Scandinavian Tobacco Group is a manufacturer of cigars and traditional pipe tobacco . The city company is headquartered in Copenhagen , Denmark , and is a publicly listed company on Nasdaq Copenhagen .
77-577: The company can trace its origin back a couple of hundred years while the modern company was founded in 1961 as Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni A/S by a merger of the tobacco activities of the Danish companies Chr. Augustine Fabrikker, C.W. Obel and R. Færch's Factories. A reconstruction of the company in 1990 put all cigarette manufacturing in the subsidiary company House of Prince A/S and all cigar manufacturing in Nobel Cigars A/S. In February 2008,
154-718: A health practitioner or medical practitioner , a drug manufacturer , a wholesale druggist , a pharmacist , or a resident of a foreign country while a visitor in Canada. The 2023 launch of Zonnic was criticized by Health Minister Mark Holland , who felt that Imperial were not marketing them as a cessation product, and that the product was a "loophole" to "addict new young people to nicotine" due to flavouring, accessibility, and marketing appealing to youth (with its classification under natural health product regulations giving it looser restrictions on marketing than other tobacco products). Health Canada stated that regulation of their sale
231-442: A microwave oven for 2–3 minutes before grilling shortens the time on the hot pan, and removes heterocyclic amine (HCA) precursors, which can help minimize the formation of these carcinogens. Frying, grilling or broiling food at high temperatures, especially starchy foods, until a toasted crust is formed generates acrylamides . This discovery in 2002 led to international health concerns. Subsequent research has however found that it
308-602: A French diplomat residing in Portugal who cultivated tobacco in his garden, and was one of the pioneers in recognizing the medicinal properties of tobacco. Nicot is also the originor of the word nicotine. Nicot meticulously dried and ground the tobacco leaves into a fine powder, which could be inhaled as snuff . He presented this powder to Catherine de’ Medici (1519–1589), the Queen of France, in an effort to alleviate her migraines . The use of snuff quickly gained popularity among
385-399: A baby's brain develops in the womb. Quitting snus use is as challenging as smoking cessation . There is no scientific evidence that using snus can help a person quit smoking, although widespread snus-usage is correlated with lower rates of smoking. The first tobacco-free product was developed in the beginning of the 2000s by a small start up company named Niconovum. Niconovum registered
462-485: A cell's normal processes for regulating growth, leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation. This occurs when the cell's DNA repair processes fail to identify DNA damage allowing the defect to be passed down to daughter cells . The damage accumulates over time. This is typically a multi-step process during which the regulatory mechanisms within the cell are gradually dismantled allowing for unchecked cellular division . The specific mechanisms for carcinogenic activity
539-533: A dry, finely ground nasal snuff is not convenient, they opted to crush their tobaccos into a paste-like consistency and allowed it to ferment in jars for several weeks. The final product was then portioned and placed under the lip for extended periods of time, eventually gaining popularity as snus. Ettan is the still extant snus brand, which dates to 1822. Its founder, Jakob Fredrik Ljunglöf, introduced pasteurization into snus making, reducing production time by several weeks and preventing microbial contamination. In
616-466: A few. CERCLA identifies all radionuclides as carcinogens, although the nature of the emitted radiation ( alpha , beta , gamma , or neutron and the radioactive strength), its consequent capacity to cause ionization in tissues, and the magnitude of radiation exposure, determine the potential hazard. Carcinogenicity of radiation depends on the type of radiation, type of exposure, and penetration. For example, alpha radiation has low penetration and
693-513: A form of nicotine replacement therapy , with Imperial Tobacco Canada receiving approval for its Zonnic brand in 2023. Their sale is covered under the Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate; nicotine products in Canada with a standard dosage exceeding 4 mg are considered a prescription drug, therefore personal imports of nicotine pouches containing over 4 mg of nicotine per pouch are prohibited. Exceptions exist for those who are
770-482: A high incidence of colon cancer. Dietary increases in total fat or saturated fat result in elevated DCA and LCA in feces and elevated exposure of the colon epithelium to these bile acids. When the bile acid DCA was added to the standard diet of wild-type mice invasive colon cancer was induced in 56% of the mice after 8 to 10 months. Overall, the available evidence indicates that DCA and LCA are centrally important DNA-damaging carcinogens in colon cancer. Stomach cancer
