based on his own philosophy of classification, he wrote that he "ought to have formed five or six genera" out of Salvia . In the end, he felt that the advantage in placing a relatively uniform grouping in one genus was "more than counterbalanced by the necessity of changing more than two hundred names." At that time there were only 291 known Salvia species. Bentham eventually organized Salvia into twelve sections (originally fourteen), based on differences in corolla, calyx, and stamens. These were placed into four subgenera that were generally divided into Old World and New World species: His system

660-416: The leaves, stems and flowers, which help to reduce water loss in some species. Sometimes the hairs are glandular and secrete volatile oils that typically give a distinct aroma to the plant. When the hairs are rubbed or brushed, some of the oil-bearing cells are ruptured, releasing the oil. This often results in the plant being unattractive to grazing animals and some insects . The defining characteristic of

693-457: The male floral organ. The typical anther is bilocular, i.e. it consists of two thecae. Each theca contains two microsporangia, also known as pollen sacs. The microsporangia produce the microspores , which for seed plants are known as pollen grains. If the pollen sacs are not adjacent, or if they open separately, then no thecae are formed. In Lauraceae, for example, the pollen sacs are spaced apart and open independently. The tissue between

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726-662: The number has been reduced to less than a thousand. A modern and comprehensive study of Salvia species was done by Gabriel Alziar, in his Catalogue Synonymique des Salvia du Monde (1989) ( World Catalog of Salvia Synonyms ). He found that the number of distinct species and subspecies could be reduced to less than 700. Many species are used as herbs , as ornamental plants (usually for flower interest), and sometimes for their ornamental and aromatic foliage. Some species, such as Salvia columbariae and Salvia hispanica , are also grown for their seeds. The Plant List has 986 accepted species names. A selection of some well-known species

759-481: The pollinator's body. For example, if a bee went to one flower and pollen was deposited on the far back of her body, but then it flew to another flower where the stigma was more forward (anterior), pollination could not take place. This can result in reproductive isolation from the parental population and new speciation can occur. It is believed that the lever mechanism is a key factor in the speciation, adaptive radiation, and diversity of this large genus. George Bentham

792-445: The possibility of forming five or six genera, due to differences between certain groups of Salvia . Bentham eventually organized the genus into four subgenera and twelve sections, based on differences in the corolla, calyx, and stamens. In the last 100 years, that system of organization is generally not endorsed by botanists. The classification of Salvia has long been based on the genus' unusual pollination and stamen structure, which

825-421: The staminal lever mechanism evolved at least two separate times, through convergent evolution . Walker and Sytsma (2007) clarified this parallel evolution in a later paper combining molecular and morphological data to prove three independent lineages of the Salvia lever mechanism, each corresponding to a clade within the genus. It is surprising to see how similar the staminal lever mechanism structures are between

858-431: The theca is related to plant's flower anatomy. The theca of an angiosperm consists of a pair of microsporangia that are adjacent to each other and share a common area of dehiscence called the stomium . Any part of a microsporophyll that bears microsporangia is called an anther . Most anthers are formed on the apex of a filament . An anther and its filament together form a typical (or filantherous) stamen , part of

891-463: The three independent origins of the staminal lever indicate that Salvia is not the case where 15 species (currently not members of the genus) are actually members of Salvia but underwent character reversals—in other words, Salvia is paraphyletic as previously circumscribed. In 2017 Drew et al. recircumscribed Salvia , proposing that the five small embedded genera ( Dorystaechas , Meriandra , Perovskia , Rosmarinus , and Zhumeria ) be subsumed into

924-477: The three lineages, so Salvia proves to be an interesting but excellent example of convergent evolution. Walker and Sytsma (2007) also addressed the question of whether Salvia is truly polyphyletic or just paraphyletic within the tribe Mentheae. To make Salvia monophyletic would require the inclusion of 15 species from Rosmarinus , Perovskia , Dorystaechas , Meriandra , and Zhumeria genera . The information attained by Walker and Sytsma (2007) supporting

957-488: The years. Salvia officinalis (common sage), for example, has been cultivated for thousands of years, yet has been named and described under six different scientific names since 1940 alone. At one time there were over 2,000 named species and subspecies. A revision in 1988 by Gabriel Alziar of the Jardin botanique de la Ville de Nice consolidated the number of different species to approximately 700. As new discoveries are made,

990-467: Was monophyletic , meaning that all members of the genus evolved from one ancestor. However, the immense diversity in staminal structure, vegetative habit, and floral morphology of the species within Salvia has opened the debate about its infrageneric classifications. Through DNA sequencing, Salvia was shown to not be monophyletic but to consist of three separate clades ( Salvia clades I–III) each with different sister groups . They also found that

1023-410: Was first to give a full monographic account of the genus in 1832–1836, and based his classifications on staminal morphology. Bentham's work on classifying the family Labiatae ( Labiatarum Genera et Species (1836)) is still the only comprehensive and global organization of the family. While he was clear about the integrity of the overall family, he was less confident about his organization of Salvia ,

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1056-421: Was presumed to have evolved only once. More recently, a study using DNA sequencing of Salvia species has shown that different versions of this lever mechanism have evolved at least three different times within Salvia . This clearly makes the genus non- monophyletic , which means that members of the genus have evolved from different ancestors, rather than sharing one common ancestor. The DNA analysis has shown that

1089-478: Was the first to illustrate and describe the nototribic (dorsal) pollination mechanism in Salvia. When a pollinator probes a male stage flower for nectar , (pushing the posterior anther theca ) the lever causes the stamens to move and the pollen to be deposited on the pollinator. When the pollinator withdraws from the flower, the lever returns the stamens to their original position. In older, female stage flowers,

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