Misplaced Pages

#159840

57-420: Knox's features fall within three categories: data security, device manageability, and VPN capability. Knox also provides web-based services for organizations to manage their devices. Organizations can customize their managed mobile devices by configuring various functions, including pre-loaded applications, settings, boot-up animations, home screens , and lock screens . Knox provides more granular control over

114-417: A Gartner publication comparing device security strength of various platforms. Virtual private network Virtual private network ( VPN ) is a network architecture for virtually extending a private network (i.e. any computer network which is not the public Internet ) across one or multiple other networks which are either untrusted (as they are not controlled by the entity aiming to implement

171-499: A unified endpoint management (UEM) system, define the organizational rules that govern the use of devices, and upgrade device firmware over-the-air. Developers can integrate these features with their applications using Knox SDKs and REST APIs . Samsung Knox provides the following web-based services for organizations: Most services are registered and accessed through the Samsung Knox web consoles, with some accessed through

228-548: A web captive portal ). Remote-access VPNs, which are typically user-initiated, may use passwords , biometrics , two-factor authentication , or other cryptographic methods. People initiating this kind of VPN from unknown arbitrary network locations are also called "road-warriors". In such cases, it is not possible to use originating network properties (e.g. IP addresses) as secure authentication factors, and stronger methods are needed. Site-to-site VPNs often use passwords ( pre-shared keys ) or digital certificates . Depending on

285-457: A "flashing fail"), which may corrupt the car's computer systems and make the car malfunction later on; another scenario is "arbitrary flashings", in which hackers trick the car into installing a malicious OTA update. More recently, with the new concepts of Wireless Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), where the networks consist of hundreds or thousands of nodes, OTA is taken to

342-614: A Knox icon in the lower-left corner of the device screen. The proprietary container, later called the Knox Workspace, was managed by organizations through a UEM system. Samsung then spun off consumer versions of the container feature, which did not require a UEM system to manage. These consumer versions included Personal Knox, later called My Knox starting in 2014. My Knox was replaced by Secure Folder in 2017. In 2018, Samsung partnered with Google to use its Android work profile to secure applications and data, and in 2019 deprecated

399-455: A VPN works depends on which technologies and protocols the VPN is built upon. A tunneling protocol is used to transfer the network messages from one side to the other. The goal is to take network messages from applications on one side of the tunnel and replay them on the other side. Applications do not need to be modified to let their messages pass through the VPN, because the virtual network or link

456-415: A consistent VPN protocol across their products but do not open up for customizations outside the use cases they intended to implement. This is often the case for appliances that rely on hardware acceleration of VPNs to provide higher throughput or support a larger amount of simultaneously connected users. Whenever a VPN is intended to virtually extend a private network over a third-party untrusted medium, it

513-476: A few months of the update's release. Android OTA updates are not distributed directly by Google, but by OEMs (like Samsung) and wireless carriers . This has led to inconsistent availability of updates, and to Android fragmentation . In the past, fragmentation increased the complexity of developing third-party apps for Android (due to inconsistent availability of the latest software frameworks on users' phones), and led to security concerns due to delays in

570-586: A firmware or operating system update that is downloaded by the device over the internet . Previously, users had to connect these devices to a computer over USB to perform an update. These updates may add features, patch security vulnerabilities , or fix software bugs . The two main mobile operating systems are iOS and Android . iOS gained support for over-the-air updates in iOS 5 . iOS updates are distributed exclusively by Apple, resulting in wide availability and relatively high adoption rates. Major iOS releases are usually installed on 60%-70% of iPhones within

627-551: A hardware level (introduced in Knox 3.3). Samsung Knox devices use an e-fuse to indicate whether or not an "untrusted" (non-Samsung) boot path has ever been run. The e-Fuse will be set in any of the following cases: On Galaxy Book devices starting with the Galaxy Book 4, upgrading from one Windows version to another (from 22H2 to 23H2) will not set the e-Fuse, but upgrading to a higher edition (from Home to Pro) will. When set,

SECTION 10

#1732779571160

684-467: A new direction: for the first time OTA is applied using unlicensed frequency bands (868 MHz, 900 MHz, 2400 MHz) and with low consumption and low data rate transmission using protocols such as 802.15.4 and Zigbee . Sensor nodes are often located in places that are either remote or difficult to access. As an example, Libelium has implemented an OTA programming system for Zigbee WSN devices. This system enables firmware upgrades without