847-488: A major source of carcinogens with an estimated 666,000 annual fatalities worldwide attributable to work related cancers. According to NIOSH , 3-6% of cancers worldwide are due to occupational exposures. Well established occupational carcinogens include vinyl chloride and hemangiosarcoma of the liver, benzene and leukemia , aniline dyes and bladder cancer , asbestos and mesothelioma , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and scrotal cancer among chimney sweeps to name
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#1732794317662924-575: A medicinal purpose or it can be demonstrated in some other way that they are typically used as medicinal products. In some countries in Eastern Europe like Poland and the Baltics, nicotine pouches are sold freely, because they do not classify as a tobacco product although in Estonia, a special classification of "products related or similar to tobacco products" has been in place since 2020 and
1001-401: A non-carcinogenic nicotine option with less health-risks. In addition to nicotine, non-tobacco nicotine pouches typically contain food-grade fillers, sweeteners, and flavorings. The main ingredient in nicotine pouches in terms of volume is plant fiber. Plant fibers are used to fill the pouch and give it the desired shape, fit, and properties. Different brands use different fibers, but some of
1078-519: A pouch of powdered tobacco leaves under the lip for nicotine to be absorbed through the oral mucosa . Snus, not to be confused with nicotine pouches, consists of ground up tobacco leaves, salt, an alkalizer (e.g. Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Bicarbonate) and (optionally) flavorings. The final product is sold as both loose tobacco, and in portions with the tobacco mixture contained in a small teabag-like pouch. The manufacturing process of snus differs from that of other oral tobacco products. Snus tobacco
1155-503: A range of organ systems in the body. Specifically, they claim that nicotine "affects the cell proliferation , oxidative stress , apoptosis , DNA mutation by various mechanisms, which leads to cancer." Advocacy groups opposed to the introduction of nicotine pouches in Kenya have protested that they may raise the risk of cancer, heart disease, and reproductive or developmental harms. The Kenya Tobacco Control Alliance alleged that given
1232-439: A result, the number of available tobacco products decreased significantly from approximately four hundred local brands to just seventeen, although these were now distributed nationwide. Consequently, employment within the industry experienced a fifty percent decline. In the 1960s, Sweden decided to abolish the import and sales monopoly on tobacco. AB Svenska Tobaksmonopolet later merged with the match manufacturer Swedish Match and
1309-612: A week or more without spoilage. Some tobacco-based snus products are shipped very dry, so they have extended shelf life without needing any refrigeration. This makes them slower to initially "drip", as there is no appreciable moisture in the packet. Some forms of tobacco consumed in the mouth may be categorized as: Snus, dry snuff, and dipping tobacco are distinct products that some English speaking people may refer to as snuff but are all processed and used in very different ways, each with their own sets of risks. Various national and international health organizations stated that using snus
1386-645: A wider assessment of the occupational hazards of chemicals. The European Union classification of carcinogens is contained in the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. It consists of three categories: The former European Union classification of carcinogens was contained in the Dangerous Substances Directive and the Dangerous Preparations Directive . It also consisted of three categories: This assessment scheme
1463-605: Is carcinogenic, if received in sufficient doses. For most people, ultraviolet radiations from sunlight is the most common cause of skin cancer. In Australia, where people with pale skin are often exposed to strong sunlight, melanoma is the most common cancer diagnosed in people aged 15–44 years. Substances or foods irradiated with electrons or electromagnetic radiation (such as microwave, X-ray or gamma) are not carcinogenic. In contrast, non-electromagnetic neutron radiation produced inside nuclear reactors can produce secondary radiation through nuclear transmutation . Alcohol
1540-412: Is a United Nations initiative to attempt to harmonize the different systems of assessing chemical risk which currently exist (as of March 2009) around the world. It classifies carcinogens into two categories, of which the first may be divided again into subcategories if so desired by the competent regulatory authority: The National Toxicology Program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
