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43-422: There are six operational units within the facility. A Special Handling unit closed down in 1997, and the vacated space will be integrated into a long-planned maximum security unit. Currently, however, it contains an Intake Assessment Unit as well as a Segregation Unit. There is a pilot project with a partnership of Aboriginal Elders to stop the segregation of Aboriginal inmates where practical and desirable. There

86-884: A 40% increase in Aboriginal incarceration." (O-chi-chak-ko-sipi re-opened in 2003, but was founded in 2000; Buffalo Sage Wellness House opened in 2011, but "is an expansion of an existing agreement"). As of 2024, only one new section 81 lodge has opened, with a capacity of 30 beds: Eagle Women's Lodge (opened in 2019). The last CSC-operated lodge opened in 2003. CSC has responded to these criticisms by stating that healing lodges are only one of several strategies in Aboriginal corrections. "Elders and Aboriginal Liaison Officers are available in all institutions, and Aboriginal Correctional Programs, Aboriginal Community Development Officers, and Aboriginal Community Liaison Officers are in place in all regions, ensuring that offenders have support throughout their sentence, not only when they are placed in

129-673: A Section 81 Healing Lodge are located close to the facility. Other programs are listed as community services and include: Escorted Temporary Absence work gang, Work Release, and Escorted Temporary Absence cultural/program basis. Since Aboriginal incarceration is high in this facility there are many Aboriginal-directed programs. Two other divisions with inmate services are the CORCAN , and the Management Services, which both provide job training and employment opportunities (on-site employment and Community Releases). On April 6, 2004,

172-475: A capacity of 194. This means that healing lodges can only accommodate 262 inmates. Furthermore, as of 2011, healing lodges were not operating at full capacity. It is possible that one of the reasons healing lodges do not operate at full capacity is the policy of only accepting minimum or low risk medium-security inmates despite the original intention for healing lodges to accept prisoners of all security levels and for prisoners to have access to these facilities from

215-552: A lack of informative, transparent and accountable communication left many families and communities frustrated. In the spent of six months after the creation of the national inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women and girls, the inquiry provides too little information on its process. The report also states that "it is unclear what opportunities are available and whether all families that wish to will be able to share their experiences" On its website, NWAC also provides fact sheets with statistics and research on different themes of

258-476: A lower re-offense rate and were "less likely to be involved in violent incidents [with staff] and more likely to complete parole after release". One of the major criticisms of healing lodges is that they only service a small percentage of the approximately 3,500 Indigenous people incarcerated in Canada. As of 2011, Section 81 healing lodges had a total capacity of only 68 bed spaces and CSC run healing lodges had

301-462: A report called Creating Choices was issued by a task force aiming to improve the lives of and create more choices for federally sentenced women. One of the recommendations of the task force was the creation of a healing lodge "where Aboriginal federally sentenced women may serve all or part of their sentences". This idea was proposed by the Native Women's Association of Canada . Section 81 of

344-499: A section 81 healing lodge." The Pathways initiative (a program designed "to reinforce a traditional Aboriginal way of life through more intensive one-to-one counselling, increased ceremonial access, and an increased ability to follow a more traditional Aboriginal healing path consistent with Aboriginal traditional values and beliefs") has been established in both men's and women's institutions at all security levels. Comparing to CSC-run healing lodges, funding for Section 81 healing lodges

387-466: A special section on the 2016 riot, concluded that the CSC's internal report "lacked transparency and credibility." Zinger insisted that the CSC report was superficial (interviewing only one inmate) and self-serving for failing to adequately address the issue of food, or to investigate the role of gangs in the riot. Healing lodge A healing lodge is a Canadian correctional institution designed to meet

430-618: A vigil be held on the steps of Parliament Hill to honour her mother, Gladys, who was killed in 2001 in Maniwaki, Quebec and over 500 missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls across Canada. NWAC worked with Tolley to organize the event on October 4, that had a turnout of over 100 people. The Sisters in Spirit vigils can take the form of rallies, community feasts or a moment of silence. The number of vigils to take place on October 4 has grown from 11 in 2006 to 216 by 2014. These vigils involve

