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112-468: Royal Schiphol Group is a Dutch airport management company. It was established during 1916 in conjunction with Amsterdam Airport Schiphol , having been responsible for operating and developing throughout its operational life. During October 2008, a strategic alignment between the Schiphol Group and Aéroports de Paris resulted in the formation of the world's largest airport group. Its head office

224-405: A "counter-relief" or intaglio impression when used as seals. The process is essentially that of a mould . Most seals have always given a single impression on an essentially flat surface, but in medieval Europe two-sided seals with two matrices were often used by institutions or rulers (such as towns, bishops and kings) to make two-sided or fully three-dimensional impressions in wax, with a "tag",

336-477: A daily basis. At least in Britain, each registered notary has an individual personal seal, registered with the authorities, which includes his or her name and a pictorial emblem, often an animal—the same combination found in many seals from ancient Greece. Seals are used primarily to authenticate documents, specifically those which carry some legal import. There are two main ways in which a seal may be attached to

448-630: A distinctive design, with the second jetway extending over the aircraft wing hanging from a steel cantilever structure. Recent refurbishments have seen most of these jetways replaced with a more conventional layout. Two gates feature a third jetway for handling of the Airbus A380 . Emirates was the first airline to fly the A380 to Schiphol in August 2012, deploying the aircraft on its double daily Dubai–Amsterdam service. China Southern Airlines also used

560-477: A document. It may be applied directly to the face of the paper or parchment (an applied seal ); or it may hang loose from it (a pendent seal ). A pendent seal may be attached to cords or ribbons (sometimes in the owner's livery colors ), or to the two ends of a strip (or tag ) of parchment, threaded through holes or slots cut in the lower edge of the document: the document is often folded double at this point (a plica ) to provide extra strength. Alternatively,

672-736: A form of written identification since the Qin dynasty (221 BC–). The seals of the Han dynasty were impressed in a soft clay, but from the Tang dynasty a red ink made from cinnabar was normally used. Even in modern times, seals, often known as "chops" in local colloquial English, are still commonly used instead of handwritten signatures to authenticate official documents or financial transactions. Both individuals and organizations have official seals, and they often have multiple seals in different sizes and styles for different situations. East Asian seals usually bear

784-407: A gold chain around his neck." Because it is used to attest to the authority of its bearer, the ring has also been seen as a symbol of power, which is why it is included in the regalia of certain monarchies. After the death of a Pope, the destruction of his signet ring is a prescribed act clearing the way for the sede vacante and subsequent election of a new Pope. Signet rings are also used as

896-497: A height of 101 m (331 ft), was the tallest in the world when constructed in 1991. Schiphol is geographically one of the world's lowest major commercial airports. The entire airport is below sea level. The lowest point sits at 3.4 m (11 ft) below sea level: 1.4 m (4.5 ft) below the Dutch Normaal Amsterdams Peil (NAP). The runways are around 3 m (9.8 ft) below NAP. It

1008-483: A lead or plastic seal with a government marking, typically fixed to a wire that passes through part of the meter housing. The meter cannot be opened without cutting the wire or damaging the seal. Specially-made tamper-evident labels are available which are destroyed if the protected container or equipment is opened, functionally equivalent to a wax seal. They are used to protect things which must not be tampered with such as pharmaceuticals, equipment whose opening voids

1120-419: A lever-press or a screw press . Certain medieval seals were more complex still, involving two levels of impression on each side of the wax which would be used to create a scene of three-dimensional depth. On the death of a seal-holder, as a sign of continuity, a son and heir might commission a new seal employing the same symbols and design-elements as those used by his father. It is likely that this practice

1232-408: A man behind a translucent screen appears to paint the minutes of an analog clock by hand. Departure Hall 1 consists of Piers B and C, both of which are dedicated Schengen areas and share D-pier with Departure Hall 2. Pier B has 14 gates and Pier C has 21 gates. Departure Hall 2 consists of Piers D and E. Pier D is the largest pier and has two levels. The lower floor houses non-Schengen flights and

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1344-687: A means of cancelling them. When King James II of England was dethroned in the Glorious Revolution of 1688/9, he is supposed to have thrown the Great Seal of the Realm into the River Thames before his flight to France in order to ensure that the machinery of government would cease to function. It is unclear how much truth there is to this story, but certainly the seal was recovered: James's successors, William III and Mary used

1456-691: A name written in Aramaic (Yitsḥaq bar Ḥanina) engraved in reverse so as to read correctly in the impression. From the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC until the Middle Ages, seals of various kinds were in production in the Aegean islands and mainland Greece. In the Early Minoan age these were formed of soft stone and ivory and show particular characteristic forms. By the Middle Minoan age

1568-410: A new Air Traffic Control tower was completed in 1991 as the existing tower could no longer oversee all of the airport as it was further expanded. Departure Hall 3 was added to the terminal in 1993, as was another pier, G-pier. New wayfinding signage was designed that year as well by Paul Mijksenaar . A sixth runway was completed at quite some distance west of the rest of airport in 2003 and was nicknamed

1680-400: A new pier. Pier A will be part of Departure Hall 1, which already has Pier B (14 gates) and Pier C (21 gates). The new Pier A will have five narrow-body gates and will initially have three wide-body gates, with two more planned for a later phase. The first activities are expected to start in 2017 and to be completed in 2023. The expansions will cost about 500 million euros . First,