1617-746: Is a carcinogen of the head and neck, esophagus, liver, colon and rectum, and breast. It has a synergistic effect with tobacco smoke in the development of head and neck cancers. In the United States approximately 6% of cancers and 4% of cancer deaths are attributable to alcohol use. Chemicals used in processed and cured meat such as some brands of bacon, sausages and ham may produce carcinogens. For example, nitrites used as food preservatives in cured meat such as bacon have also been noted as being carcinogenic with demographic links, but not causation, to colon cancer. Cooking food at high temperatures, for example grilling or barbecuing meats, may also lead to
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#17327943176621694-764: Is a complex mixture of more than 5,300 identified chemicals. The most important carcinogens in tobacco smoke have been determined by a "Margin of Exposure" approach. Using this approach, the most important tumorigenic compounds in tobacco smoke were, in order of importance, acrolein , formaldehyde , acrylonitrile , 1,3-butadiene, cadmium, acetaldehyde, ethylene oxide, and isoprene. Most of these compounds cause DNA damage by forming DNA adducts or by inducing other alterations in DNA. DNA damages are subject to error-prone DNA repair or can cause replication errors. Such errors in repair or replication can result in mutations in tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes leading to cancer. Breast cancer
1771-479: Is addictive, represents a health risk, has no safe level use, and is not a safe substitute for smoking. Using snus can cause a number of adverse health effects such as esophageal cancer , pancreatic cancer , stomach cancer , colorectal cancer , cardiovascular disease and stroke . Snus can also cause adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth , premature birth , low birth weight . Nicotine in snus products that are used during pregnancy can affect how
1848-707: Is an intergovernmental agency established in 1965, which forms part of the World Health Organization of the United Nations . It is based in Lyon , France . Since 1971 it has published a series of Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans that have been highly influential in the classification of possible carcinogens. The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)
1925-685: Is being phased out in favor of the GHS scheme (see above), to which it is very close in category definitions. Under a previous name, the NOHSC, in 1999 Safe Work Australia published the Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances [NOHSC:1008(1999)]. Section 4.76 of this document outlines the criteria for classifying carcinogens as approved by the Australian government. This classification consists of three categories: In this section,
2002-429: Is heated and pasteurized rather than cured or fermented, resulting in a less harmful product which contains a lower concentration of TSNA carcinogens in comparison to other traditional tobacco products. Though research on the connection between snus and disease such as cancer is not conclusive, no associations between snus consumption and an increased risk of cancer have been found. The warning text "causes cancer"
2079-738: Is known to cause stomach cancer and MALT lymphoma . Hepatitis B and C are associated with the development of hepatocellular cancer. HPV is the primary cause of cervical cancer . Tobacco smoke contains at least 70 known carcinogens and is implicated in the development of numerous types of cancers including cancers of the lung, larynx, esophagus, stomach, kidney, pancreas, liver, bladder, cervix, colon, rectum and blood. Potent carcinogens found in cigarette smoke include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH, such as benzo(a)pyrene), benzene , and nitrosamine . Given that populations of workers are more likely to have consistent, often high level exposures to chemicals rarely encountered in normal life, much of
2156-633: Is limited independent testing of the constituents, exposure, or biomarkers of effects for nicotine pouches, although independent research is now emerging. Nicotine itself is currently classified as non-carcinogenic according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer , and according to the Royal College of Physicians nicotine in itself is not a hazardous drug. In turn, it is hypothesized that if nicotine can be delivered without tobacco and smoke inhalation, most, if not all of
2233-446: Is mandated to produce a biennial Report on Carcinogens . As of August 2024, the latest edition was the 15th report (2021). It classifies carcinogens into two groups: The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) is a private organization best known for its publication of threshold limit values (TLVs) for occupational exposure and monographs on workplace chemical hazards. It assesses carcinogenicity as part of
