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69-461: The tunnel linked the Sarajevo neighbourhoods of Dobrinja and Butmir (giving it the name "Tunnel D-B"), allowing food, war supplies, and humanitarian aid to come into the city, and allowing people to get out. The tunnel became a major way of bypassing the international arms embargo and providing the city defenders with weaponry. Construction of the tunnel began in secret on 1 March 1993 under

138-506: A bomb disposal robot was used to deliver explosives to kill Micah Xavier Johnson , who was hiding in a place inaccessible to police snipers . As well, drones carrying explosives were used in a suspected assassination attempt against Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro in 2018. ISIS and Al-Nusra have used bombs detonated in tunnels dug under targets . In 2008, rocket-propelled IEDs, dubbed Improvised Rocket Assisted Munitions , Improvised Rocket Assisted Mortars and (IRAM) by

207-765: A car bomb or vehicle-borne IED (VBIED, pronounced vee-bid ). On occasion the driver of the car bomb may have been coerced into delivery of the vehicle under duress, a situation known as a proxy bomb . Distinguishing features are low-riding vehicles with excessive weight, vehicles with only one passenger, and ones where the interior of the vehicles look as if they have been stripped down and built back up. Car bombs can carry thousands of pounds of explosives and may be augmented with shrapnel to increase fragmentation. ISIS has used truck bombs with devastating effects. Water-borne Improvised Explosive Devices (WBIED), i.e. boats carrying explosives, can be used against ships and areas connected to water. An early example of this type

276-462: A radio-controlled improvised explosive device (RCIED) is controlled by radio link. The device is constructed so that the receiver is connected to an electrical firing circuit and the transmitter operated by the perpetrator at a distance. A signal from the transmitter causes the receiver to trigger a firing pulse that operates the switch. Usually the switch fires an initiator; however, the output may also be used to remotely arm an explosive circuit. Often

345-751: A theatre of operations . In the Iraq War (2003–2011), insurgents used IEDs extensively against U.S.-led forces, and by the end of 2007, IEDs were responsible for approximately 63% of coalition deaths in Iraq. They were also used in Afghanistan by insurgent groups, and caused over 66% of coalition casualties in the 2001–2021 Afghanistan War . IEDs were also used frequently by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) in Sri Lanka during

414-460: A "full reconstruction of the tunnel" and the "construction of museum buildings at its entrance and exit points". Regarding the museum's purpose Vladimir Zubić, deputy of the City Council of Sarajevo, noted that the museum is "a reminder of everyone, so that a thing like this tunnel, that provided the people of this city with the minimum subsistence, will never have to be used again. It will be

483-752: A Homemade Explosive Lab, or the physical location where the devices are crafted. An IED has five components: a switch (activator), an initiator (fuse), container (body), charge (explosive), and a power source (battery). An IED designed for use against armoured targets such as personnel carriers or tanks will be designed for armour penetration, by using a shaped charge that creates an explosively formed penetrator . IEDs are extremely diverse in design and may contain many types of initiators, detonators, penetrators, and explosive loads. Antipersonnel IEDs typically also contain fragmentation-generating objects such as nails, ball bearings or even small rocks to cause wounds at greater distances than blast pressure alone could. In

552-478: A bullet from a rifle. Without this stabilization the trajectory can not be accurately determined beyond 50 meters. An EFP is essentially a cylindrical shaped charge with a machined concave metal disc (often copper) in front, pointed inward. The force of the shaped charge turns the disc into a high velocity slug, capable of penetrating the armor of most vehicles in Iraq. Directionally focused charges (also known as directionally focused fragmentary charges depending on

621-548: A completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing weapon. A common type of this is the Molotov cocktail . A speculative device incorporating radioactive materials designed to result in the dispersal of radioactive material for the purpose of area denial and economic damage, and/or for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on

690-420: A comprehensive approach to countering the threat networks that employ IEDs, not just efforts to defeat the devices themselves. Because the components of these devices are being used in a manner not intended by their manufacturer, and because the method of producing the explosion is limited only by the science and imagination of the perpetrator, it is not possible to follow a step-by-step guide to detect and disarm