1792-466: A new set for seal forms, motifs and materials appear. Hard stone requires new rotary carving techniques. The Late Bronze Age is the time par excellence of the lens-shaped seal and the seal ring, which continued into the Archaic , Classical and Hellenistic periods, in the form of pictorial engraved gems . These were a major luxury art form and became keenly collected, with King Mithridates VI of Pontus

1904-413: A piece of ribbon or strip of parchment , running through them. These "pendent" seal impressions dangled below the documents they authenticated, to which the attachment tag was sewn or otherwise attached (single-sided seals were treated in the same way). Some jurisdictions consider rubber stamps or specified signature-accompanying words such as "seal" or "L.S." (abbreviation of locus sigilli , "place of

2016-440: A recession of air traffic and subsequently to a shortage of security staff and a walkout of baggage handlers. Queues for security check-in were reported to last for 5 hours, and many passengers missed their flights. The CEO of Schiphol Group, Dick Benschop, was forced to resign. Schiphol uses a one-terminal concept, where all facilities are located under a single roof, radiating from the central plaza, Schiphol Plaza. The terminal

2128-478: A seal. The practice spread, and it seems to be taken for granted by King Clovis I at the very beginning of the Merovingian dynasty . Later ecclesiastical synods require that letters under the bishop 's seal should be given to priests when for some reason they lawfully quit their own proper diocese. Such a ruling was enacted at Chalon-sur-Saône in 813. Pope Nicholas I in the same century complained that

2240-461: A smaller counter-seal , which would be used to impress a small emblem on the reverse of the impression. In some cases the seal and counter-seal would be kept by two different individuals, in order to provide an element of double-checking to the process of authentication. Sometimes, a large official seal, which might be in the custody of chancery officials, would need to be counter-sealed by the individual in whose name it had been applied (the monarch, or

2352-431: A souvenir or membership attribute, e.g., class rings (which typically bear the coat of arms or crest of the school). One may also have their initials engraved as a sign of their personal stature. Traditionally, signet rings were worn either on the little or the ring finger of the least dominant hand, with the most common usage being on the little. The less noble classes began wearing and using signet rings as early as

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2464-539: A stable dividend stream to achieve a return on its equity . During October 2008, it was announced that the boards of Aéroports de Paris and the Schiphol Group had agreed to take stakes of eight percent each in the other's companies; this move resulted in the formation of the world's largest airport group. Schiphol Group has stated that its involvement in such international partnerships has multiple benefits to its core business, including gaining experience of various business models and developing brand awareness. In 2011,

2576-474: A stolen KLM van to gain airside access. The estimated value of the stones was around 75 million euros , making it one of the largest diamond robberies ever. Later in 2005, a fire broke out at the airport's detention centre, killing 11 people and injuring 15. The complex was holding 350 people at the time of the incident. Results from the investigation almost one year later showed that fire safety precautions were not in force. A national outrage resulted in

2688-512: A total of 332 destinations on a regular basis. The airport is built as one large terminal (a single-terminal concept), split into three departure halls, which connect again once airside. The most recent of these was completed in 1994 and expanded in 2007 with a new section, called Terminal 4, although it is not considered a separate building. A new pier is to be opened in 2019 with a terminal extension planned to be operational by 2023. Plans for further terminal and gate expansion exist, including

2800-412: A typical weekday (a departure nearly every minute). The peak moment for arrivals is between 08:00 and 09:00 (with up to 52 arrivals on a weekday). Royal seal The seal-making device is also referred to as the seal matrix or die ; the imprint it creates as the seal impression (or, more rarely, the sealing ). If the impression is made purely as a relief resulting from the greater pressure on

2912-620: A variety of hard materials, including wood, soapstone, sea glass and jade. East Asian seals are traditionally used with a red oil-based paste consisting of finely ground cinnabar, which contrasts with the black ink traditionally used for the ink brush . Red chemical inks are more commonly used in modern times for sealing documents. Seal engraving is considered a form of calligraphy in East Asia. Like ink-brush calligraphy, there are several styles of engraving. Some engraving styles emulate calligraphy styles, but many styles are so highly stylized that

3024-481: A way that the item could not be opened without the seal being broken. Applied seals were used on letters close (letters intended only for the recipient) and parcels to indicate whether or not the item had been opened or tampered with since it had left the sender, as well as providing evidence that the item was actually from the sender and not a forgery. In the post-medieval period, seals came to be commonly used in this way for private letters . A letter writer would fold

3136-468: A wedding ceremony at Schiphol. Schiphol also has a new state-of-the-art cube-shaped Hilton Amsterdam Airport Schiphol with 433 rooms, rounded corners and diamond-shaped windows. The spacious atrium has a 41 m-high (135 ft) ceiling made of glass and is in the heart of the building. A covered walkway connects the hotel directly to the terminal. The hotel was completed in 2015. In 2012, Schiphol Group announced an expansion of Schiphol, featuring

3248-525: Is a large pre-security shopping centre and the Schiphol Airport railway station . These facilities are also attracting general visitors. The 1st floor hosts the luggage check-in lines, many of them automated, as well as various duty-free refund booths. Available seating is limited on this floor. Notable public artworks in the airport include the Schiphol clock by Maarten Baas , in which