2310-430: Is mostly sold in wax coated cardboard containers with plastic lids (similar to dip snuff), at 42 g (50 g before 2008). Mini-portion and medium-portion snus are increasingly popular formats. Most of these products come in tins containing 20 portions, of either 0.65 or 0.5 grams each for a total of just under 13 or 10 grams, particularly with those for whom concealing their use of smokeless tobacco in places
2387-442: Is not a carcinogen. However, they are still harmful to cardiovascular health due to their nicotine content, and are associated with moderately higher risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and reproductive harms. The main causes for mortality from smoking including cardiovascular disease from the effects of smoke on vascular coagulation and blood vessel walls are not caused primarily by nicotine and hence not to be considered equal to
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2464-651: Is not a hazard outside the body, but emitters are carcinogenic when inhaled or ingested. For example, Thorotrast , a (incidentally radioactive) suspension previously used as a contrast medium in x-ray diagnostics, is a potent human carcinogen known because of its retention within various organs and persistent emission of alpha particles. Low-level ionizing radiation may induce irreparable DNA damage (leading to replicational and transcriptional errors needed for neoplasia or may trigger viral interactions) leading to pre-mature aging and cancer . Not all types of electromagnetic radiation are carcinogenic. Low-energy waves on
2541-429: Is not likely that the acrylamides in burnt or well-cooked food cause cancer in humans; Cancer Research UK categorizes the idea that burnt food causes cancer as a "myth". Several biologic agents are known carcinogens. Aflatoxin B 1 , a toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus which is a common contaminant of stored grains and nuts is a known cause of hepatocellular cancer . The bacteria H. Pylori
2618-418: Is of utmost importance. Snus is available in two main types: Portioned snus comes in three sizes: mini, normal/large, and maxi. The weights vary, but most packages disclose the net weight. Mini portions weigh around 0.5 g, normal portions weigh 0.8 to 1 g, and maxi portions weigh up to 1.7 g. Some brands offer regular and long versions of the normal size sachet. The nicotine content varies among brands, with
2695-491: Is prepared through heating under pressure. After the heating process, food grade aromas are typically added. In Sweden, snus is regulated as a food product and, for this reason, all ingredients are listed on the label of each individual package (can) of snus. Moist snus contains more than 50% water, and the average use of snus in Sweden is approximately 800 grams (16 units) per person each year. About 12% (1.1 million people) of
2772-674: Is still sold by Norwegian grocery stores. In Sweden, there was a growing debate before the EU referendum in 1994, whether snus would be prohibited in Sweden, as the EU had prohibited snus in 1992. A number of voters expressed concern that if Sweden became a EU member, they would have to kick the habit. The Swedish government requested an exception to the EU ban, which was granted. In Finland, until April 2023, nicotine pouches were classified for medicinal use. The Finnish Medicines Agency (FIMEA) stated that nicotine pouches cannot be classified as medicinal products unless they are specifically marketed for
2849-426: Is the fourth most common cancer [990,000 cases (7.8%), 738,000 deaths (9.7%)]. Helicobacter pylori infection is the main causative factor in stomach cancer. Chronic gastritis (inflammation) caused by H. pylori is often long-standing if not treated. Infection of gastric epithelial cells with H. pylori results in increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS cause oxidative DNA damage including
2926-649: Is the most common cancer in the world, both in terms of cases (1.6 million cases; 12.7% of total cancer cases) and deaths (1.4 million deaths; 18.2% of total cancer deaths). Lung cancer is largely caused by tobacco smoke. Risk estimates for lung cancer in the United States indicate that tobacco smoke is responsible for 90% of lung cancers. Other factors are implicated in lung cancer, and these factors can interact synergistically with smoking so that total attributable risk adds up to more than 100%. These factors include occupational exposure to carcinogens (about 9-15%), radon (10%) and outdoor air pollution (1-2%). Tobacco smoke