759-683: A detonating mechanism. IEDs are commonly used as roadside bombs , or homemade bombs . The term "IED" was coined by the British Army during the Northern Ireland conflict to refer to booby traps made by the IRA , and entered common use in the U.S. during the Iraq War . IEDs are generally utilized in terrorist operations or in asymmetric unconventional warfare or urban warfare by insurgent guerrillas or commando forces in

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828-427: A device that an individual has only recently developed. As such, explosive ordnance disposal (IEDD) operators must be able to fall back on their extensive knowledge of the first principles of explosives and ammunition , to try and deduce what the perpetrator has done, and only then to render it safe and dispose of or exploit the device. Beyond this, as the stakes increase and IEDs are emplaced not only to achieve

897-436: A football game. 13 people died and over 130 were wounded. Most of Dobrinja lies west of the inter-entity boundary line , in the territory of Sarajevo Canton . Only its eastern parts (Dobrinja IV, Soko and parts of Dobrinja I) are in the territory of Republika Srpska , in the municipality of Istočna Ilidža , where the main bus station for Istočno Sarajevo is located. The inter-entity boundary line posed certain problems in

966-493: A former Irish Circuit Court judge Diarmuid Sheridan as an independent arbitrator, who re-drew the revised inter-entity boundary line, affecting Dobrinja I and IV, and eliminated the most pressing problems. Dobrinja hosts today four primary schools, named after Skender Kulenović , Ćamil Sijarić , Osman Nuri Hadžić and Viktor Vrdoljak, and two secondary schools, the Dobrinja Gymnasium ( Gimnnazija Dobrinja ) and

1035-655: A human has a greater chance of achieving success than any other method of attack. In addition, there is the psychological impact of child soldiers prepared to deliberately sacrifice themselves for their cause. In May 2012 American counter-terrorism officials leaked their acquisition of documents describing the preparation and use of surgically implanted improvised explosive devices. The devices were designed to evade detection. The devices were described as containing no metal, so they could not be detected by X-rays. Security officials referred to bombs being surgically implanted into suicide bombers' " love handles ". According to

1104-414: A larger population. A device making use of exothermic chemical reactions designed to result in the rapid spread of fire for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population or it may be used with the intent of gaining a tactical advantage. Such devices may be fabricated in

1173-421: A larger population. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing nuclear weapon. Also called a Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD) or " dirty bomb ". Improvised nuclear device of most likely gun-type or implosion-type . A vehicle may be laden with explosives, set to explode by remote control or by a passenger/driver, commonly known as

1242-440: A larger population. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing weapon. A device incorporating biological materials designed to result in the dispersal of vector borne biological material for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on

1311-564: A mask. The tunnel was constructed during the Bosnian War as a means by which to link two Bosnian held territories that had been cut off by the Army of Republika Srpska . The tunnel provided a crude way to supply Bosnian units and civilians in Sarajevo. It also allowed for communication between the Bosnian and Bosnian-allied forces in Sarajevo and outside territories. It became a symbol of

1380-547: A person's being in this vehicle and detonating it is known as an SVBIED suicide . Of increasing popularity among insurgent forces in Iraq is the house-borne IED, or HBIED, from the common military practice of clearing houses; insurgents rig an entire house to detonate and collapse shortly after a clearing squad has entered. The Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (JCS Pub 1-02) includes two definitions for improvised devices: improvised explosive devices (IED) and improvised nuclear device (IND). These definitions address

1449-509: A place where younger people will be able to study a part of our recent past and it will be proof that this part of our history will never be forgotten". The house and the land around Sarajevo Tunnel's entrance are owned by Bajro Kolar, a local man who runs the private museum. In a documentary about the Sarajevo War Tunnel, he talked about his reasons for turning the house into a war facility. He said, "whatever we have, we gave for

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1518-406: A platter charge, serving a similar role as an EFP with reduced effect but easier construction. A device incorporating the toxic attributes of chemical materials designed to result in the dispersal of toxic chemical materials for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification ) on

1587-464: A victim. VOIED switches are often well hidden from the victim or disguised as innocuous everyday objects. They are operated by means of movement. Switching methods include tripwire, pressure mats, spring-loaded release, push, pull or tilt. Common forms of VOIED include the under-vehicle IED (UVIED), improvised landmines , and mail bombs . The British accused Iran and Hezbollah of teaching Iraqi fighters to use infrared light beams to trigger IEDs. As