3360-843: Is a one-way service with the return flight destined for London-City . London-Stansted is therefore not listed as a destination from Amsterdam for British Airways. Other regular users of Schiphol are the Netherlands Coastguard whose aircraft are operated by the Royal Netherlands Air Force , the Dienst Luchtvaart Politie and the Dutch Dakota Association . Typical peak moments at Schiphol Airport are between 09:00 and 11:00, and between 13:00 and 15:00 for departures, with up to 58 departures between 14:00 and 15:00 on

3472-468: Is dedicated to flights within the Schengen area. Gates G9, E18 and E24 (E24 refurbished in 2019) are equipped to handle daily Airbus A380 service by Emirates . China Southern Airlines also operated the type before withdrawing it from service at the end of 2022, leaving Emirates as the only A380 operator at Schiphol as of 2023. A new general aviation terminal was opened in 2011 on the east side of

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3584-553: Is divided into three sections or halls designated 1, 2 and 3. The piers and concourses of each hall are connected so that it is possible, on both sides of security or border inspection, to walk between piers and halls, although border control separates Schengen from non-Schengen areas. The exception to this is the low-cost pier M: once airside (past security), passengers cannot access any other areas. Schiphol Airport has approximately 223 boarding gates including eighteen double jetway gates used for widebody aircraft. The airport adopted

3696-509: Is easily detached by cutting the cords or strips of parchment, but the forger would then have great difficulty in attaching it to another document (not least because the cords or parchment are normally knotted inside the seal), and would again almost certainly break it. In the Middle Ages, the majority of seals were pendent. They were attached both to legal instruments and to letters patent (i.e. open letters) conferring rights or privileges, which were intended to be available for all to view. In

3808-730: Is known as sigillography or sphragistics. The stamp seal was a common seal die, frequently carved from stone, known at least since the 6th millennium BC ( Halaf culture ) and probably earlier. The oldest stamp seals were button-shaped objects with primitive ornamental forms chiseled onto them. Seals were used in the earliest civilizations and are of considerable importance in archaeology and art history . In ancient Mesopotamia carved or engraved cylinder seals in stone or other materials were used. These could be rolled along to create an impression on clay (which could be repeated indefinitely), and used as labels on consignments of trade goods, or for other purposes. They are normally hollow and it

3920-673: Is located on the grounds of Schiphol in Haarlemmermeer , Netherlands . The origins of the Schiphol Group are closely associated with that of the Amsterdam Airport Schiphol , which first became operational during 1916 amid the ongoing First World War . Being initially operated on behalf of the Dutch military, it transitioned to civilian operations shortly following the Armistice of 11 November 1918 . During 1926,

4032-555: Is now unusual in most countries in the west for private citizens to use seals. In Central and Eastern Europe, however, as in East Asia, a signature alone is considered insufficient to authenticate a document of any kind in business, and all managers, as well as many book-keepers and other employees, have personal seals , normally just containing text, with their name and their position. These are applied to all letters, invoices issued, and similar documents. In Europe these are today plastic self-inking stamps. Notaries also still use seals on

4144-566: Is often made out of agate , carnelian , or sardonyx which tend not to bind with the wax. Most smaller classical engraved gems were probably originally worn as signet rings, or as seals on a necklace. The wearing of signet rings (from Latin "signum" meaning "sign" or "mark") dates back to ancient Egypt: the seal of a pharaoh is mentioned in the Book of Genesis . Genesis 41:42: "Removing his signet ring from his hand, Pharaoh put it on Joseph 's hand; he arrayed him in garments of fine linen, and put

4256-420: Is one of only eleven airports worldwide below sea level, the fifth lowest with scheduled flights, and the third lowest with international flights. Schiphol has six runways , one of which is used mainly by general aviation . The airport covers a total area of 6,887 acres (2,787 ha) of land. ^1 Beginning 15 December 2024, British Airways is operating flights from London-Stansted to Amsterdam. This

4368-545: Is presumed that they were worn on a string or chain round the neck. Many have only images, often very finely carved, with no writing, while others have both. From ancient Egypt seals in the form of signet rings , including some with the names of kings, have been found; these tend to show only names in hieroglyphics . Recently, seals datable to the Himyarite age have come to light in South Arabia . One example shows

4480-523: Is the third-busiest airport in Europe in terms of passenger volume and the busiest in Europe in terms of aircraft movements. With an annual cargo tonnage of 1.74 million, it is the 4th busiest in Europe. AMS covers a total area of 6,887 acres (10.761 sq mi; 2,787 ha) of land. The airport is built on the single-terminal concept: one large terminal split into three departure halls. Schiphol

4592-528: Is the main international airport of the Netherlands , and is one of the major hubs for the SkyTeam airline alliance . It is located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi; 4.9 nmi) southwest of Amsterdam , in the municipality of Haarlemmermeer in the province of North Holland . It is the world's third busiest airport by international passenger traffic in 2023. With almost 72 million passengers in 2019, it

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4704-595: Is the principal hub for KLM and its regional affiliate KLM Cityhopper as well as for Martinair . The airport also serves as an operating base for Corendon Dutch Airlines , easyJet , Transavia , TUI fly Netherlands , and Vueling . Schiphol opened on 16 September 1916 as a military airbase. The end of the First World War also saw the beginning of civilian use of Schiphol Airport and the airport eventually lost its military role completely. By 1940, Schiphol had four asphalt runways at 45-degree angles. The airport