741-736: A security researcher discovered that Samsung Knox stores PINs in plain text rather than storing salted and hashed PINs and processing them by obfuscated code . In October 2014, the National Security Agency (NSA) approved Samsung Galaxy devices for use in a program for quickly deploying commercially available technologies. Approved products include Galaxy S4 , Galaxy S5 , Galaxy S6 , Galaxy S7 , Galaxy Note 3 , and Galaxy Note 10.1 2014 . In May 2016, Israeli researchers Uri Kanonov and Avishai Wool found three vulnerabilities in specific versions of Knox. In December 2017, Knox received "strong" ratings in 25 of 28 categories in

798-542: A selection of VPN protocols which is subject to change over the years, as some have been proven to be unsecure with respect to modern requirements and expectations, and some others emerged. Desktop, smartphone and other end-user device operating systems do usually support configuring remote access VPN from their graphical or command-line tools. However, due to the variety of, often non standard, VPN protocols there exists many third-party applications that implement additional protocols not yet or no more natively supported by

855-532: A significantly complex business network, may be combined to enable remote access to resources located at any given site, such as an ordering system that resides in a data center. Apart from the general topology configuration, a VPN may also be characterized by: A variety of VPN technics exist to adapt to the above characteristics, each providing different network tunneling capabilities and different security model coverage or interpretation. Operating systems vendors and developers do typically offer native support to

912-579: A third-party, and might prefer a VPN implemented via protocols that protect the privacy of their communication. In the case of a Provider-provisioned VPN , the goal is not to protect against untrusted networks, but to isolate parts of the provider's own network infrastructure in virtual segments, in ways that make the contents of each segment private with respect to the others. This situation makes many other tunneling protocols suitable for building PPVPNs, even with weak or no security features (like in VLAN ). How

969-403: A virtual private network is to allow network hosts to exchange network messages across another network to access private content, as if they were part of the same network. This is done in a way that makes crossing the intermediate network transparent to network applications. Users of a network connectivity service may consider such an intermediate network to be untrusted, since it is controlled by

1026-484: A web console, IT admins can monitor device battery management, app usage insights, comprehensive device tracking, and detailed Wi-Fi analytics. When Samsung Knox debuted with the Galaxy Note 3 in 2013, it included a proprietary container feature that stored security-sensitive applications and data inside a protected execution environment. Device users could switch between personal and business applications by tapping

1083-401: Is achieved by only transferring the differences between the old firmware and the new firmware, rather than transmitting the entire firmware. A delta of the old and new firmware is produced through a process called diffing ; then, the delta file is distributed to the end-device, which uses the delta file to update itself. On smartphones , tablets, and other devices, an over-the-air update is

1140-599: Is also available in wireless environments (though it is disabled by default for security reasons). It allows an access point (AP) to discover the IP address of its controller. When enabled, the controller tells the other APs to include additional information in the Radio Resource Management Packets (RRM) that would assist a new access point in learning of the controller. It is sent in plain text however, which would make it vulnerable to sniffing. That

1197-408: Is an update to an embedded system that is delivered through a wireless network , such as Wi-Fi or a cellular network . These embedded systems include mobile phones , tablets , set-top boxes , cars and telecommunications equipment . OTA updates for cars and internet of things devices can also be called firmware over-the-air ( FOTA ). Various components may be updated OTA, including

SECTION 20

#1732779571160

1254-429: Is desirable that the chosen protocols match the following security model: VPN are not intended to make connecting users neither anonymous nor unidentifiable from the untrusted medium network provider perspective. If the VPN makes use of protocols that do provide the above confidentiality features, their usage can increase user privacy by making the untrusted medium owner unable to access the private data exchanged across

1311-457: Is made available to the OS. Applications that do implement tunneling or proxying features for themselves without making such features available as a network interface, are not to be considered VPN implementations but may achieve the same or similar end-user goal of exchanging private contents with a remote network. Virtual private networks configurations can be classified depending on the purpose of

1368-532: Is possible to make a VPN secure to use on top of insecure communication medium (such as the public internet) by choosing a tunneling protocol that implements encryption . This kind of VPN implementation has the benefit of reduced costs and greater flexibility, with respect to dedicated communication lines, for remote workers . The term VPN is also used to refer to VPN services which sell access to their own private networks for internet access by connecting their customers using VPN tunneling protocols. The goal of