1656-448: Is a military term for a car bomb or truck bomb but can be any type of transportation such as a bicycle, motorcycle, donkey ( DBIED ), etc. They are typically employed by insurgents , in particular ISIS , and can carry a relatively large payload. They can also be detonated from a remote location. VBIEDs can create additional shrapnel through the destruction of the vehicle itself and use vehicle fuel as an incendiary weapon . The act of

1725-414: Is a neighbourhood in the western outskirts of Sarajevo , part of the municipality of Novi Grad . It is estimated to have a population of 25,063 inhabitants. Its name comes from the short river Dobrinja that flows through it. It is today organised in four local communities (MZ Dobrinja A, B, C, and D). Dobrinja lies just north of Sarajevo International Airport . The first phase of settlement construction

1794-452: Is normally devised from non-military components. IEDs have been deployed in the form of explosively formed projectiles (EFP), a special type of shaped charge that is effective at long standoffs from the target (50 meters or more), however they are not accurate at long distances. This is because of how they are produced. The large "slug" projected from the explosion has no stabilization because it has no tail fins and it does not spin like

1863-479: The Daily Mirror UK security officials at MI-6 asserted that female bombers could travel undetected carrying the explosive chemicals in otherwise standard breast implants . The bomber would blow up the implanted explosives by injecting a chemical trigger. Robots could also be used to carry explosives. First such documented case was during the aftermath of 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers when

1932-609: The Iraqi insurgency . IEDs strapped to the necks of farmers have been used on at least three occasions by guerrillas in Colombia, as a way of extortion. American pizza delivery man Brian Douglas Wells was killed in 2003 by an explosive fastened to his neck, purportedly under duress from the maker of the bomb. In 2011 a schoolgirl in Sydney, Australia had a suspected collar bomb attached to her by an attacker in her home. The device

2001-720: The Nuclear and Explosive in CBRNe . That leaves chemical, biological and radiological undefined. Four definitions have been created to build on the structure of the JCS definition. Terms have been created to standardize the language of first responders and members of the military and to correlate the operational picture. A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but

2070-554: The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina , is the most notable individual who used the tunnel. He was carried through the tunnel on a chair called the "President's Chair" and thus never actually laid foot in the tunnel. The entrance to the tunnel was protected by the Bosnian army , and a permit was required to enter and leave the city by this underground route. There were reports of Bosnian civilians being forced to pay up to $ 120 USD to

2139-672: The Sri Lankan Civil War , and by Ambazonian separatists in the ongoing Anglophone Crisis . An IED is a bomb fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic , or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy or incapacitate personnel or vehicles. In some cases, IEDs are used to distract, disrupt, or delay an opposing force, facilitating another type of attack. IEDs may incorporate military or commercially sourced explosives, and often combine both types, or they may otherwise be made with homemade explosives (HME). An HME lab refers to

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2208-561: The Sri Lankan Civil War . WBIEDs have been used in the Red Sea. Monkeys and war pigs were used as incendiaries around 1000 AD. More famously the " anti-tank dog " and " bat bomb " were developed during World War II. In recent times, a two-year-old child and seven other people were killed by explosives strapped to a horse in the town of Chita in Colombia . The carcasses of certain animals were also used to conceal explosive devices by

2277-603: The USSR on 27 December 1979, the Afghan Mujahideen were supplied by the CIA, among others, with large quantities of military supplies. Among those supplies were many types of anti-tank mines . The insurgents often removed the explosives from several foreign anti-tank mines, and combined the explosives in tin cooking-oil cans for a more powerful blast. By combining the explosives from several mines and placing them in tin cans,

2346-488: The 1980s. By the early 1990s Dobrinja IV and V were built and occupied. The newest blocks. These newest settlements suffered most damage during the conflict, as they were repeatedly bombed by the Army of Republika Srpska , and all three schools were destroyed. Overall, during the Siege of Sarajevo (1992–95), Dobrinja was the most bombed neighbourhood of Sarajevo. In 1993 a mortar attack was conducted from Serb-held positions on

2415-697: The Bosnian army for passage for them and their families through the tunnel. After the war, the Sarajevo Tunnel Museum was built onto the historic private house whose cellar served as the entrance to the Sarajevo Tunnel. Visitors can still walk down a small length of the tunnel (approximately 20 metres; 70 ft). The "house" museum exhibits archival materials including an 18-minute-long film, war photographs, military equipment, flags, military uniforms, along with flotsam and jetsam . In 2004, local planning authorities were seeking funding for

