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67-630: The series currently consists of six mainline entries: the first entry of the series, 2008's Chaos;Head , is followed by Steins;Gate , Robotics;Notes , Chaos;Child , Occultic;Nine , Anonymous;Code , as well as the upcoming Steins;??? . The series also includes several spin-off games based on Chaos;Head , Steins;Gate , Robotics;Notes , and Chaos;Child , as well as spin-offs in other mediums including anime , manga , light novels , audio dramas , and stage plays . All main entries except Anonymous;Code have received anime adaptations . The main entries and their spin-offs all take place in

134-520: A Chaos;Head cameo during a scene calling back to many of Nitroplus's previously published works. Fringe science Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted . Fringe science theories are often advanced by people who have no traditional academic science background, or by researchers outside the mainstream discipline. The general public has difficulty distinguishing between science and its imitators, and in some cases,

201-586: A "DI-sword" to be saved. She makes such a sword materialize in her hands, and tells him about how Takumi, the girl carrying the sword – Sena Aoi – and her friend Kozue Orihara are Gigalomaniacs: people with the ability to project delusions into reality, which is called "real-booting". The Nozomi Group, a technology company in Shibuya, is revealed to be using their Noah II machine to synthetically use Gigalomaniac power, and have staff carrying transmitters to increase Noah II's signal reach. Takumi learns that he himself

268-444: A "yearning to believe or a generalized suspicion of experts is a very potent incentive to accepting pseudoscientific claims". The term "fringe science" covers everything from novel hypotheses , which can be tested utilizing the scientific method to wild ad hoc hypotheses and mumbo jumbo . This has resulted in a tendency to dismiss all fringe science as the domain of pseudoscientists , hobbyists , and quacks . A concept that

335-962: A D rating (17 years and up). The PlayStation Vita version bundled the Z-rated version with the follow-up game Chaos;Head Love Chu Chu! under the title Chaos;Head Dual , and was released on August 21, 2014. Another bundle, Chaos;Head Noah / Chaos;Child Double Pack – also known as Chaos; Double Pack – collects Noah and Chaos;Child , and was released for the Nintendo Switch on February 24, 2022, with high-definition graphics. In 2018, Shikura responded to fan requests on Twitter, saying that Chaos;Head Noah "probably" would be released in English, and in February 2022, Mages asked people to wait for information on an English release. An English localization of Chaos; Double Pack by Spike Chunsoft

402-489: A DI-sword, and destroys the transmitters, revealing the nurse Hazuki to be the New Gen killer in the process by reading her memories and projecting them onto the screens on the buildings. An earthquake occurs, destroying much of Shibuya; Takumi rescues the other Gigalomaniacs from the destruction, and continues to the location of Noah II. He fights Norose, but Noah II overwhelms him with delusions; he reaffirms his existence with

469-407: A cargo crate on top of an apartment building. He discusses the recent "New Generation Madness" ("New Gen") serial murder case in Shibuya with his friend Grim over the internet, when someone with the username "Shogun" sends Takumi image files depicting a man pinned to a wall with stakes. Later, Takumi witnesses a girl he does not recognize committing the murder portrayed in the image files, and he flees

536-612: A large majority of the sold copies being of the PlayStation Vita version; according to PQube's head of marketing, Geraint Evans, it was the game that made PQube break through and get noticed as a publisher. Steins;Gate Elite 's international PC release was among the best-selling new releases of the month on Steam . In addition to the games, the series has seen adaptations and spin-offs in several types of media, such as audio dramas , stage plays , light novels , and manga . There are also anime adaptations of all four of

603-519: A list of games they wanted to see localized ; they considered an English version likely due to Steins;Gate 's English release in 2014. After the release of the official English localization of Chaos;Head Noah in October 2022, the quality of the localization was criticized by Kiri Kiri Basara as being subpar. Complaints included questionable typography choices such as the lack of quotation marks to indicate dialogue, mistranslations that distort

670-680: A list over the 30 essential role-playing games of 2010–2015, calling it one of the best visual novels on the market. It was also nominated for the Golden Joystick Awards , for best handheld/mobile game of 2015. The Science Adventure series has been a commercial success for Mages, with the release of Chaos;Head and Steins;Gate helping establishing them as a game developer. In June 2011, Steins;Gate sales passed 300,000 copies sold, something Shikura noted as an achievement for its genre. A year later, he revealed that there had been more than 80,000 preorders for Robotics;Notes , which

737-506: A public eager for answers." However, the public is ignorant that "As science progresses from ignorance to understanding it must pass through a transitional phase of confusion and uncertainty." The media also play a role in propagating the belief that certain fields of science are controversial. In their 2003 paper "Optimising Public Understanding of Science and Technology in Europe: A Comparative Perspective", Jan Nolin et al. write that "From

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804-550: A seventh in development. The game adaptation of the Occultic;Nine novel series, and Anonymous;Code were referred to internally as part of the Science Visual Novel series , which was originally announced to be separate from Science Adventure , but has since been incorporated into the series. Occultic;Nine was planned to be updated with new story content tying it more closely with Science Adventure . Some of