473-512: A vigil be held on the steps of Parliament Hill to honour her mother, Gladys, who was killed in 2001 in Maniwaki, Quebec , and over 500 missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls across Canada. NWAC worked with Tolley to organize the event on October 4, that had a turnout of over 100 people. The Sisters in Spirit vigils can take the form of rallies, community feasts or a moment of silence. The number of vigils to take place on October 4 has grown from 11 in 2006 to 216 by 2014. These vigils involve

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516-969: Is a national Indigenous organization representing the political voice of Indigenous women, girls, and gender-diverse people in Canada, inclusive of First Nations on and off reserve, status and non-status, disenfranchised, Métis, and Inuit. An aggregate of Indigenous women's organizations from across the country, NWAC was founded on the collective goal to enhance, promote, and foster the social, economic, cultural and political well-being of Indigenous women within their respective communities and Canadian societies. Since 1974, NWAC has established governance structures, decision-making processes, financial policies and procedures, and networks. NWAC engages in national and international advocacy aimed at legislative and policy reforms that promote equality for Indigenous women, girls, Two-Spirit, and gender-diverse people, including LGBTQ+ people. Through advocacy, policy, and legislative analysis, NWAC works to preserve Indigenous culture and advance

559-404: Is also a Mental Health Unit with 25 beds. This unit provides psychiatric and counseling services to inmates with mental health concerns. A vocational concrete shop has been established for mentally ill and low functioning prisoners to help gain employment and social skills. There are a wide range of programs offered to the inmates to effectively manage their sentences. The Riverbend Institution and

602-608: Is more unstable. In 2009–2010, CSC allocated $ 21,555,037 for CSC lodges and $ 4,819,479 for section 81 lodges. This discrepancy in funding means that Section 81 lodges must pay their employees 50% less and may be unable to provide adequate training. According to the Office of the Correctional Investigator, the original intent was for CSC lodges to eventually be transferred to the control of Aboriginal communities. Presently there are no negotiations in place to transfer

645-525: Is not simply about funding, but about engaging the people impacted by violence against Aboriginal women and more specifically, creating the opportunity for families who lost loved ones to have their voices heard". From 2005 to 2010, Sisters in Spirit documented 582 cases of missing and/or murdered Indigenous women and girls over a span of twenty years. The purpose of the Sisters in Spirit Vigils

688-504: Is to both provide support to the families of missing and murdered Indigenous women , and to raise awareness of the nationwide issue. These vigils were part of the Sisters in Spirit Initiative that conducted a five-year research and education and policy initiative to "address the root causes, circumstances and trends" of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls. The movement began in 2006 when Bridget Tolley asked that

731-432: Is to both provide support to the families of missing and murdered Indigenous women , and to raise awareness of the nationwide issue. These vigils were part of the Sisters in Spirit Initiative that conducted a five-year research and education and policy initiative to "address the root causes, circumstances and trends" of missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls. The movement began in 2006 when Bridget Tolley asked that

774-492: Is to end violence against Indigenous women. Events in the honour of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls NWAC participated in or created different events in the memory of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls , such as: The work of NWAC for Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls The Sisters in Spirit campaign was an initiative primarily of three organizations: Native Women's Association of Canada (NWAC), Amnesty International and KAIROS . It

817-541: The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . This claim is known as the case of Native Women's Association of Canada v Canada . It took place in 1994. NWAC reproached the federal government for not promoting gender equality. By being excluded from the Charlottetown Accord, NWAC has hence been excluded from constitutional negotiations. It maintained that the Aboriginal right to self-governance

860-476: The Charlottetown Accord was being negotiated, the federal government included four Aboriginal groups in negotiations and gave them money. NWAC, which was not included, alleged the four groups primarily represented Aboriginal men and launched a court challenge for representation, claiming to have been denied rights to freedom of expression under section 2 and sexual equality under section 28 of

903-505: The "patriarchal structure and discrimination" (reference: The Court) of the Canadian law. The Women's Court of Canada maintained that the federal government failed to include Aboriginal women in constitutional decisions, or at least Aboriginal women's interests. Because of this failure, the WCC announced that the federal government violated Aboriginal women's rights. One of NWAC's main projects