2484-534: The Butmir side is the same as that of the Dobrinja side. There is also a section called the 'reduced level entrance', a 30-metre (100 ft) portion on the Dobrinja side that was the deepest and most difficult stretch of the tunnel to construct. At its deepest point, the tunnel is 5 metres (20 ft) below the airport runway. The entrance on the Dobrinja side was the garage of an apartment building. The entrance on

2553-487: The Butmir side was a nondescript house near the airport belonging to the Kolar family. Both entrances were under close guard and ringed by trenches manned by Bosnian troops. At first the tunnel was a simple, muddy path through which supplies had to be carried by hand or on the backs of soldiers. Less than a year after it was created, however, a small railway track was laid and small carts were built to transport supplies through

2622-420: The Dobrinja side, the average height of the tunnel is 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in) (excluding the height of the iron reinforcements) and averages 0.8 metres (2 ft 7 in) in width for the top half and 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in width for the bottom half of the tunnel. On the Butmir side, the tunnel is slightly higher; 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) excluding the wood reinforcements. The width on

2691-671: The EOD operator provides the area commander with an assessment of the situation and of support needed to complete the mission. Military and law enforcement personnel from around the world have developed a number of render-safe procedures (RSPs) to deal with IEDs. RSPs may be developed as a result of direct experience with devices or by applied research designed to counter the threat. The supposed effectiveness of IED jamming systems, including vehicle- and personally-mounted systems, has caused IED technology to essentially regress to command-wire detonation methods. These are physical connections between

2760-504: The Sarajevo Fifth High School ( Peta gimnazija ). This Sarajevo Canton geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Improvised Explosive Device An improvised explosive device ( IED ) is a bomb constructed and deployed in ways other than in conventional military action. It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an artillery shell, attached to

2829-677: The UHF PMR446 , FRS , and GMRS services. A radio-controlled IED (RCIED) incorporating a mobile phone that is modified and connected to an electrical firing circuit. Mobile phones operate in the UHF band in line of sight with base transceiver station (BTS) antennae sites. In the common scenario, receipt of a paging signal by phone is sufficient to initiate the IED firing circuit. Victim-operated improvised explosive devices (VOIED), also known as booby traps , are designed to function upon contact with

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2898-411: The case of Dobrinja, as it passed through apartment buildings and individual apartments. The residents were often confused about where to get the utilities such as electricity or water, or postal services. In response, some efforts were made to revise the boundary line through Dobrinja, but the communities involved failed to reach an agreement. By year 2001, the international High Representative appointed

2967-536: The city's struggle. It allowed humanitarian aid to be given to the Bosnians and it let them flee the city. The tunnel was used to supply the Bosnian armed forces with wartime supplies, including food, fuel, newspapers, and weapons. Wagons were used to cart supplies through the tunnel and could be loaded with 400 kilograms (880 lb) of goods at a time. The first items to go through the tunnel were Bosnian IEDs . Food, cigarettes, alcohol, and petrol also passed through

3036-459: The civil war in Syria and Boko Haram insurgency. IRA used improvised mortars called barrack busters . Improvised artillery including hell cannons are used by rebel forces during Syrian Civil War. Command-wire improvised, explosive devices (CWIED) use an electrical firing cable that affords the user complete control over the device right up until the moment of initiation. The trigger for

3105-424: The codename "Objekt BD". The tunnel was to link Butmir and Dobrinja , two Bosnia-held neighborhoods; one inside Serbian siege lines and the other outside. Nedžad Branković , a Bosnian civil engineer, created the plans for the tunnel's construction underneath the Sarajevo airport runway. However, because of the urgency of the construction, full costing and technical specifications were never made. The construction

3174-481: The conflicts of the 21st century, anti-personnel improvised explosive devices (IED) have partially replaced conventional or military landmines as the source of injury to dismounted (pedestrian) soldiers and civilians. These injuries were reported in BMJ Open to be far worse with IEDs than with landmines resulting in multiple limb amputations and lower body mutilation. This combination of injuries has been given