3003-406: Is the second most common cancer [(1.4 million cases, 10.9%), but ranks 5th as cause of death (458,000, 6.1%)]. Increased risk of breast cancer is associated with persistently elevated blood levels of estrogen . Estrogen appears to contribute to breast carcinogenesis by three processes; (1) the metabolism of estrogen to genotoxic, mutagenic carcinogens, (2) the stimulation of tissue growth, and (3)
3080-403: Is typically left in place for anywhere between 30 and 120 minutes. No spitting is required, but some (especially new users) may prefer to. Snus is not cured, so it can spoil much faster than cured tobacco. While tobacco-based snus is typically refrigerated for short term storage (up to a few months), it is typically frozen for longer term storage of a year or more. It can stay unrefrigerated for
3157-834: Is unique to each agent and cell type. Carcinogens can be broadly categorized, however, as activation-dependent and activation-independent which relate to the agent's ability to engage directly with DNA. Activation-dependent agents are relatively inert in their original form, but are bioactivated in the body into metabolites or intermediaries capable of damaging human DNA. These are also known as "indirect-acting" carcinogens. Examples of activation-dependent carcinogens include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heterocyclic aromatic amines , and mycotoxins . Activation-independent carcinogens, or "direct-acting" carcinogens, are those that are capable of directly damaging DNA without any modification to their molecular structure. These agents typically include electrophilic groups that react readily with
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3234-683: The United Kingdom , Ireland and Estonia , allow the sale of non-tobacco based snus. Snus is also available in the United States . Snus is made from air-dried/pasteurized tobaccos from various parts of the world. In earlier times, tobacco for making snus was laid out for drying in Scania and Mälardalen , Sweden. Later, Kentucky tobaccos were used. The ground tobacco is mixed with water, salt, an alkalizing agent such as Sodium Carbonate or Sodium Bicarbonate ( E500 ), and aroma, and
3311-522: The electromagnetic spectrum including radio waves , microwaves , infrared radiation and visible light are thought not to be, because they have insufficient energy to break chemical bonds. Evidence for carcinogenic effects of non-ionizing radiation is generally inconclusive , though there are some documented cases of radar technicians with prolonged high exposure experiencing significantly higher cancer incidence. Higher-energy radiation, including ultraviolet radiation (present in sunlight ) generally
3388-522: The French court and the upper-class citizens, becoming a fashionable trend. By the early 17th century, the practice of using nasal snuff had also spread to Sweden. Tobacco use became so prevalent in Sweden that in 1724, King Fredrik I issued a decree mandating that Swedes cultivate their own tobacco. Consequently, farmers and homesteaders started grinding their own locally grown tobacco. Due to manual laborers typically working outside where frequent use of
3465-557: The NASDAQ Copenhagen Stock Exchange. 40% of the share capital was sold to new shareholders, while Skandinavisk Holding II A/S and Swedish Match Cigars Holding AB continued as major shareholders of Scandinavian Tobacco Group. Snus Snus ( / s n uː s / SNOOSS , Swedish: [ˈsnʉːs] ) is a Swedish tobacco product (in Scandinavia). It is consumed by placing
3542-729: The bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) or lithocholic acid (LCA) induce production of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species or reactive nitrogen species in human or animal colon cells. Furthermore, 14 studies showed that DCA and LCA induce DNA damage in colon cells. Also 27 studies reported that bile acids cause programmed cell death ( apoptosis ). Increased apoptosis can result in selective survival of cells that are resistant to induction of apoptosis. Colon cells with reduced ability to undergo apoptosis in response to DNA damage would tend to accumulate mutations, and such cells may give rise to colon cancer. Epidemiologic studies have found that fecal bile acid concentrations are increased in populations with
3619-750: The carcinogenicity of substances include the National Toxicology Program of the US Public Health Service , NIOSH , the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and others. There are numerous sources of exposures to carcinogens including ultraviolet radiation from the sun, radon gas emitted in residential basements, environmental contaminants such as chlordecone , cigarette smoke and ingestion of some types of foods such as alcohol and processed meats . Occupational exposures represent
3696-422: The carcinogens implicated as the main causative agents of the four most common cancers worldwide are briefly described. These four cancers are lung, breast, colon, and stomach cancers. Together they account for about 41% of worldwide cancer incidence and 42% of cancer deaths (for more detailed information on the carcinogens implicated in these and other cancers, see references ). Lung cancer (pulmonary carcinoma)