1425-469: Is synonymous. OTA provisioning allows mobile phones to remain properly configured when cellular network operators make changes to their networks. It also configures phones with the settings required to access certain features, like WAP (an early incarnation of the mobile web ), MMS messaging, and cellular data (which requires the configuration of an Access Point Name ). The similar term over-the-air service provisioning (OTASP) specifically refers to

1482-636: Is that they are point-to-point connections and do not tend to support broadcast domains ; therefore, communication, software, and networking, which are based on layer 2 and broadcast packets , such as NetBIOS used in Windows networking , may not be fully supported as on a local area network . Variants on VPN such as Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) and layer 2 tunneling protocols are designed to overcome this limitation. Over-the-air update An over-the-air update (or OTA update ), also known as over-the-air programming (or OTA programming ),

1539-414: Is why it is disabled by default. Over-the-air provisioning (OTAP) is a form of OTA update by which cellular network operators can remotely provision a mobile phone (termed a client or mobile station in industry parlance) and update the cellular network settings stored on its SIM card . This can occur at any time while a phone is turned on. The term over-the-air parameter administration (OTAPA)

1596-570: The Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act of 1975, at least in cases where the phone's problem is not directly caused by rooting. In addition to voiding the warranty, tripping the e-fuse also prevents some Samsung-specific apps from running, such as Secure Folder, Samsung Pay , Samsung Health , and Samsung Internet 's secret mode (as well as certain Samsung apps preloaded on Galaxy Books). For some older versions of Knox, it may be possible to clear

1653-647: The Open Mobile Alliance subsumed the WAP Forum, this standard became known as OMA Client Provisioning (OMA CP). In OMA CP, phones are provisioned by "invisible" SMS messages sent by the cellular network, which contain the requisite settings. OMA CP was followed by a newer standard, OMA Device Management (OMA DM), which use a different form of SMS-based provisioning (called "OMA Push"). OMA DM sessions are always client-initiated. The "invisible" SMS does not contain configuration settings; instead, it tells

1710-685: The Knox Workspace container. Samsung continues to pre-install the Secure Folder on most flagship mobile devices, but consumers must enable it for use. The Samsung RKP feature tracks kernel changes in real-time and prevents the phone from booting, as well as displaying a warning message about using "Unsecured" Samsung devices. This feature is analogous to Android dm-verity /AVB and requires a signed bootloader . Although Android phones are already protected from malicious code or exploits by SE for Android and other features, Samsung Knox provides periodic updates that check for patches to further protect

1767-480: The OS. For instance, Android lacked native IPsec IKEv2 support until version 11, and people needed to install third-party apps in order to connect that kind of VPNs, while Microsoft Windows , BlackBerry OS and others got it supported in the past. Conversely, Windows does not support plain IPsec IKEv1 remote access native VPN configuration (commonly used by Cisco and Fritz!Box VPN solutions) which makes

Samsung Knox - Misplaced Pages Continue

1824-531: The Samsung Knox SDK. Knox Capture uses a Samsung mobile device’s camera to capture all major barcode symbologies like UPC, Code 39, EAN, and QR. Through a web console, IT admins can manage the input, formatting, and output configuration of scanned barcode data, and associate a device app (for example, an Internet browser for QR data). Knox Asset Intelligence helps organizations improve the management, productivity, and lifecycle of mobile devices. Through

1881-562: The VPN is not fixed to a single IP address , but instead roams across various networks such as data networks from cellular carriers or between multiple Wi-Fi access points without dropping the secure VPN session or losing application sessions. Mobile VPNs are widely used in public safety where they give law-enforcement officers access to applications such as computer-assisted dispatch and criminal databases, and in other organizations with similar requirements such as field service management and healthcare. A limitation of traditional VPNs

1938-413: The VPN protocol, they may store the key to allow the VPN tunnel to establish automatically, without intervention from the administrator. A virtual private network is based on a tunneling protocol, and may be possibly combined with other network or application protocols providing extra capabilities and different security model coverage. Trusted VPNs do not use cryptographic tunneling; instead, they rely on