3243-415: The construction of the tunnel. The biggest technical problem was the underground water, which had to be frequently thrown out manually. Because of the permanent shelling, the tunnel was installed with a pipeline that was used for the delivery of oil for the town. Communication lines and electric cables donated by Germany were also installed so that Sarajevo had electricity and telephone lines connecting it with

3312-409: The construction) are very similar to EFPs, with the main difference being that the top plate is usually flat and not concave. It also is not made with machined copper but much cheaper cast or cut metal. When made for fragmentation, the contents of the charge are usually nuts, bolts, ball bearings and other similar shrapnel products and explosive. If it only consists of the flat metal plate, it is known as

3381-537: The defense and liberation of Sarajevo." Having existed for 15 years without any governmental financial support, the museum is becoming one of the most visited sites of the Bosnian capital, with hundreds of daily visitors. Many guided tours in Sarajevo include the Tunnel Museum as one of the war sites most worth visiting in the city. The museum is open to visitors every working day from 09:00 to 16:00. Dobrinja Dobrinja ( Serbian Cyrillic : Добриња )

3450-483: The detonator and explosive device and cannot be jammed. However, these types of IEDs are more difficult to emplace quickly, and are more readily detected. Military forces and law enforcement from India, Canada, United Kingdom, Israel, Spain, and the United States are at the forefront of counter-IED efforts, as all have direct experience in dealing with IEDs used against them in conflict or terrorist attacks. From

3519-478: The direct effect, but to deliberately target IEDD operators and cordon personnel, the IEDD operator needs to have a deep understanding of tactics to ensure they are neither setting up any of their team or the cordon troops for an attack, nor walking into one themselves. The presence of chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear ( CBRN ) material in an IED requires additional precautions. As with other missions,

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3588-411: The maker or the placer of the device. Some groups, however, have been known to produce sophisticated devices constructed with components scavenged from conventional munitions and standard consumer electronics components, such as mobile phones, consumer-grade two-way radios , washing machine timers, pagers, or garage door openers. The sophistication of an IED depends on the training of the designer and

3657-492: The military, came to be employed in numbers against U.S. forces in Iraq. They have been described as propane tanks packed with explosives and powered by 107 mm rockets . They are similar to some Provisional IRA barrack buster mortars. New types of IRAMs including Volcano IRAM and Elephant Rockets, are used during the Syrian Civil War. Improvised mortars have been used by many insurgent groups including during

3726-528: The name "Dismounted Complex Blast Injury" and is thought to be the worst survivable injury ever seen in war. IEDs are triggered by various methods, including remote control, infrared or magnetic triggers, pressure-sensitive bars or trip wires (victim-operated). In some cases, multiple IEDs are wired together in a daisy chain to attack a convoy of vehicles spread out along a roadway. IEDs made by inexperienced designers or with substandard materials may fail to detonate , and in some cases, they detonate on either

3795-484: The occupation forces became more sophisticated in interrupting radio signals around their convoys, the insurgents adapted their triggering methods. In some cases, when a more advanced method was disrupted, the insurgents regressed to using uninterruptible means, such as hard wires from the IED to detonator; however, this method is much harder to effectively conceal. It later emerged however, that these "advanced" IEDs were actually old IRA technology. The infrared beam method

3864-400: The research and development side, programs such as the new Canadian Unmanned Systems Challenge will bring student groups together to invent an unmanned device to both locate IEDs and pinpoint the insurgents. The fougasse was improvised for centuries, eventually inspiring factory-made land mines . Ernst Jünger mentions in his war memoir the systematic use of IEDs and booby traps to cover

3933-591: The retreat of German troops at the Somme region during World War I . Another early example of coordinated large-scale use of IEDs was the Belarusian Rail War launched by Belarusian guerrillas against the Germans during World War II . Both command-detonated and delayed-fuse IEDs were used to derail thousands of German trains during 1943–1944. Starting six months before the invasion of Afghanistan by

4002-550: The tools and materials available. IEDs may use artillery shells or conventional high-explosive charges as their explosive load as well as homemade explosives. However, the threat exists that toxic chemical , biological , or radioactive ( dirty bomb ) material may be added to a device, thereby creating other life-threatening effects beyond the shrapnel, concussive blasts and fire normally associated with bombs. Chlorine liquid has been added to IEDs in Iraq , producing clouds of chlorine gas. A vehicle-borne IED , or VBIED ,