3773-426: The cigarette and snus operations of the company were acquired by British American Tobacco . The company retained its cigar, pipe tobacco, fine-cut tobacco businesses. In December 2008, the company's name changed to Scandinavian Tobacco Group AB. On 26 April 2010, an agreement was signed to form a new company (Scandinavian Tobacco Group A/S) by combining all the tobacco business of Scandinavian Tobacco Group AB with
3850-622: The cigars and pipe tobacco business of Swedish Match AB, including the US-based subsidiaries General Cigar and Cigars International . In 2011, Scandinavian Tobacco Group acquired Lane Limited, a US-based manufacturer and brand owner of pipe-tobacco, fine-cut tobacco and machine-made cigars, from Reynolds American Inc. Through the acquisition of Lane, the company gained ownership of Captain Black (pipe tobacco and cigar), Bugler (fine-cut tobacco), Winchester (cigars) and other smaller brands. In 2013,
3927-491: The company acquired the catalog and online retail business PipesandCigars.com. In 2014, followed the acquisition of Verellen, a Belgian brand owner and manufacturer of machine-made cigars and Torano, a handmade cigar brand. In 2018, Scandinavian Tobacco Group acquired Thompson Cigar, a leading US online cigar retailer. In 2019, the company acquired Peterson Pipe Tobacco, the pipe tobacco business of Kapp and Peterson Limited an Irish pipe and pipe tobacco manufacturer. The same year,
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#17327943176624004-526: The company announced the acquisition of Royal Agio Cigars, a leading European producer of cigars and cigarillos. The acquisition was finalised in January 2020. Agio acquisition On 2 January, Scandinavian Tobacco Group completed the acquisition of Agio Cigars, a cigar company based in the Netherlands. Public listing On 10 February 2016, Scandinavian Tobacco Group became a public listed company on
4081-583: The cumulative scientific evidence regarding the potential carcinogenicity of specific substances. Foremost among these is the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC routinely publishes monographs in which specific substances are evaluated for their potential carcinogenicity to humans and subsequently categorized into one of four groupings: Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans, Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans, Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans and Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. Other organizations that evaluate
4158-737: The evidence for the carcinogenicity of specific agents is derived from studies of workers. Selected carcinogens Not in widespread use, but found in: circadian disruption Carcinogens can be classified as genotoxic or nongenotoxic. Genotoxins cause irreversible genetic damage or mutations by binding to DNA . Genotoxins include chemical agents like N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU) or non-chemical agents such as ultraviolet light and ionizing radiation . Certain viruses can also act as carcinogens by interacting with DNA. Nongenotoxins do not directly affect DNA but act in other ways to promote growth. These include hormones and some organic compounds. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
4235-438: The formation of minute quantities of many potent carcinogens that are comparable to those found in cigarette smoke (i.e., benzo[ a ]pyrene ). Charring of food looks like coking and tobacco pyrolysis , and produces carcinogens. There are several carcinogenic pyrolysis products, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, which are converted by human enzymes into epoxides , which attach permanently to DNA. Pre-cooking meats in
4312-643: The global leader. This popularity has led to controversy among government regulators who view the product's appeal to youth as concerning. In April 2024, the UK's Department of Health and Social Care announced new regulations banning the sale of nicotine pouches to children as part of the Tobacco and Vapes Bill which was announced in the King’s speech on 7 November 2023 and introduced to Parliament on 20 March 2024. Non-tobacco nicotine pouches are regulated differently around
4389-493: The harm of smoking can be avoided. However, if not carcinogenic, nicotine is still moderately harmful to cardiovascular health, therefore long-term use of non-tobacco nicotine pouches very likely causes higher risks for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and reproductive harms. A meta-analysis from 2015 by members of Tata Memorial Hospital in Mumbai , India , argues that nicotine may be carcinogenic through indirect effects on