4816-399: Is typically dominated by SkyTeam members such as primary airline KLM, Kenya Airways , China Airlines, China Southern Airlines, and other members. Pier G has thirteen gates. Piers F and G are non-Schengen areas. Piers H and M are physically one concourse consisting of seven shared gates and are home to low-cost airlines . Operating completely separately, H handles non-Schengen flights while M

4928-399: Is unique, and engravers often personalize the seals that they create. The materials of seals and the styles of the engraving are typically matched to the personalities of the owners. Seals can be traditional or modern, or conservative or expressive. Seals are sometimes carved with the owners' zodiac animals on the tops of the seals. Seals are also sometimes carved with images or calligraphy on

5040-603: The Papal Chancery these leaden authentications fell out of favour in western Christendom. Byzantine Emperors sometimes issued documents with gold seals, known as Golden Bulls . Wax seals were being used on a fairly regular basis by most western royal chanceries by about the end of the 10th century. In England, few wax seals have survived of earlier date than the Norman Conquest, although some earlier matrices are known, recovered from archaeological contexts:

5152-508: The Ring of the Fisherman , the papal signet, and to see that it is broken up. A similar practice prevailed in the Middle Ages and it is often alluded to by historians, as it seems to have been a matter of some ceremony. For example, on the death of Robert of Holy Island , Bishop of Durham, in 1283, the chronicler Robert Greystones reports: "After his burial, his seal was publicly broken up in

5264-429: The 13th century. In the 17th century, signet rings fell out of favor in the upper levels of society, replaced by other means for mounting and carrying the signet. In the 18th century, though, signet rings again became popular, and by the 19th century, men of all classes wore them. Since at least the 16th century there have also been pseudo-signet rings where the engraving is not reversed (mirror image), as it should be if

5376-411: The A380 on its Beijing–Amsterdam route before removing the type from service at the end of 2022, leaving Emirates as the sole A380 operator at Schiphol Airport as of 2023. Schiphol has large shopping areas , primarily on the ground floor, as a source of revenue and as an additional attraction for passengers. Schiphol Plaza not only connects the three terminal halls but also houses other facilities. This

5488-736: The Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, scheduled to be ready by 2023, with a capacity of 14 million passengers per year. That same year, to mark the company's 100 years of operation, Schiphol Group was awarded a royal seal by Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands ; accordingly, it was given the right to name itself the Royal Schiphol Group . Shortly thereafter, a crown was added to its company logo. In September 2022 CEO Dick Benschop resigned following months of chaos and queues at Schiphol Airport. In October 2022 it

5600-547: The Dutch airline KLM . By 1940, Schiphol Airport was furnished with four asphalt runways set at 45-degree angles to one another. During the Second World War , it was captured by the German military and briefly renamed Fliegerhorst Schiphol . The airport was devastated by aerial bombing, but was rapidly rebuilt following the end of the conflict . During 1949, it was decided that Schiphol Airport would be developed as

5712-506: The Middle Ages, this generally comprised a compound of about two-thirds beeswax to one-third of some kind of resin , but in the post-medieval period the resin (and other ingredients) came to dominate. During the early Middle Ages seals of lead, or more properly " bullae " (from the Latin), were in common use both in East and West, but with the notable exception of documents (" bulls ") issued by

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5824-544: The Polderbaan, with the connecting taxiway bridge crossing the A5 motorway . The distance of this runway means that taxiing to and from this runway can take between 10 and 20 minutes. It also required the construction of an additional Air Traffic Control tower as the primary tower is too far away to oversee this part of the airfield. On 25 February 2005, a diamond robbery occurred at Schiphol's cargo terminal. The robbers used

5936-475: The Schiphol Group announced the sale of a 60% stake in Schiphol Airport Retail , the entity that handles retail stores within the airport, to Heinemann Duty Free & Travel Value . The revenue from retail sales has reportedly been replaced by both a concession fee and a share in the results of associates. During March 2016, the Schiphol Group authorized the construction of a new terminal at

6048-486: The Schiphol Group signed a cooperation agreement with both Aéroports de Paris and Incheon International Airport to cooperate on their customer relations and marketing activities; this arrangement was subsequently renewed by all participants three years later. During March 2014, the Schiphol Group acquired 38.85% of the AREB property fund; this gave it control over 17 strategic properties at Amsterdam Airport. One year later,

6160-719: The airport group owns 35% of Hobart Airport . Shareholders The Schiphol Group is owned by the Dutch Ministry of Finance (69.77%), the municipalities of Amsterdam (20.03%) and Rotterdam (2.2%) and Aéroports de Paris (8.00%). During 2014, the group reported €672 million in revenue, a 3.4% increase to the previous year. The group's former CEO, Jos Nijhuis, earned a €900,000 salary that same year. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Amsterdam Airport Schiphol ( IATA : AMS , ICAO : EHAM ), known informally as Schiphol Airport ( Dutch : Luchthaven Schiphol , pronounced [ˌlʏxtɦaːvə(n) ˈsxɪp(ɦ)ɔl; sxɪpˈɦɔl] ),

6272-437: The airport in 2019. Schiphol's main competitors in terms of passenger traffic and cargo throughput are London Heathrow , Frankfurt , Madrid , Paris–Charles de Gaulle and Istanbul . In 2019, 70.5% of passengers using the airport flew to and from Europe, 10.6% to and from North America and 10.1% to and from Asia; cargo volume was mainly between Schiphol and Asia (46.3%) and North America (17.6%). In 2019, 102 carriers provided