4071-466: The transmitter and receiver operate on a matched coding system that prevents the RCIED from being initiated by spurious radio frequency signals or jamming . An RCIED can be triggered from any number of different radio-frequency based mechanisms including handheld remote control transmitters , car alarms, wireless door bells, cell phones, pagers and portable two-way radios , including those designed for

4140-464: The tunnel allowing Butmir, Kolonija, and Hrasnica to become blackmarket centers for the illegal sale of these items. The tunnel was also used to transport oil, and for telecommunication. The tunnel was also used as a way for Bosnians to get out of Sarajevo. Transit each way, both into the city and out of the city, was constant. Every day, between 3000 and 4,000 Bosnian soldiers (as well as civilians) and 30 tonnes (33 tons) of various goods passed through

4209-466: The tunnel. Groups traveling through the tunnel ranged in size from 20 to 1,000 people. On average, it took 2 hours for these groups to travel through the tunnel. Throughout the war, between two million and three million trips of Bosnians were made through the tunnel, and a number of Bosnian civilians used the tunnel to flee Sarajevo. Those who traveled through the tunnel included soldiers, civilians, politicians, and generals. Alija Izetbegović , President of

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4278-413: The tunnel. The final construction of the tunnel included a 12-megawatt power cable, pumps for pumping underground water, an oil pipe and permanent lighting. There were two major problems with the tunnel. The first was flooding by underground waters which could rise to levels waist deep. The second was air quality. The tunnel had no ventilation and consequently everyone entering the tunnel was forced to wear

4347-408: The world. The construction of the tunnel was completed on 30 June 1993, when the two tunnels met in the middle. Use of the tunnel began the following day on 1 July 1993. The tunnel consists of 160 metres (520 ft) of covered trenches on the Dobrinja side, 340 metres (1,100 ft) of covered trenches on the Butmir side, and 340 metres (1,100 ft) of actual tunnel under the airport runway. On

4416-488: Was assigned to the First Corps Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina under the supervision of deputy commander General Rašid Zorlak. Beginning the project was difficult as there was a lack of skilled manpower, tools, and materials to complete the task. Consequently, the tunnel was dug by hand, with shovels and picks, and wheelbarrows were used to carry 1,200 cubic metres (42,000 cu ft) of detritus away. The tunnel

4485-403: Was completed in 1983 with the settlement areas of Dobrinja I and Dobrinja II, used as Olympic Villages for the accommodation of sportspeople and foreign journalists in Sarajevo for the 1984 Winter Olympics . They included two residential neighbourhood, one school, and a trolleybus line to link it with the city centre. Dobrinja III, with its primary school, was the next phase in the second half of

4554-650: Was dug 24-hours a day, with workers working in 8-hour shifts digging from opposite ends. Its construction was financed by the State, the Army, and the City of Sarajevo. The workers were paid with one packet of cigarettes per day, an item that was in high demand and a prized bartering possession. One source states that a total of 2,800 cubic metres (99,000 cu ft) of soil was removed and 170 cubic metres (6,000 cu ft) of wood and 45 tonnes (50 tons) of steel were used in

4623-850: Was perfected by the IRA in the early 1990s after it acquired the technology from a botched undercover British Army operation. Many of the IEDs being used against the invading coalition forces in Iraq were originally developed by the British Army who unintentionally passed the information on to the IRA. The IRA taught their techniques to the Palestine Liberation Organisation and the knowledge spread to Iraq. Counter-IED efforts are done primarily by military, law enforcement, diplomatic, financial, and intelligence communities and involve

4692-432: Was removed by police after a ten-hour operation and proved to be a hoax . Suicide bombing usually refers to an individual wearing explosives and detonating them to kill others including themselves, the bomber will conceal explosives on and around their person, commonly using a vest , and will use a timer or some other trigger to detonate the explosives. The logic behind such attacks is the belief that an IED delivered by

4761-555: Was the Japanese Shinyo suicide boats during World War II . The boats were filled with explosives and attempted to ram Allied ships, sometimes successfully, having sunk or severely damaged several American ships by war's end. Suicide bombers used a boat-borne IED to attack the USS Cole ; US and UK troops have also been killed by boat-borne IEDs in Iraq. The Tamil Tigers Sea Tigers have also been known to use SWBIEDs during

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