1995-517: The VPN) or need to be isolated (thus making the lower network invisible or not directly usable). A VPN can extend access to a private network to users who do not have direct access to it, such as an office network allowing secure access from off-site over the Internet. This is achieved by creating a link between computing devices and computer networks by the use of network tunneling protocols . It

2052-522: The VPN. In order to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the VPN, most protocols can be implemented in ways that also enable authentication of connecting parties. This secures the joined remote network confidentiality, integrity and availability. Tunnel endpoints can be authenticated in various ways during the VPN access initiation. Authentication can happen immediately on VPN initiation (e.g. by simple whitelisting of endpoint IP address), or very lately after actual tunnels are already active (e.g. with

2109-437: The car's operation). In cars, the telematic control unit is in charge of downloading and installing updates, and OTA updates are downloaded through cellular networks, like smartphones. Cars cannot be driven while an OTA update is being installed. Before an update, the car checks that the update is genuine, and after the update completes, it verifies the integrity of all affected systems. OTA updates provide several benefits. In

2166-471: The cost of delivering updates, or increase the rate of adoption of these updates. The distributor of these updates can decide whether users are allowed to decline these updates, and may choose to disable certain features on end-user devices until an update is applied. Users may be unable to revert an update after it is installed. OTA updates are designed to be as small as possible in order to minimize energy consumption, network usage, and storage space. This

2223-492: The device's operating system, applications, configuration settings, or parameters like encryption keys . The term over-the-air update applies specifically to embedded systems , rather than non-embedded systems like computers. Before OTA updates, embedded devices could only be flashed through direct physical access (with a JTAG ) or wired connections (usually through USB or a serial port ). Over-the-air delivery may allow updates to be distributed at larger scales, reduce

2280-431: The distribution of security updates. Google has reduced Android fragmentation through the 2017 Project Treble , which allows OEMs to release OS updates without needing to re-test hardware drivers for each version, and the 2019 Project Mainline, which allows Google to update Android components and deliver security patches through its Play Store , without requiring a full OS update. Project Mainline significantly lowers

2337-680: The e-fuse by flashing a custom firmware. Options to manage Samsung DeX were added in Knox 3.3 to allow or restrict access using the Knox platform for added control and security. Knox's TrustZone-based Integrity Measurement Architecture (TIMA) allows storage of keys in the container for certificate signing using the TrustZone hardware platform. In June 2014, the Defense Information Systems Agency 's (DISA) list of approved products for sensitive but unclassified use included five Samsung devices. In October 2014,

Samsung Knox - Misplaced Pages Continue

2394-453: The kernel to prevent root access from being granted to apps even after rooting was successful since the release of Android Oreo . This patch prevents unauthorized apps from changing the system and deters rooting. Knox includes built-in hardware security features ARM TrustZone (a technology similar to TPM ) and a bootloader ROM . Knox Verified Boot monitors and protects the phone during the booting process, along with Knox security built at

2451-442: The market, and resulting in an increased pace of product improvements for consumers. For example, OTA updates can deliver improvements to a car's driver assistance systems and improve the car's safety. However, OTA updates can also present a new attack vector for hackers, since security vulnerabilities in the update process could be used by hackers to remotely take control of cars. Hackers have discovered such vulnerabilities in

2508-411: The need of physical access, saving time and money if the nodes must be re-programmed. OTA is similar to firmware distribution methods used by other mass-produced consumer electronics , such as cable modems , which use TFTP as a way to remotely receive new programming, thus reducing the amount of time spent by both the owner and the user of the device on maintenance. Over-the-air provisioning (OTAP)

2565-424: The open source code of the OS itself. For instance, pfSense does not support remote access VPN configurations through its user interface where the OS runs on the remote host, while provides comprehensive support for configuring it as the central VPN gateway of such remote-access configuration scenario. Otherwise, commercial appliances with VPN features based on proprietary hardware/software platforms, usually support

2622-461: The open source operating systems devoted to firewalls and network devices (like OpenWrt , IPFire , PfSense or OPNsense ) it is possible to add support for additional VPN protocols by installing missing software components or third-party apps. Similarly, it is possible to get additional VPN configurations working, even if the OS does not facilitate the setup of that particular configuration, by manually editing internal configurations of by modifying