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946-488: The 21 initiators, were moved to a maximum-security prison. A 2018 report by the Correctional Services Canada 's (CSC) National Board of Investigation found that issues relating to prison management, negotiations over food service work, and "the presence of an influential inmate personality who had a history of inciting other inmates to act out" had contributed to the riot. While the 2018 CSC report

989-533: The Aboriginal Community prior to incarceration are viewed as risk enhancing factors. At the same time, CSC prescribed Aboriginal programming and contact with the Aboriginal community during incarceration are seen as a risk reducing factors. Native Women%27s Association of Canada The Native Women's Association of Canada ( NWAC ; [Association des femmes autochtones du Canada] Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |nolink= ( help ) [AFAC])

1032-503: The CORCAN farming operation. It was opened in 1962, and has a rated capacity of 162, but only housed 92 in 2004. Riverbend Institution is located one kilometre west of Prince Albert on 8 square kilometres of farmland. This is a multi-purpose operation including pasture, forage, and gardening. The facility offers several additional services including Admission & Discharge, Health Care, Finance, Sentence Administration, and Personnel. These services are shared between Riverbend Institution and

1075-797: The CSC. In contrast, Section 81 healing lodges are healing lodges operating under section 81 of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, which provides the basis for CSC to enter into agreements to operate healing lodges with Aboriginal communities. These healing lodges, unlike CSC-run healing lodges, are funded by CSC but entirely managed by Aboriginal communities or partner organizations. There are six Section 81 healing lodges as of 2022, located in Alberta, Manitoba, Quebec and Saskatchewan. Additionally, there are four CSC-run healing lodges in Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan. Healing lodges are not available in other provinces or territories due to

1118-490: The Corrections and Conditional Release Act of 1992 made it possible for Aboriginal communities and Correctional Service Canada (CSC) to work together to provide services, programs, and correctional facilities to Aboriginal inmates. Notably, it allows Aboriginal communities to provide correctional services to Aboriginal inmates. There are two types of healing lodges: CSC-run healing lodges and Section 81 healing lodges. CSC-run healing lodges are funded and operated entirely by

1161-747: The Inquiry's progress and activities. NWAC released the first report card in December 2016 stating that National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls do not have fully functional body since it is created in September 2016. NWAC also called for transparency, communication, and a process that is trauma-informed and culturally sensitive . Their second report was released in April 2017. it identified areas where this Inquiry has failed and areas that needed more attention. The report states that

1204-403: The control of CSC healing lodges. There is also "the perception among some Section 81 Healing Lodge staff and CSC officials that CSC-operated Healing Lodges are in competition with Section 81 Healing Lodges for minimum security inmates". Expansion of section 81 healing lodges is contingent upon acceptance by Aboriginal communities. Aboriginal communities are not always willing or able to take on

1247-425: The facility had a rated capacity of 573. This is a list of offenders by year: Nearby Riverbend is a minimum security facility that houses conditionally released offenders having residency requirements. The institution is made up of twenty self-contained units, as well as two rooms to address the needs of handicapped offenders. This institution provides many work placement opportunities including maintenance, shops, and

1290-419: The families directly affected, Indigenous community members, and concerned non-Indigenous citizens. The NWAC Community Resource Guide outlines the importance of involvement from men, youth, and even the media at the vigils, and to also respect the protocol of the territory it is to take place on. More than an event, October 4 is a movement seeking for social changes. The purpose of the Sisters in Spirit's vigils

1333-451: The families directly affected, Indigenous community members, and concerned non-Indigenous citizens. The NWAC Community Resource Guide outlines the importance of involvement from men, youth, and even the media at the vigils, and to also respect the protocol of the territory it is to take place on. In December 2015 the national government announced that it would conduct a national inquiry into this issue. NWAC has released report cards evaluating

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1376-440: The goals of preserving Aboriginal culture, achieving equal opportunity for Aboriginal women, and having a role in shaping legislation relevant to Aboriginal women. NWAC is led by a president and board of directors, who cooperate and exchange information with local organizations. Meanwhile, the board studies the actions of the president and its provincial/territorial member associations and makes recommendations. In 1992, when

1419-585: The issue, such as root causes of violence against Indigenous women. These sheets are made to raise awareness and try to underline the importance of the issue using facts. Beginning in May 2018, NWAC has faced numerous complaints regarding its working environments and treatment of staff. Staff have cited toxic work environments, concerns with upper management and the direction of the organization. Lynne Groulx, NWAC's chief executive officer, has denied all allegations and knowledge of allegations, despite evidence that Groulx

