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39-762: San Timoteo Canyon is a river valley canyon southeast of Redlands , in the far northwestern foothills of the San Jacinto Mountains in the Inland Empire region of Southern California . The canyon runs from its southern inflow mouth in Beaumont in Riverside County , in a northwest alignment, to its northern outflow mouth west of Redlands and east of Loma Linda in San Bernardino County . San Timoteo Creek formed

78-644: A valley which branched off to the north from San Timoteo Canyon, at a village named Saahatpa . In November 1851, the Garra Revolt occurred, a conflict of the Yuma War . The Cupeño leader Antonio Garra attempted to bring Juan Antonio and the Mountain Cahuilla band into the Serrano , Cahuilla and Cupeño Indians independence revolt. The Garra Revolt was put an end by Juan Antonio, a new ally of

117-579: Is actually 1 km wider than the Grand Canyon, making it the widest canyon in the world. Some canyons have notable cultural significance. Evidence of archaic humans has been discovered in Africa's Olduvai Gorge . In the southwestern United States, canyons are important archeologically because of the many cliff-dwellings built in such areas, largely by the ancient Pueblo people who were their first inhabitants. The following list contains only

156-676: Is occasionally used in the United Kingdom . In South Africa, kloof (in Krantzkloof Nature Reserve ) is used along with canyon (as in Blyde River Canyon ) and gorge (in Oribi Gorge ). Most canyons were formed by a process of long-time erosion from a plateau or table-land level. The cliffs form because harder rock strata that are resistant to erosion and weathering remain exposed on

195-599: Is similarly imprecise, especially if one includes mountain canyons, as well as canyons cut through relatively flat plateaus (which have a somewhat well-defined rim elevation). The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (or Tsangpo Canyon), along the Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet , is regarded by some as the deepest canyon on Earth at 5,500 metres (18,000 ft). It is slightly longer than the Grand Canyon in

234-598: Is soluble to a certain extent, cave systems form in the rock. When a cave system collapses, a canyon is left, as in the Mendip Hills in Somerset and Yorkshire Dales in Yorkshire , England. A box canyon is a small canyon that is generally shorter and narrower than a river canyon, with steep walls on three sides, allowing access and egress only through the mouth of the canyon. Box canyons were frequently used in

273-644: Is the Fish River Canyon in Namibia . In August 2013, the discovery of Greenland 's Grand Canyon was reported, based on the analysis of data from Operation IceBridge . It is located under an ice sheet. At 750 kilometres (470 mi) long, it is believed to be the longest canyon in the world. Despite not being quite as deep or long as the Grand Canyon, the Capertee Valley in Australia

312-774: The Rocky Mountains , the Alps , the Himalayas or the Andes . Usually, a river or stream carves out such splits between mountains. Examples of mountain-type canyons are Provo Canyon in Utah or Yosemite Valley in California's Sierra Nevada . Canyons within mountains, or gorges that have an opening on only one side, are called box canyons. Slot canyons are very narrow canyons that often have smooth walls. Steep-sided valleys in

351-671: The San Bernardino Mountains to the north and the San Jacinto Mountains to the south. The pass was formed by the San Andreas Fault , a major transform fault between the Pacific plate and the North American plate that is slipping at a rate of 7.2 ±2.8 mm/year. The tall mountain ranges on either side of the pass result in the pass being a transitional zone from a Mediterranean climate west of

390-617: The San Jacinto Mountains . The American leader of the militia, Major General Joshua Bean , discovered the truth about the events and with difficulty restrained his troops from attacking the Cahuilla, preventing a battle and massacre. Closely following the outcome of the Irving Gang incident, in late 1851, Juan Antonio, his warriors and their families, moved eastward from Politana, toward the San Gorgonio Pass and settled in

429-461: The United States , place names generally use canyon in the southwest (due to their proximity to Spanish-speaking Mexico ) and gorge in the northeast (which is closer to French Canada ), with the rest of the country graduating between these two according to geography. In Canada , a gorge is usually narrow while a ravine is more open and often wooded. The military-derived word defile

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468-642: The seabed of the continental slope are referred to as submarine canyons . Unlike canyons on land, submarine canyons are thought to be formed by turbidity currents and landslides . The word canyon is Spanish in origin ( cañón , pronounced [kaˈɲon] ), with the same meaning. The word canyon is generally used in North America , while the words gorge and ravine (French in origin) are used in Europe and Oceania , though gorge and ravine are also used in some parts of North America. In

507-460: The western United States as convenient corrals, with their entrances fenced. The definition of "largest canyon" is imprecise, because a canyon can be large by its depth, its length, or the total area of the canyon system. Also, the inaccessibility of the major canyons in the Himalaya contributes to their not being regarded as candidates for the biggest canyon. The definition of "deepest canyon"