871-635: A similar focus on science fiction elements. Some of the staff who worked with KID and the Infinity series, such as Naotaka Hayashi, Chiyomaru Shikura, and Takeshi Abo, came together to work on Chaos;Head , and later, the rest of the Science Adventure series. The games have also received generally positive reviews, both in Japan and the West. Critics have enjoyed the story, the music and visuals, and

938-408: A term also suggesting kookiness." This characterization is perhaps inspired by the eccentric behavior of many researchers of the kind known colloquially (and with considerable historical precedent) as mad scientists . Although most fringe science is rejected, the scientific community has come to accept some portions of it. One example of such is plate tectonics , an idea which had its origin in

1005-555: Is Ended was published by Mages in Japan for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 in 2019. Mages advertises this game as a "Masterpiece for Science Adventure fans". Chaos;Head Chaos;Head (stylized as ChäoS;HEAd ) is a 2008 science fiction visual novel video game developed by 5pb. and Nitroplus . It is the first game in the Science Adventure series. Following the original Windows release,

1072-531: Is a more difficult problem than scientific misconduct . His suggested methods include impeccable accuracy, checking cited sources, not overstating orthodox science, thorough understanding of the Wegener continental drift example, examples of orthodox science investigating radical proposals, and prepared examples of errors from fringe scientists. Friedlander suggests that fringe science is necessary so mainstream science will not atrophy. Scientists must evaluate

1139-677: Is a projected delusion with fabricated memories: a copy created by Shogun, who is the original Takumi. His sister Nanami is held in the location of the real Noah II, where she is made to awaken as a Gigalomaniac and obtain a DI-sword. Rimi – also a Gigalomaniac – tries to save her, but is attacked by Norose and taken prisoner in Nanami's stead. Shogun again meets with Takumi to tell him that he had intended to stop Nozomi from taking over humanity with Noah II, but that his body – aged from disease and overuse of Gigalomaniac powers – hindered him, prompting him to create Takumi to do it in his stead. Takumi obtains

1206-458: Is also a higher antagonist shared throughout the entire series, the Committee of 300 . The Committee, based on the real conspiracy theory , seeks world domination, and is portrayed as very powerful, having control over corporations, politicians, and religions, and being seemingly impossible to beat even with time travel and control over reality. The games are primarily visual novels , in which

1273-546: Is created and planned by Chiyomaru Shikura , founder of Mages and Chiyomaru Studio, composed by Takeshi Abo and Zizz Studio, written by Chiyomaru Shikura, Naotaka Hayashi along with other writers, and features character designs by artists including Mutsumi Sasaki , Huke, and Tomonori Fukuda. The developers aimed to make the series set within reality, as Shikura felt it made it more relatable and believable. The series has been commercially and critically successful both in Japan and internationally, far exceeding sales expectations for

1340-404: Is disputed. The connotation of "fringe science" is that the enterprise is rational but is unlikely to produce good results for various reasons, including incomplete or contradictory evidence. Pseudoscience, however, is something that is not scientific but is incorrectly characterised as science. The term may be considered pejorative . For example, Lyell D. Henry Jr. wrote, "Fringe science [is]

1407-411: Is done by deciding whether or not to answer the phone at certain times. Robotics;Notes works similarly to Steins;Gate , but with the player using a tablet computer and its apps instead of a cell phone. The series is planned by Mages 's CEO Chiyomaru Shikura, and is developed by Mages, Nitroplus , and Shikura's multimedia concept studio Chiyomaru Studio , the latter of which owns the copyright to

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1474-503: Is just believable enough to feel real. For Robotics;Notes , Mages cooperated with JAXA , the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, to bring further realism to the story. Due to the series' use of worldlines – alternative worlds – the developers make use of a correlation chart to track the events in the games' stories, which is updated whenever they create new entries in the series. Abo noted that while all

1541-441: Is targeting him and experiences paranoia and hallucinations, and becomes unsure of what is real and who he can trust. In one of his delusions, Shogun appears as an old man in a wheelchair and tells him that more people will die unless he awakens. When Takumi sees a girl carrying a large sword in public and notices that only he can see it, Ayase Kishimoto – a student who recently transferred to Takumi's school – tells him that he needs

1608-500: The science fiction genre. They make use of real scientific concepts and theories, but also cross over into fictional territory, using fringe science and urban legends . Chaos;Head and Chaos;Child focus on individuals with the power to alter reality, and discuss topics such as perception, reality, and antimatter, while Steins;Gate focuses on time travel. Robotics;Notes focuses on several technologies such as robotics and augmented reality , as well as borrowing some concepts from

1675-500: The 2013 game Phantom Breaker: Battle Grounds . Multiple Steins;Gate characters also appear as bosses in the 2013 role-playing game Divine Gate . Our World is Ended is a Japanese science fiction visual novel developed by Red Entertainment and published by PQube in North America and Europe for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Microsoft Windows in 2019. But, this updated version, dubbed Judgement 7 - Our World