1462-481: The lack of relevant agreements. Healing lodges have shown signs of success. According to the Correctional Service of Canada , Aboriginals who served their sentences in a healing lodge had a re-offense rate of only 6% compared to a re-offense rate of 11% for the general population. In addition, Indigenous offenders who participated in the "Pathways" program (an Aboriginal targeted prison program) had

1505-548: The needs of Aboriginal ( First Nations , Métis , and Inuit ) inmates. Healing lodges were created to address the concern that traditional prisons do not work on aboriginal offenders. Aboriginals are over-represented in the prison system and are also more likely to be the victims of crime. In healing lodges, the focus is on healing and reconnecting with indigenous culture while inmates serve their sentences. Connecting to nature, participating in cultural ceremonies, and learning spiritual teachings are how Healing Lodges process

1548-501: The penitentiary. Occupants in each year: On December 14, 2016, a riot by over 100 inmates in the medium-security wing led to the murder (by stabbing) of 43-year-old Jason Leonard Bird, the assault of three other inmates, the hospitalization of 8 inmates, and caused 3.5 million dollars physical damage to the facility. The RCMP conducted an 18-month investigation which led to the arrest and charge of 5 men with second-degree murder and attempted murder. A total of 16 men, identified as among

1591-467: The rehabilitation and healing of inmates. They also have access to spiritual guidance from Elders and are encouraged to maintain connections with their families and communities. Healing lodges were proposed as an alternative for Aboriginal female offenders, but there are now healing lodges for Aboriginal male offenders as well. Women's healing lodges are minimum/medium-security facilities, and men's healing lodges are minimum-security facilities. In 1990,

1634-533: The responsibility of a healing lodge. Reasons for hesitation include lack of resources and concerns for the safety of the community. Critics question the "responsibilization" of aboriginal communities and question whether the burden of rehabilitating aboriginal offenders should be placed on aboriginal communities. In the article "When Two Worlds Collide", authors explore the contradictory way Aboriginal Communities are viewed by CSC in regards to risk assessment. Identification with aboriginal identity and involvement with

1677-480: The time they were sentenced. This limits the number of Aboriginal inmates who have access to healing lodges. For example, only 11.3% of male Aboriginal offenders were classed as minimum-security. Accepting only low-security inmates has the effect of barring the majority of the incarcerated male Aboriginal population from accessing healing lodges. According to the Office of the Correctional Investigator in 2011, "No new Section 81 facility has been added since 2001, despite

1720-425: The well-being of all Indigenous women, girls, and gender-diverse people, as well as their families and communities. NWAC works on a variety of issues such as employment, labour and business, health, violence prevention and safety, justice and human rights, environment, early learning childcare and international affairs. NWAC was founded in 1974 as an aggregate of 13 Aboriginal women's groups from coast to coast, with

1763-459: Was being prepared, Canada's correctional investigator Ivan Zinger, insisted that an internal review by the CSC was insufficient. Zinger's 2017 annual report suggested the riot had been born of unresolved demands by prisoners, small food portion sizes and poor food quality, as well as cramped conditions and over-crowding. He noted that the some sections of the prison failed to meet international human rights standards. Zinger's 2018 annual report featured

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1806-548: Was created in 2005 and is run by Indigenous women. The aim of Sisters in Spirit is to drive research and raise awareness on the issue of violence and victimization against Aboriginal women in Canada. The federal government having decided to stop funding the Sisters in Spirit campaign in 2010, the campaign ended in the same year. Corbiere Lavell , one of NWAC's former presidents, said to the Aboriginal Multi-Media Society of Alberta (AMMSA) : "This message

1849-669: Was not only the choice of the Aboriginal men but also the choice of Aboriginal women. Eventually, the Supreme Court of Canada supported the Federal Court and NWAC was excluded from the negotiations. In 2004, the Women's Court of Canada , a group of feminist / equality 'Charter' activists, lawyers, and academics, reconsidered the case of Native Women's Association of Canada v Canada . The WCC remembered that Aboriginal women were historically equal in decisions. They also reproached

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