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25-421: Sambhogakāya is a "subtle body of limitless form". Buddhas such as Bhaisajyaguru and Amitābha , as well as advanced bodhisattvas such as Avalokiteśvara and Manjusri can appear in an "enjoyment-body." A Buddha can appear in an "enjoyment-body" to teach bodhisattvas through visionary experiences. Those Buddhas and Bodhisattvas manifest themselves in their specific pure lands . These worlds are created for

50-568: A Mahāsāṃghika monastery at Bamiyan , Afghanistan , in the 7th century CE, and the site of this monastery has been rediscovered by archaeologists. Birchbark manuscript fragments from several Mahāyāna sūtras have been discovered at the site, including the Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaidūrya-prabha-rāja Sūtra (MS 2385). A Sanskrit manuscript of the Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabha-rāja Sūtra was among

75-467: A Buddhist monk, holding a lapis-colored jar of medicine nectar in his left hand and the right hand resting on his right knee, holding the stem of the Aruna fruit or Myrobalan between thumb and forefinger. In the sutra, he is also described by his aura of lapis lazuli-colored light. In Chinese depictions, he is sometimes holding a pagoda , symbolising the ten thousand Buddhas of the three periods of time. He

100-655: A Buddhist temple, he is flanked by the Twelve Heavenly Generals ( 十二神将 , Jūni-shinshō ) , who were twelve yaksha generals who had been converted through hearing the Bhaiṣajyaguruvaiḍūryaprabharāja Sūtra : Wherever this sutra circulates or wherever there are sentient beings who hold fast to the name of the Medicine Buddha [Yakushi Buddha] and respectfully make offerings to him, whether in villages, towns, kingdoms or in

125-591: A guardian of the East, in most cases, Akshobhya is given that role. As an exceptional case, the honzon of Mount Kōya 's Kongōbu Temple was changed from Akshobhya to Bhaiṣajyaguru. Bhaiṣajyaguru is described in the eponymous Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabha-rāja Sūtra , commonly called the Medicine Buddha Sutra , as a bodhisattva who made twelve (12) great vows. His name is generally translated as "Medicine Guru, King of Lapis Lazuli Light". "Vaiḍūrya"

150-634: Is a New World gemstone — found primarily at the Maxixe Mine in the Piauí Valley near Itinga , Minas Gerais , Brazil — and was not known before 1917. On achieving Buddhahood , Bhaiṣajyaguru became the Buddha of the eastern pure land of Vaiḍūryanirbhāsa "Pure Lapis Lazuli". There, he is attended to by two bodhisattvas symbolizing the light of the sun and the light of the moon respectively: The Tang Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang visited

175-452: Is a precious stone which most translators have rendered as lapis lazuli . Librarian Marianne Winder has proposed that "vaiḍūrya" originally meant beryl ; however, pure beryl is colorless, while its blue variant, aquamarine , is described as a 'precious blue-green color-of-sea-water stone' rather than the usual dark blue attributed to Bhaiṣajyaguru. While there is a dark blue variety of aquamarine called maxixe (pronounced mah-she-she), it

200-587: Is a small jar , traditionally of glazed earthenware, used by apothecaries for holding ointment or medicine . In the 21st century, gallipots are available in plastic as well. The term gallipot , recorded from the 15th century, may derive from the idea of pots originally imported in galleys , and has also been used for small pots used for other purposes – such as preparing an individual portion of custard or melting wax while making fishing flies . The 16th-century Gallipot Inn in Hartfield , Sussex, England,

225-596: Is also depicted standing on a Northern Wei stele from approximately 500 CE now housed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, accompanied by his two attendants, Suryaprabha and Chandraprabha. Within the halo are depicted the Seven Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddhas and seven apsaras . The practice of veneration of Yaoshi (薬師佛) is also popular in China, as he is depicted as one of the three prominent Buddhas,

250-456: Is described as having entered into a state of samadhi called "Eliminating All the Suffering and Afflictions of Sentient Beings." From this samadhi state he spoke the Medicine Buddha dharani. namo bhagavate bhaiṣajyaguru- vaiḍūryaprabharājāya tathāgatāya arhate samyaksaṃbuddhāya tadyathā: oṃ bhaiṣajye bhaiṣajye bhaiṣajya-samudgate svāhā. The last line of the dharani

275-523: Is pronounced as 'kʰa' (ཁ), and 'ja' in Sanskrit, as in the cases of 'jye' & 'jya', is historically written with the Tibetan script 'dza' (ཛ). Along with other pronunciation changes, the short mantra is recited as: ཏདྱ་ཐཱ། ཨོཾ་བྷཻ་ཥ་ཛྱེ་བྷཻ་ཥ་ཛྱེ་མ་ཧཱ་བྷཻ་ཥ་ཛྱེ་རཱ་ཛ་ས་མུདྒ་ཏེ་སྭཱ་ཧཱ། ( Romanization ) Teyatʰa: oṃ bekʰandze bekʰandze maha bekʰandze radza samudgate soha. One form of practice based on

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300-507: Is still invoked in the traditional memorial services for the dead. Older temples, those mostly found in the Tendai and Shingon sects, especially those around Kyoto , Nara and the Kinki region often have Yakushi as the center of devotion, unlike later Buddhist sects which focus on Amitabha Buddha or Kannon Bodhisattva almost exclusively. Often, when Yakushi is the center of devotion in

325-520: Is the Buddha of healing and medicine in Mahāyāna Buddhism . Commonly referred to as the "Medicine Buddha", he is described as a doctor who cures suffering (Pali/Sanskrit: dukkha / duḥkha ) using the medicine of his teachings. The image of Bhaiṣajyaguru is usually expressed with a canonical Buddha-like form holding a gallipot and, in some versions, possessing blue skin. Though also considered to be