6384-461: The airport's media department, the name of Schiphol might have several origins, all contested: Schiphol Airport ranked as Europe's third busiest and the world's eleventh busiest by total passenger traffic in 2017 (12th in 2016, 14th in 2015, 2014 and 2013 and 16th in 2012). It also ranks as the world's fifth busiest by international passenger traffic and the world's sixteenth busiest for cargo tonnage . A record 71,706,999 passengers passed through

6496-588: The airport, operated as the KLM Jet Center . The new terminal building has a floorspace of 6,000 m (65,000 sq ft); 1,000 m (11,000 sq ft) for the actual terminal and lounges, 4,000 m (43,000 sq ft) for office space and 1,000 m (11,000 sq ft) for parking. The centre and its activities were sold to the Swiss company Jet Aviation in October 2018 and

6608-430: The artist, and the seals from the owners of the paintings. East Asian seals are the predecessors to block printing . There is a direct line of descent from the seals used in the ancient world, to those used in medieval and post-medieval Europe, and so to those used in legal contexts in the western world to the present day. Seals were historically most often impressed in sealing wax (often simply described as "wax"): in

6720-596: The bishops of Dôle and Reims had, " contra morem " (contrary to custom), sent their letters to him unsealed. The custom of bishops possessing seals may from this date be assumed to have been pretty general. In the British Museum collection the earliest bishop's seals preserved are those of William de St-Calais , Bishop of Durham (1081–96) and of St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury (1093–1109). Seals are also affixed on architectural or engineering construction documents, or land survey drawings, to certify

6832-466: The bus station will be completely renewed with a planned opening date in 2025. A connection to the Amsterdam Metro network has been a subject of discussion and speculation since at least the 1990s. In preparation for this, a piece of land has been acquired from Chipshol . As of 2022 , the project had not moved past the proposal stage. Schiphol's growth is hampered by slot restrictions from

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6944-420: The case of important transactions or agreements, the seals of all parties to the arrangement as well as of witnesses might be attached to the document, and so once executed it would carry several seals. Most governments still attach pendent seals to letters patent . Applied seals, by contrast, were originally used to seal a document closed: that is to say, the document would be folded and the seal applied in such

7056-426: The characters represented on the seal are difficult for untrained readers to identify. Seal engravers are considered artists, and, in the past, several famous calligraphers also became famous as engravers. Some seals, carved by famous engravers, or owned by famous artists or political leaders, have become valuable as historical works of art. Because seals are commissioned by individuals and carved by artists, every seal

7168-542: The completed letter, pour wax over the joint formed by the top of the page, and then impress a ring or other seal matrix. Governments sometimes sent letters to citizens under the governmental seal for their eyes only, known as letters secret. Wax seals might also be used with letterlocking techniques to ensure that only the intended recipient would read the message. In general, seals are no longer used in these ways except for ceremonial purposes. However, applied seals also came to be used on legal instruments applied directly to

7280-539: The construction of a separate new terminal between the Zwanenburgbaan and Polderbaan runways that would end the one-terminal concept. Because of intense traffic and high landing fees (due to the limit of 500,000 flights a year), some low-cost carriers decided to move their flights to smaller airports, such as Rotterdam The Hague Airport and Eindhoven Airport . Many low-cost carriers, such as EasyJet and Ryanair , however, continue to operate at Schiphol, using

7392-484: The country's history and culture. The 89.9 m (968 sq ft) library offers e-books and music by Dutch artists and composers that can be downloaded free of charge to a laptop or mobile device. For aviation enthusiasts, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol has a large rooftop viewing area, called the Panoramaterras. It is not accessible to connecting passengers unless they first exit the airport. Enthusiasts and

7504-498: The direct supervision of, a licensed professional engineer, and assures the document's recipient that the work meets the standards expected of experienced professionals who take personal responsibility for their judgments and decisions. In old English law , a cocket was a custom house seal; or a certified document given to a shipper as a warrant that his goods have been duly entered and have paid duty. Hence, in Scotland , there

7616-415: The earliest is a gold double-sided matrix found near Postwick , Norfolk, and dated to the late 7th century; the next oldest is a mid-9th-century matrix of a Bishop Ethilwald (probably Æthelwold, Bishop of East Anglia). The practice of sealing in wax gradually moved down the social hierarchy from monarchs and bishops to great magnates, to petty knights by the end of the 12th century, and to ordinary freemen by

7728-480: The entire polder of Haarlemmermeer in which the airport lies was a large lake with some shallow areas. There are multiple stories of how the place got its name. The most popular story is that in the shallow waters, sudden violent storms could claim many ships. Winds were particularly strong in the Schiphol area since the prevailing wind direction is from the southwest, and Schiphol lies in the northeastern corner of

7840-448: The face of the document, so that there was no need to break them, and this use continues. Historically, the majority of seals were circular in design, although ovals, triangles, shield-shapes and other patterns are also known. The design generally comprised a graphic emblem (sometimes, but not always, incorporating heraldic devices ), surrounded by a text (the legend ) running around the perimeter. The legend most often consisted merely of

7952-423: The field (17 December 1920), it was often called Schiphol-les-bains . The Fokker aircraft manufacturer started a factory near Schiphol airport in 1919. The end of the First World War also saw the beginning of civilian use of Schiphol Airport and the airport eventually lost its military role completely. By 1940, Schiphol had four asphalt runways at 45-degree angles, all 1,020 m (3,350 ft) or less. One