4466-428: The higher levels of some toxic chemicals, and what the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said was a lack of medical data showing the pouches are safer than cigarettes (as claimed by manufacturer British American Tobacco), the government should not license the product. Snus has a long history of use, reaching back to the 16th century and concentrated in Sweden. Its origin lies in an invention by Jean Nicot (1530–1600),
4543-558: The incidence of DNA damage and breast cancer risk. Consumption of alcohol has also been linked to an increased risk for breast cancer. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer [1.2 million cases (9.4%), 608,000 deaths (8.0%)]. Tobacco smoke may be responsible for up to 20% of colorectal cancers in the United States. In addition, substantial evidence implicates bile acids as an important factor in colon cancer. Twelve studies (summarized in Bernstein et al. ) indicate that
4620-418: The major base alteration 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). 8-OHdG resulting from ROS is increased in chronic gastritis. The altered DNA base can cause errors during DNA replication that have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. Thus H. pylori -induced ROS appear to be the major carcinogens in stomach cancer because they cause oxidative DNA damage leading to carcinogenic mutations. Diet is also thought to be
4697-551: The moderate cardiovascular health risks from nicotine pouches. The sale of tobacco-based snus is illegal in several countries, including Australia, New Zealand and all European Union (EU) countries except for Sweden. Non-tobacco nicotine pouches are presently not regulated at EU-level. It is the most common type of tobacco product in Sweden and Norway and is also available in Switzerland . Some European countries, such as
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#17327943176624774-458: The most common derive from eucalyptus and pine. Nicotine pouches are sold in an array of flavors, such as peppermint, black cherry, coffee, citrus, and many others. The nicotine content among nicotine pouch brands typically varies from 1 mg/pouch to 10 mg/pouch although some have much more. Nicotine pouches usually have a longer shelf-life than traditional snus. Since 2021, sales of nicotine pouches have grown exponentially with Zyn as
4851-486: The most common strength being 8 mg per gram of tobacco. Stark and extra stark varieties have higher nicotine content, with stark varieties containing 11–14 mg and extra stark varieties containing up to 22 mg. Siberia brand has an "Extremely Strong" snus with 43 mg of nicotine per gram of tobacco, the highest available. Snus is typically used by being placed under the upper lip . This is true for both loose snus and portion snus. The pris (pressed pellet of loose snus) or pouch
4928-569: The net negative charge of DNA molecules. Examples of activation-independent carcinogens include ultraviolet light , ionizing radiation and alkylating agents . The time from exposure to a carcinogen to the development of cancer is known as the latency period . For most solid tumors in humans the latency period is between 10 and 40 years depending on cancer type. For blood cancers, the latency period may be as short as two. Due to prolonged latency periods identification of carcinogens can be challenging. A number of organizations review and evaluate
5005-588: The nicotine content in the snus and the pH of the final product. A voluntary quality standard for snus products has been introduced (Gothiatek) that sets maximum levels for certain controversial constituents including nitrosamines, heavy metals , and polyaromatic hydrocarbons . Most manufacturers of Scandinavian type snus adhere to this standard. Snus is sold in containers of various sizes, originally made of porcelain, wood, silver, or gold. Portioned snus usually comes in plastic tins of 20 to 24 portions, containing about 0.75 to 1 gram of snus each, while loose snus
5082-421: The non-tobacco in 2008 as a medicinal nicotine replacement product (Zonnic) with 2 mg of nicotine. In 2009, RJ Reynolds (now British American Tobacco) bought Niconovum. Thereafter tobacco companies, particularly Swedish Match, became active in the pouch category. Many of Sweden’s leading manufacturers, such as Swedish Match, Skruf and AG Snus created their nicotine pouch brands as a direct response to demand for
5159-516: The order, Zonnic was prohibited from being sold outside of pharmacies, and flavours besides menthol and mint were recalled. The company will have six months to amend its packaging to include warnings on nicotine addiction, and modify its marketing as to not appeal to youth or promote other uses beyond nicotine therapy. It is assumed nicotine pouches are classified as tobacco products in the US because they contain nicotine obtained from tobacco . There