350-638: Is the rainbow body . This is where an advanced practitioner is walled up in a cave or sewn inside a small yurt-like tent shortly before death. For a period of a week or so after death, the practitioners' body transforms into a Sambhogakaya (light body), leaving behind only hair and nails. Lopön Tenzin Namdak as rendered by John Myrdhin Reynolds conveyed the relationship of the mindstream (Sanskrit: citta santana ) of Sambhogakaya that links Dharmakaya with Nirmanakaya . In Chan Buddhism (Japanese Zen ),

375-560: Is used as Yaoshi's short form mantra. Furthermore, much like the nianfo path of Amitabha, the name of Yaoshi is also recited for the benefit of being reborn in the Eastern Pure Lands, though this is deemphasized in favor of Yaoshi's role for the living. Starting in the 7th century in Japan , Yakushi was prayed to in the place of Ashuku (Akshobhya). Some of Yakushi's role has been taken over by Jizō (Ksitigarbha), but Yakushi

400-406: The Medicine Buddha is done when one is stricken by disease. The patient is to recite the long Medicine Buddha mantra 108 times over a glass of water. The water is now believed to be blessed by the power of the mantra and the blessing of the Medicine Buddha himself, and the patient is to drink the water. This practice is then repeated each day until the illness is cured. Gallipot A gallipot

425-664: The Sambhogakāya, along with the Dharmakāya and the Nirmāṇakāya , are given metaphorical interpretations. In the Platform Sutra , Huineng describes the Sambhogakāya as a state in which the practitioner continually and naturally produces good thoughts: Think not of the past but of the future. Constantly maintain the future thoughts to be good. This is what we call the Sambhogakāya. Just one single evil thought could destroy

450-515: The benefits of others. In those lands it is easy to hear and practice the Dharma . A person can be reborn in such a pure land by "the transfer of some of the huge stock of 'merit' of a Land's presiding Buddha, stimulated by devout prayer." One of the places where the Sambhogakāya appears is the extra-cosmic realm or pure land called Akaniṣṭha . This realm should not be confused with the akanistha of

475-963: The good karma that has continued for one thousand years; and just one single good thought in turn could destroy the evil karma that has lived for one thousand years. If the future thoughts are always good, you may call this the Sambhogakāya. The discriminative thinking arising from the Dharmakāya is called the Nirmanakāya. The successive thoughts that forever involve good are thus the Sambhogakāya. Bhaisajyaguru Bhaiṣajyaguru ( Sanskrit : भैषज्यगुरु , Chinese : 藥師佛 , Japanese : 薬師仏 , Korean : 약사불 , Vietnamese : Dược Sư Phật , Standard Tibetan : སངས་རྒྱས་སྨན་བླ ), or Bhaishajyaguru , formally Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabha-rāja ("Medicine Master and King of Lapis Lazuli Light"; Chinese : 藥師琉璃光(王)如來 , Japanese : 薬師瑠璃光如来 , Korean : 약사유리광여래 , Vietnamese : Dược Sư Lưu Ly Quang Vương Như Lai ),

500-479: The inner sickness of attachment, hatred, and ignorance, thus to meditate on the Medicine Buddha can help decrease physical and mental illness and suffering. The Medicine Buddha mantra is held to be extremely powerful for healing of physical illnesses and purification of negative karma . In Tibetan, Mahābhaiṣajya is changed to maha bekʰandze radza (མ་ཧཱ་བྷཻ་ཥ་ཛྱེ་རཱ་ཛ་) in the mantra, while 'rāja' (radza) means "king" in Sanskrit. In modern Tibetan language, 'ṣa' (ཥ)

525-455: The others being Śākyamuni and Amitabha . He can also be viewed as the healing attribute of Śākyamuni, as he is often called the "Medicine King" in sutras. There are two popular Chinese translations of this sutra: one by Xuanzang and the other by Yijing both translated in the Tang dynasty . The Taisho Tripitaka and Qianlong Tripitaka ( Chinese : 乾隆大藏經 ) each contain four translations of

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550-498: The pure abodes, for it is a realm that completely transcends it. Absolutely seen, only Dharmakāya is real; Sambhogakāya and Nirmāṇakāya are "provisional ways of talking about and apprehending it." There are numerous Sambhogakāya realms almost as numerous as deities in Tibetan Buddhism. These Sambhogakaya -realms are known as Buddha-fields or Pure Lands . One manifestation of Sambhogakaya in Tibetan Buddhism

575-512: The sutra: These four versions have different titles: The version translated by Yijing includes not only the vows of Yaoshi but also the vows of six other Buddhas. Chinese Buddhists recite the mantra of Yaoshi to overcome mental, physical and spiritual sickness. The Bhaiṣajya-guru-vaiḍūrya-prabha-rāja Sūtra , which Yaoshi is associated with and described in great detail in, is a common sutra to recite in Chinese temples as well. In it, Yaoshi

600-481: The texts attesting to the popularity of Bhaiṣajyaguru in the ancient northwest Indian kingdom of Gandhāra . The manuscripts in this find are dated before the 7th century, and are written in the upright Gupta script . The twelve vows of Medicine Buddha upon attaining Enlightenment , according to the Medicine Buddha Sutra are: Bhaiṣajyaguru is typically depicted seated, wearing the three robes of

625-565: The wilderness, we [the Twelve Generals] will all protect them. We will release them from all suffering and calamities and see to it that all their wishes are fulfilled. The practice of Medicine Buddha ( Sangye Menla in Tibetan : སངས་རྒྱས་སྨན་བླ། , Wylie : sangs rgyas sman bla , THL : sang-gyé men-la ) is not only a very powerful method for healing and increasing healing powers both for oneself and others, but also for overcoming

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