8064-459: The first airport manager, Jan Dellaert, is charged with ensuring the facility's safety and ongoing future; Dellaert subsequently devised and put into practice a new strategic plan for Schiphol Airport's commercial future. The effective operation of Schiphol Airport has long been regarded as one of Schiphol Group's main priorities. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the airport continued to expand, increasingly focusing on civilian operations, such as with

8176-900: The first major collector according to Pliny the Elder . His collection fell as booty to Pompey the Great , who deposited it in a temple in Rome. Engraved gems continued to be produced and collected until the 19th century. Pliny also explained the significance of the signet ring, and how over time this ring was worn on the little finger. Known as yinzhang ( Chinese : 印章 ) in Greater China , injang in Korea , inshō in Japan , ấn triện (or ấn chương ) in Vietnam , seals have been used in East Asia as

8288-694: The government. For reasons of safety and noise reduction, Schiphol is allowed to have no more than 500,000 aircraft movements until the end of 2020. A proposal to increase the limit to 540,000 movements from 2021 onwards has been postponed until a new government is formed after the elections in March 2021. As Schiphol nearly approached the limit of 500,000 in the last few years, the slot restrictions have hindered airlines to settle at Schiphol. Among airlines that have expressed interest in flying at Schiphol are Atlantic Airways , Cyprus Airways , Somon Air and SpiceJet . The Schiphol air traffic control tower, with

8400-527: The growing airport. The name of this town is remembered in the name of the present Schiphol-Rijk industrial estate. In 1967, Schiphol expanded even further with a new terminal area at its current location. Most of the 1967 terminal is still in use today (Departure Halls 1 and 2), as are parts of the original piers (now called C, D, and E). Dutch designer Benno Wissing created signage for Schiphol Airport, well known for its clear writing and thorough colour-coding; to avoid confusion, he prohibited any other signage in

8512-416: The identity of the licensed professional who supervised the development. Depending on the authority having jurisdiction for the project, these seals may be embossed and signed, stamped and signed, or in certain situations a computer generated facsimile of the original seal validated by a digital certificate owned by the professional may be attached to a security protected computer file. The identities on

8624-580: The impression is to read correctly. Rings have been used since antiquity as spy identification and in espionage. During World War II, US Air Force personnel would privately purchase signet rings with a hidden compartment that would hold a small compass or hidden message. MI9 purchased a number of signet rings from Regent Street jewelers that were used to conceal compasses. In modern use, seals are used to tamper-proof equipment. For example, to prevent gas and electricity meters from being interfered with to show lower chargeable readings, they may be sealed with

8736-409: The impression will reverse (be a mirror-image of) that of the matrix, which is especially important when script is included in the design, as it very often is. This will not be the case if paper is embossed from behind, where the matrix and impression read the same way, and both matrix and impression are in relief. However engraved gems were often carved in relief, called cameo in this context, giving

8848-408: The lake. In English, schiphol translates to 'ship hole', a reference to many ships supposedly lost in the lake. When the lake was reclaimed, however, no shipwrecks were found. Another possible origin of the name is the word scheepshaal . A scheepshaal is a ditch or small canal in which ships would be towed from one lake to another. A third explanation would be that the name is derived from

8960-538: The low-cost H pier. In 2015, Lelystad Airport was allowed to expand, aimed at accommodating some of the low-cost and leisure flights currently operating out of Schiphol, eventually taking up to 45,000 flights a year. To combat complaints from the community in Schiphol, Amsterdam Airport is advocating the prohibition of private jets, with the aim of minimizing noise and environmental pollution. The airport also intends to restrict takeoffs between midnight and 6 a.m. and landings between midnight and 5 a.m. Before 1852,

9072-410: The mayor of a town): such a counter-seal might be carried on the person (perhaps secured by a chain or cord), or later, take the form of a signet ring, and so would be necessarily smaller. Other pendent seals were double-sided, with elaborate and equally-sized obverses and reverses. The impression would be formed by pressing a "sandwich" of matrices and wax firmly together by means of rollers or, later,

9184-527: The middle of the 13th century. They also came to be used by a variety of corporate bodies, including cathedral chapters , municipalities, monasteries etc., to validate the acts executed in their name. Traditional wax seals continue to be used on certain high-status and ceremonial documents, but in the 20th century they were gradually superseded in many other contexts by inked or dry embossed seals and by rubber stamps . While many instruments formerly required seals for validity (e.g. deeds or covenants ) it

9296-402: The names of the people or organizations represented, but they can also bear poems or personal mottoes. Sometimes both types of seals, or large seals that bear both names and mottoes, are used to authenticate official documents. Seals are so important in East Asia that foreigners who frequently conduct business there also commission the engraving of personal seals. East Asian seals are carved from

9408-473: The new Pier A will be built to the southwest of Pier B, in an area currently used as a freight platform. Pier A will mainly be used for flights within Europe . Originally expected to be operational by the end of 2019, the construction of the new pier has been delayed several times and due to a conflict between the airport and the construction consortium, the construction was halted in November 2021. Schiphol

9520-407: The number of uniform platforms, and places to stow airplanes, in recent years in two phases. A third phase is planned to expand the number of wide-body platforms to a total of twelve, with planned completion in the period 2022–2026. Schiphol, together with the public transport authority Amsterdam, is going to transform its train- and bus station. The train station will be getting more entrances and