546-820: The 27th day of May, 1851, Juan Antonio , the Californian Native American chief of the Mountain Cahuilla band, with a group of his tribesmen pursued and fought the Irving Gang of John "Red" Irving and his San Francisco and Sydney outlaws in San Timoteo Canyon. Irving's band of raiding thieves had robbed people and stolen property throughout the San Bernardino Valley, including on Rancho San Bernardino where Juan Antonio's Cahuilla village at Politana

585-613: The Americans, who arrested Antonio Garra and handed him over to American authorities. One of San Timoteo Canyon's more famous residents was the teenaged Wyatt Earp , whose family lived in the canyon from 1864 to 1868. The canyon was used in 1877 by the Southern Pacific Railroad for its new southern transcontinental route's tracks into/out of the Los Angeles Basin and Southern California , to/from

624-596: The United States, with an average depth of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) and a volume of 4.17 trillion cubic metres (147 trillion cubic feet), is one of the world's largest canyons. It was among the 28 finalists of the New 7 Wonders of Nature worldwide poll. (Some referred to it as one of the seven natural wonders of the world .) The largest canyon in Europe is Tara River Canyon . The largest canyon in Africa

663-627: The United States. Others consider the Kali Gandaki Gorge in midwest Nepal to be the deepest canyon, with a 6,400-metre (21,000 ft) difference between the level of the river and the peaks surrounding it. Vying for the deepest canyon in the Americas is the Cotahuasi Canyon and Colca Canyon , in southern Peru. Both have been measured at over 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) deep. The Grand Canyon of northern Arizona in

702-541: The area resented the killing of "white men" by "indians" and mistook it to be the beginning of a Mission Indian uprising. A company of militia from the Presidio of San Diego was sent against the Cahuilla. At the time, present day San Bernardino and Riverside Counties were within San Diego County, and served by troops based at the presidio. Juan Antonio's Cahuilla band fled Politana, going to their homelands in

741-543: The area. The San Bernardino de Sena Estancia was established in 1819 as a ranch outpost Mission San Gabriel Arcángel , for the grazing of cattle by the Mission Indians. The original buildings grew to include a chapel, tile kiln, lime kiln, and a grist mill. The canyon was part of Rancho San Bernardino , the 1842 Mexican land grant by Alta California Governor Juan B. Alvarado to José del Carmen Lugo , José María Lugo, Vicente Lugo, and Diego Sepulveda . On

780-746: The canyon walls, in a process known as frost wedging. Canyon walls are often formed of resistant sandstones or granite . Sometimes large rivers run through canyons as the result of gradual geological uplift. These are called entrenched rivers , because they are unable to easily alter their course. In the United States, the Colorado River in the Southwest and the Snake River in the Northwest are two examples of tectonic uplift . Canyons often form in areas of limestone rock. As limestone

819-706: The canyon's varied habitats ; and historical landmarks, including the San Timoteo Schoolhouse. The San Timoteo Canyon Schoolhouse , a museum and park operated by the Riverside County Parks department, was built in 1883, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 2001. It was acquired by Riverside County Parks from the Beaumont Unified School District in 1993, but

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858-597: The canyon, and flows northwest through it to its confluence with the Santa Ana River , being a tributary of it. The creek drains the Banning Valley west of the San Gorgonio Pass water divide, and the watersheds of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains that feed into it. The canyon was part of the winter homeland of the Serrano people for thousands of years. There were hot springs in

897-566: The canyon, through the efforts of the Riverside Land Conservancy and others, was protected for a regional park , and then came under management of the California State Parks department. When the regional park opens, it will add some much-needed public open space for the fast-growing Inland Empire . The park's features will include: trails for hiking and horseback riding; the native flora and fauna of

936-401: The eastern U.S. For a time in the mid-1950s it was considered as one of three possible alignments for the path of Interstate 10 in California , as part of the new Interstate Highway System program, though the central route through Redlands was selected. San Timoteo Canyon State Park is in development for public access and recreation facilities, and is not yet open. In 2001 a portion of

975-468: The heart of the pass is generally considered to be further east near Cabazon , where the passageway between the two mountain ranges is narrowest. Eastward from here, the route descends steeply towards the Coachella Valley, with the eastern end of the pass taken to be at the junction of Interstate 10 and State Route 111 near Whitewater Canyon . In 1952 an expressway was built through

1014-611: The line in addition to several freight trains. Additionally, the Riverside County Transportation Commission is studying the establishment of daily passenger service from Los Angeles to the Coachella Valley, including at least one station in the San Gorgonio Pass area. The summit of the pass is in Beaumont , just east of the junction of Interstate 10 and State Route 79 , at an elevation of about 2,600 ft (790 m). However,