5236-430: The population in Sweden use snus. Unlike dipping tobacco and chew, most snus today does not undergo the fermentation process, but is instead steam- pasteurized . Pasteurization inhibits the growth of bacteria that facilitate the formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines , while preserving the desired texture and mouthfeel of the snus. The absorption of nicotine, the desired primary alkaloid in tobacco, greatly depends on
5313-505: The product. In the 2024 Canadian federal budget , a provision was enacted which gives the Minister of Health power to restrict the sale, manufacture, importation, or promotion of health products, if they have a risk of harm associated with off-label use ; Holland stated that the provision was intended primarily to target nicotine pouches. In August 2024, Holland invoked this power to issue a ministerial order effective 28 August 2024; under
5390-690: The repression of phase II detoxification enzymes that metabolize ROS leading to increased oxidative DNA damage. The major estrogen in humans, estradiol , can be metabolized to quinone derivatives that form adducts with DNA. These derivatives can cause depurination, the removal of bases from the phosphodiester backbone of DNA, followed by inaccurate repair or replication of the apurinic site leading to mutation and eventually cancer. This genotoxic mechanism may interact in synergy with estrogen receptor-mediated, persistent cell proliferation to ultimately cause breast cancer. Genetic background, dietary practices and environmental factors also likely contribute to
5467-827: The same laws apply as for tobacco products. Although nicotine pouches are not heavily regulated in the European Union, some regulatory characteristics fall under the European Union CLP-Regulation (EC) 1272/2008. The pouches are sold in supermarkets in the United Kingdom, and are not covered by tobacco or medical laws there. In 2022, the Action on Smoking and Health group called for a regulatory framework covering all nicotine products. In Canada, 4 mg nicotine pouches became widely available for sale in gas stations and convenience stores as
5544-586: The world. In some countries, like Norway, the sale of tobacco-free nicotine pouches is prohibited, as it would constitute the sale of a new nicotine-product in addition to cigarettes, snuff, and tobacco-based snus. In June 2018 the Norwegian Directorate of Health forced British American Tobacco Norway to remove the tobacco-free snus Epok, having been sold as the sole tobacco-free brand in Norway since 2014, since as it didn't contain any tobacco, it
5621-469: The years that followed, numerous manufacturers further improved of snus manufacturing, leading to the flourishing of many brands. Several of these brands from that era continue to exist. In 1914, the Swedish parliament made the decision to nationalize the entire tobacco industry. This led to the transformation of numerous tobacco companies into the state-owned monopoly known as AB Svenska Tobakmonopolet. As
5698-462: Was a new form of nicotine product, distinct from the other forms of snus approved in Norway. Approval for the nicotine pouch brand ZYN had already been rejected twice for a very similar product. Within days of the ban, Epok was re-introduced to the Norwegian market, with a minute amount of bleached tobacco added, to qualify as snus, an already approved form of nicotine product. As of July 2024, Epok
5775-491: Was listed on the stock market in 1996. Carcinogen A carcinogen ( / k ɑːr ˈ s ɪ n ə dʒ ən / ) is any agent that promotes the development of cancer . Carcinogens can include synthetic chemicals , naturally occurring substances, physical agents such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation , and biologic agents such as viruses and bacteria . Most carcinogens act by creating mutations in DNA that disrupt
5852-600: Was removed from snus packaging in Sweden and other countries because current scientific evidence indicates that the cancer risk associated with snus is significantly lower than that of smoking. The shift in labeling aims to provide accurate information while still cautioning consumers about potential health concerns. Nicotine products in general have been linked to reproductive harms such as stillbirth , premature birth , and low birth weight . Conversely, non-tobacco based nicotine pouches (also known as "nic pouches") are classified as non- carcinogenic since nicotine itself
5929-546: Was the jurisdiction of provinces and territories, Imperial lobbied against regulation of the product, stating that it had voluntarily instructed retailers to sell it alongside other age-restricted tobacco products. Due to local laws on health products, the pouches could only be sold in Quebec at pharmacies. In February 2024, British Columbia issued a ministerial order that prohibited nicotine pouches from being sold outside of pharmacies. That month, Holland threatened to regulate
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