9632-426: The one-terminal concept. When finished in 2023, Schiphol will be able to handle over 70 million passengers. Due to rapid growth of Schengen passengers during 2016, Schiphol was however forced to rapidly build a temporary departure hall which opened in March 2017. Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic the construction of the fourth terminal hall has been postponed for at least two years. The airport has expanded

9744-955: The operation of other airports in the Netherlands, being the owner and operator of both Rotterdam The Hague Airport and Lelystad Airport ; it also holds a majority share in Eindhoven Airport . Schiphol Group has also been involved in strategic collaborations and partnerships with numerous foreign airports, including Incheon International Airport in South Korea , Brisbane Airport in Australia , Hong Kong International Airport in China , Queen Beatrix International Airport , and John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York , United States . It typically engages in infrastructure and facilities investments at such airports in exchange for

9856-630: The owner, or (in the case of ecclesiastical seals) of a saint. Medieval townspeople used a wide variety of different emblems but some had seals that included an image relating to their work. Sealing wax was naturally yellowish or pale brownish in tone, but could also be artificially colored red or green (with many intermediary variations). In some medieval royal chanceries, different colours of wax were customarily used for different functions or departments of state, or to distinguish grants and decrees made in perpetuity from more ephemeral documents. The matrices for pendent seals were sometimes accompanied by

9968-407: The paper where the high parts of the matrix touch, the seal is known as a dry seal ; in other cases ink or another liquid or liquefied medium is used, in another color than the paper. In most traditional forms of dry seal the design on the seal matrix is in intaglio (cut below the flat surface) and therefore the design on the impressions made is in relief (raised above the surface). The design on

10080-474: The presence of all by Master Robert Avenel." Matthew Paris gives a similar description of the breaking of the seal of William of Trumpington, Abbot of St Albans , in 1235. The practice is less widely attested in the case of medieval laypeople, but certainly occurred on occasion, particularly in the 13th and 14th centuries. Silver seal matrices have been found in the graves of some of the 12th-century queens of France. These were probably deliberately buried as

10192-439: The primary airport of the Netherlands. By the 2010s, Schiphol was being used by the third-highest number of passengers, as well as the fourth-highest volume of cargo of all airports in Europe. During 2019 alone, 1.57 million tons of freight and 71.7 million passengers reportedly flew through Schiphol. During the postwar era, the Schiphol Group opted to extend its operations beyond Schiphol Airport itself. It has become involved in

10304-679: The professional seals determine legal responsibility for any errors or omissions, and in some cases financial responsibility for their correction as well as the territory of their responsibility, e.g.: "State of Minnesota". In some jurisdictions, especially in Canada, it is a legal requirement for a professional engineer to seal documents in accordance with the Engineering Profession Act and Regulations. Professional engineers may also be legally entitled to seal any document they prepare. The seal identifies work performed by, or under

10416-572: The public can enter, free of charge, from the airport's landside. Since June 2011, it is the location for a KLM Cityhopper Fokker 100 , modified to be a viewing exhibit. Besides the Panoramaterras, Schiphol has other spotting sites, especially along the newest Polderbaan runway and at the McDonald's restaurant at the north side of the airport. Schiphol has its own mortuary , where the dead can be handled and kept before departure or after arrival. Between October 2006 and 2019, people could also hold

10528-424: The remnants of the airfield at the start of Operation Market Garden . At the end of the war, the airfield was quickly restored: the first aircraft, a Douglas DC-3 , landed on 8 July 1945. A new terminal building was completed in 1949 and it was decided that Schiphol was to become the primary airport of the Netherlands. The expansion came at the cost of a small town called Rijk, which was demolished to make room for

10640-539: The resignation of Justice Minister Piet Hein Donner (CDA) and Mayor Hartog of Haarlemmermeer. Spatial Planning Minister Sybilla Dekker (VVD) resigned as well because she bore responsibility for safety failings cited in the report. In the summer of 2022, the airport suffered the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on aviation . It experienced extraordinarily long delays and a large number of cancelled flights, which led to

10752-402: The reverse of the one-dollar bill ; and several of the seals of the U.S. states appear on their respective state flags . In Europe, although coats of arms and heraldic badges may well feature in such contexts as well as on seals, the seal design in its entirety rarely appears as a graphical emblem and is used mainly as originally intended: as an impression on documents. The study of seals

10864-446: The same Great Seal matrix, fairly crudely adapted – possibly quite deliberately, in order to demonstrate the continuity of government. A signet ring is a ring bearing on its flat top surface the equivalent of a seal. A typical signet ring has a design, often a family or personal crest , created in intaglio so that it will leave a raised ( relief ) impression of the design when the ring is pressed onto liquid sealing wax . The design

10976-457: The seal may be attached to a narrow strip of the material of the document (again, in this case, usually parchment), sliced and folded down, as a tail or tongue , but not detached. The object in all cases is to help ensure authenticity by maintaining the integrity of the relationship between document and seal, and to prevent the seal's reuse. If a forger tries to remove an applied seal from its document, it will almost certainly break. A pendent seal