1053-489: The local ranchos, tracking and hunting down bandits and other tribe's raiders was a service they were requested for in the San Bernardino region, during the 1822—1846 Mexican rule in Alta California . With this 1851 order, they were still authorized to carry out legally requested local law enforcement actions, now within the year old U.S. state. However some newly arrived American settlers to Southern California and

1092-474: The most notable canyons of the world, grouped by region. Venus has many craters and canyons on its surface. The troughs on the planet are part of a system of canyons that is more than 6,400 km long. [REDACTED] Environment portal San Gorgonio Pass The San Gorgonio Pass , or Banning Pass , is a 2,600 ft (790 m) elevation gap on the rim of the Great Basin between

1131-773: The north of interstate 10. Active parts of the Banning, the Garnet Hill and the San Gorgonio Pass Thrust faults are associated with the San Andreas Fault through the Pass. Together, these faults accommodate strike-slip and reverse slip that contributes to both uplift of the San Bernardino Mountains and overall movement between the North American plate and the Pacific plate . The San Gorgonio Pass area tends to get snow at least once or twice during

1170-487: The northern side of the pass, and Mount San Jacinto is on the southern side. Mount San Jacinto has the fifth-largest rock wall in North America , and its peak is only 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Interstate 10. The pass is also referred to as the Banning Pass due to the town of Banning being located about 6.5 miles (10.5 km) east of the pass summit. The city itself was named for Phineas Banning who founded

1209-634: The pass, carrying U.S. Route 99 , U.S. Route 70 and U.S. Route 60. There are still portions of the old U.S. 99 route between Whitewater Canyon and Cabazon. Main Street in Cabazon, Ramsey Street in Banning, 6th Street in Beaumont, and Roberts Road in Calimesa are all old sections of U.S. 99. The Banning Municipal Airport , located in the pass, is a small public airport operated by

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1248-638: The pass, to a Desert climate east of the pass. This also makes the pass area one of the windiest places in the United States, and why it is home to the San Gorgonio Pass wind farm . It serves as a major transportation corridor between the Greater Los Angeles region and the Coachella Valley , and ultimately into Arizona and the United States interior. Both Interstate 10 , and the Union Pacific Railroad , utilize

1287-455: The pass. When the rail line was completed in January 1883, by the Southern Pacific Railroad , it was billed as the second U.S. transcontinental railroad . The pass is one of the deepest mountain passes in the 48 contiguous states , with the mountains to either side rising almost 9,000 ft (2,700 m) above it. San Gorgonio Mountain , taller but farther away and less visible, is at

1326-405: The size of a modern-day grizzly bear; two types of camels; and more than 1,200 bones from small rodents. Other finds include new species of deer, horse, and possibly llama. 34°01′48″N 117°12′17″W  /  34.03000°N 117.20472°W  / 34.03000; -117.20472 Canyon A canyon may also refer to a rift between two mountain peaks, such as those in ranges including

1365-537: The town. The pass is the major geologic divide between the igneous batholithic Peninsular Ranges and the Transverse Ranges , which is a massive fault block composed of diverse forms of rock. According to Yule 2009, the pass is the single "largest discontinuity along the San Andreas fault". One active branch of the San Andreas Fault passes through the San Gorgonio Pass roughly parallel and just to

1404-456: The valley walls. Canyons are much more common in arid areas than in wet areas because physical weathering has a more localized effect in arid zones. The wind and water from the river combine to erode and cut away less resistant materials such as shales . The freezing and expansion of water also serves to help form canyons. Water seeps into cracks between the rocks and freezes, pushing the rocks apart and eventually causing large chunks to break off

1443-600: The winter months, although it rarely sticks to hard surfaces, such as the freeway or city streets. The San Gorgonio River runs through the pass, west to east, and joins the Whitewater River near the community of Whitewater at the northwest end of Coachella Valley. The Southern Pacific Railroad (now the Union Pacific ) laid down tracks through the pass in 1875. Amtrak 's Sunset Limited and Texas Eagle intercity passenger trains continue to run on

1482-520: Was located. Acting on the orders of the local Justice of the Peace, the Californio owner of the rancho and whose house the Irving Gang were robbing at the time, the Cahuilla attacked and pursued them into San Timoteo Canyon, where in a running fight they killed eleven of the twelve men in the gang after they refused to surrender. There were decades of precedent for the Mountain Cahuilla who working on

1521-656: Was not opened to the public until after 2007, when a five-year restoration was completed. Part of the wider San Timoteo Formation in the Badlands , fossils from the Pliocene and early Pleistocene have been excavated in San Timoteo Canyon since the early 1900's. In 2010, a construction crew found a deposit of Irvingtonian fossils dating back 1.4 million years ago in San Timoteo Canyon. The well-preserved natural cache contained nearly 1,500 bone fragments. They included those of: two species of sabretooth cats ; ground sloths

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