2679-587: The past, Volkswagen had to recall 11 million vehicles to fix an issue with its cars' emissions control software, and other manufacturers have instituted recalls due to software bugs affecting the brakes, or the airbags, requiring all affected customers to travel to dealership to receive updates. OTA updates would have removed the need to go through dealerships, leading to lower warranty costs for manufacturers and lower downtime for customers. OTA updates also allow manufacturers to deploy potential new features and bug fixes more quickly, making their cars more competitive in

2736-418: The past, and many car manufacturers have responded by instituting vulnerability disclosure programs ( a.k.a. bug bounty programs ). Attack vectors specific to OTA updates include " spoofing , tampering, repudiation [attacks], information leakage , denial-of-service ," replay attacks , and privilege escalation attacks. Example scenarios include a hacker successfully interrupting an ongoing update (deemed

2793-615: The phone reads the network settings stored on a SIM card . SIM bootstrapping has limitations: settings stored on a SIM card may become stale between the time the SIM is manufactured and the time it is used; also, some phones (and other cellular client equipment) do not use SIM cards. Various standards bodies have issued OTA provisioning standards. In 2001, the WAP Forum published the WAP Client Provisioning standard. After

2850-520: The role of middlemen in delivering OTA updates. Since Android 8.0 , Android OTA updates follow an A/B partition scheme, in which an update is installed to a second ("B") partition in the background, and the phone switches to that partition the next time it is rebooted; this reduces the time taken to install updates. Cars can support OTA updates to their in-car entertainment system, navigation map, telematic control unit , or their electronic control units (the onboard computers responsible for most of

2907-467: The security of a single provider's network to protect the traffic. From a security standpoint, a VPN must either trust the underlying delivery network or enforce security with a mechanism in the VPN itself. Unless the trusted delivery network runs among physically secure sites only, both trusted and secure models need an authentication mechanism for users to gain access to the VPN. Mobile virtual private networks are used in settings where an endpoint of

SECTION 50

#1732779571160

2964-535: The standard work profile to manage capabilities found only on Samsung devices. As of December 2020, organizations can use specific Samsung mobile device cameras as barcode scanners , using Knox services to capture and analyze the data. Samsung Knox provides hardware and software security features that allow business and personal content to coexist on the same device. Knox integrates web services to assist organizations in managing fleets of mobile devices, which allows IT administrators to register new devices, identify

3021-670: The system. During Secure Boot, Samsung runs a pre-boot environment to check for a signature match on all operating system (OS) elements before booting in the main kernel. If an unauthorized change is detected, the e-fuse is tripped and the system's status changes from "Official" to "Custom". Several other features that facilitate enterprise use are incorporated in Samsung Knox, including Samsung KMS (SKMS) for eSE NFC services, Mobile device management (MDM), Knox Certificate Management (CEP), Single Sign-On (SSO), One Time Password (OTP), SIM PIN Management, Firmware-Over-The-Air (FOTA) and Virtual Private Network (VPN). Samsung has patched

3078-466: The text "Set warranty bit: <reason>" appears. Once the e-fuse is set, a device can no longer create a Knox Workspace container or access the data previously stored in an existing Knox Workspace. In the United States, this information may be used by Samsung to deny warranty service to devices that have been modified in this manner. Voiding consumer warranties in this manner may be prohibited by

3135-451: The use of third-party applications mandatory for people and companies relying on such VPN protocol. Network appliances, such as firewalls, do often include VPN gateway functionality for either remote access or site-to-site configurations. Their administration interfaces do often facilitate setting up virtual private networks with a selection of supported protocols which have been integrated for an easy out-of-box setup. In some cases, like in

3192-716: The virtual extension, which makes different tunneling strategies appropriate for different topologies: In the context of site-to-site configurations, the terms intranet and extranet are used to describe two different use cases. An intranet site-to-site VPN describes a configuration where the sites connected by the VPN belong to the same organization, whereas an extranet site-to-site VPN joins sites belonging to multiple organizations. Typically, individuals interact with remote access VPNs, whereas businesses tend to make use of site-to-site connections for business-to-business , cloud computing, and branch office scenarios. However, these technologies are not mutually exclusive and, in

3249-399: The wireless initial provisioning ("activation") of a phone. During activation, a mobile phone is provisioned with parameters like its phone number, mobile identification number , and system ID , granting it initial access to the cellular network. OTASP is sometimes called over-the-air activation or over-the-air bootstrapping . The alternative to OTA bootstrapping is SIM bootstrapping, where

#159840