11088-488: The seal") to be the legal equivalent of, i.e. , an equally effective substitute for, a seal. In the United States, the word "seal" is sometimes assigned to a facsimile of the seal design (in monochrome or color), which may be used in a variety of contexts including architectural settings, on flags , or on official letterheads . Thus, for example, the Great Seal of the United States , among other uses, appears on

11200-437: The shades of yellow and green used. The new terminal building replaced the older facilities once located on what is now the east side of the airport. The A-pier (now C-pier) of the airport was modified in 1970 to allow Boeing 747 aircraft to use the boarding gates. A new pier (D, now called F) opened in 1977, dedicated to handling wide-body aircraft. The first railway station at the airport followed in 1978. The construction of

11312-456: The sides. Although it is a utilitarian instrument of daily business in East Asia, westerners and other non-Asians seldom see Asian seals except on Asian paintings and calligraphic art. All traditional paintings in China , Japan , Korea , and the rest of East Asia are watercolor paintings on silk, paper, or some other surface to which the red ink from seals can adhere. East Asian paintings often bear multiple seals, including one or two seals from

11424-664: The upper floor is used for Schengen flights. By using stairs, the same jetways are used to access the aircraft. Schengen gates are numbered beginning with D-59; non-Schengen gates are numbered from D-1 to D-57. Pier E is a dedicated non-Schengen area and has fourteen gates. It is typically home to SkyTeam hub airlines Delta Air Lines and KLM , along with other members, such as China Airlines and China Southern Airlines . Other Middle Eastern and Asian airlines such as Air Astana , EVA Air , Etihad Airways and Iran Air also typically operate out of Pier E. Departure Hall 3 consists of three piers: F, G, and H/M. Pier F has eight gates and

11536-483: The vicinity near Bennebroek , Vijfhuizen , and Vogelenzang to try to confuse Allied bombers. A railway connection was also built. Despite these defences, the airfield was still bombed intensively; an exceptionally heavy attack on 13 December 1943 caused so much damage that it rendered the airfield unusable as an active base. After that, it served only as an emergency landing field, until the Germans themselves destroyed

11648-506: The words schip hol . This is a low-lying area of land ( hol ) from where wood would be obtained to build ships. After the lake was dredged in the mid-1800s, a fortification named Fort Schiphol was built in the area which was part of the Stelling van Amsterdam defence works. Schiphol opened on 16 September 1916 as a military airbase, with a few barracks and a field serving as platform and runways. When civil aircraft started to use

11760-459: The words "The seal of [the name of the owner]", either in Latin or in the local vernacular language: the Latin word Sigillum was frequently abbreviated to a simple S: . Occasionally, the legend took the form of a motto . In the Middle Ages it became customary for the seals of women and of ecclesiastics to be given a vesica (pointed oval) shape. The central emblem was often a standing figure of

11872-570: Was a factor in the emergence of hereditary heraldry in western Europe in the 12th century. Ecclesiastical seals are frequently mandorla -shaped, as in the shape of an almond , also known as vesica -shaped. The use of a seal by men of wealth and position was common before the Christian era, but high functionaries of the Church adopted the habit. An incidental allusion in one of St. Augustine 's letters (217 to Victorinus) indicates that he used

11984-472: Was an officer called the clerk of the cocket . It may have given its name to cocket bread , which was perhaps stamped as though with a seal. The importance of the seal as a means of authentication necessitated that when authority passed into new hands the old seal should be destroyed and a new one made. When the pope dies it is the first duty of the Cardinal Camerlengo to obtain possession of

12096-537: Was announced that the Schiphol Group gained a 40% share in the Maastricht Aachen Airport. Shareholder of The Schiphol Group is 100% shareholder of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol , Rotterdam The Hague Airport , and Lelystad Airport . It also owns 51% of Eindhoven Airport , 40% of Maastricht Aachen Airport and 19.6% of Brisbane Airport . The group holds the operating franchise for John F. Kennedy International Airport 's Terminal 4. Beside that,

12208-555: Was captured by the German military that same year and renamed Fliegerhorst Schiphol . The airport was destroyed through bombing but at the end of the war, the airfield was soon rebuilt. In 1949, it was decided that Schiphol was to become the primary airport of the Netherlands. Schiphol Airport was voted the Best Airport in Western Europe in 2020. The name Sciphol appears in an official document from 1447. According to

12320-543: Was disappointed in the construction speed and the rising of the total cost, although insiders announced that a design flaw was made and the entire construction needed to be reinforced. A new tendering procedure will be started to find a new constructor, once found a new completion date will be announced. To handle future growth in passengers, Schiphol will further expand by building a fourth terminal hall with facilities for both departures and arrivals. From this new building, direct access will be made to Schiphol Plaza, continuing

12432-416: Was extended to become today's runway 04/22; two others crossed that runway at 52°18′43″N 4°48′00″E  /  52.312°N 4.800°E  / 52.312; 4.800 . The airport was captured by the German military that same year and renamed Fliegerhorst Schiphol . A large number of anti-aircraft defences were installed in the vicinity of the airport and fake decoy airfields were constructed in

12544-483: Was rebranded as Jet Aviation Amsterdam. The Rijksmuseum operates an annex at the airport, offering a small overview of both classical and contemporary art. Admission to the exhibits is free, but requires a plane ticket as it is situated in the passenger transit zone. In the summer of 2010, Schiphol Airport Library opened alongside the museum, providing passengers access to a collection of 1,200 books (translated into 29 languages) by Dutch authors on subjects relating to

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