1742-436: The delusions through the "delusional trigger" system, wherein green and red lights are displayed on the top of the screen, representing positive and negative delusions. After the player has played through the game once, delusions chosen during subsequent playthroughs determine which of three endings they will reach. When the player replays the game, they are able to fast-forward past passages of text they have already read. In

1809-425: The enhanced version Chaos;Head Noah was released for Xbox 360 in 2009, and has since been ported to multiple platforms. An English localization was released by Spike Chunsoft for Nintendo Switch and Windows in 2022. The game follows Takumi Nishijou, who gets involved in the "New Gen" serial murder case. He frequently experiences delusions and hallucinations, some of which the player can influence, which affects

1876-561: The events of the story from the character Sena Aoi's perspective, began serialization in Media Factory 's seinen magazine Monthly Comic Alive on September 27, 2008. A romantic comedy manga adaptation, Mizuki Takehito's Chaos;Head H , was serialized by Jive in Comic Rush beginning on September 26, 2008. An anime adaptation by Madhouse Studios aired in 2008, and was released in English by Funimation . After it

1943-443: The first time they play the game – similar to the original's "A" route – and it also features additional routes dedicated to the female main cast. All of these routes must be completed in order to unlock the "Blue Sky" route, which is similar to the original's "AA" route. Chaos;Head was developed in a collaboration between 5pb. and Nitroplus , who describe it as a "delusional science novel" ( 妄想科学NVL , Mōsō Kagaku NVL ) . It

2010-673: The fringe science of continental drift and was rejected for decades. The confusion between science and pseudoscience, between honest scientific error and genuine scientific discovery, is not new, and it is a permanent feature of the scientific landscape .... Acceptance of new science can come slowly. Some historical ideas that are considered to have been refuted by mainstream science are: Relatively recent fringe sciences include: Some theories that were once rejected as fringe science but were eventually accepted as mainstream science include: Michael W. Friedlander has suggested some guidelines for responding to fringe science, which, he argues,

2077-410: The game's content; but on October 6, Spike Chunsoft announced that Valve had reversed their decision, allowing Noah to be released on the platform as originally planned. Chaos;Head Noah received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic . The game was a commercial success, and, together with Steins;Gate , helped establish 5pb. as a game developer. One month before

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2144-404: The game's original April 2008 release, Chaos;Head was the fourth most pre-ordered PC game in Japan. It debuted as the third highest-selling PC game of April 2008 in Japan; it became the sixteenth highest-selling visual novel game on the video game store Getchu.com during the first half of 2008, and thirty-fifth overall for the year. Chaos;Head Noah was the eleventh best selling video game of

2211-408: The game, but that it made it possible to create better songs with a greater relationship to the game's worldview. Chaos;Head was originally announced under the title Gigalomaniacs ( ギガロマニアックス , Gigaromaniakkusu ) , and was released for Microsoft Windows on April 25, 2008, by Nitroplus. Around June 2008, the developers decided to port the game to Xbox 360 with added content: this version

2278-426: The games are part of one series, their sound have different images; comparing them to weather, he called Chaos;Head rainy, Steins;Gate cloudy, Robotics;Notes clear weather, and Chaos;Child stormy. He used the same process for all of them when composing the music: he started by reading the story, to understand the setting and characters as well as possible, and writing down notes about the games' emotional flow and

2345-713: The games have received updated editions with added content, and there are compilations collecting several games, such as Chaos;Head Dual (collecting both Chaos;Head games) and Steins;Gate: Divergencies Assort (collecting Steins;Gate 0 , Darling of Loving Vows , and Linear Bounded Phenogram ). The main entries are as follows: The series contains eight spin-off games: one based on Chaos;Head , five based on Steins;Gate , one based on Robotics;Notes , and one based on Chaos;Child . It also contains several more side entries spanning several different mediums other than visual novels, such as manga, drama CDs, short stories, and novels. The Science Adventure games all feature stories in

2412-523: The games' original soundtracks, as well as albums featuring new arrangements. The Steins;Gate characters Kurisu Makise and Mayuri Shiina appear in the 2012 role-playing video game Nendoroid Generation . Kurisu also appears as a playable character along with the Chaos;Head character Rimi Sakihata in the 2011 fighting game Phantom Breaker , and along with the Robotics;Notes character Frau Koujiro in

2479-599: The genre and establishing Mages (previously 5pb.) as a game developer. The series is published by Mages and Nitroplus in Japan, and by JAST USA , PQube, Mages, and Spike Chunsoft internationally. The visual novels Steins;Gate , Steins;Gate 0 , Chaos;Child , Steins;Gate Elite , Steins;Gate: Linear Bounded Phenogram , 8-bit ADV Steins;Gate , Steins;Gate: My Darling's Embrace , Robotics;Notes Elite , Robotics;Notes Dash , Chaos;Head NoAH and Anonymous;Code have been officially localized in English. The Science Adventure series consists of six core entries, along with

2546-399: The help of the other Gigalomaniacs' delusion synchronization, and destroys Norose and Noah II with his DI-sword. Lying in the ruins of Shibuya, depending on what the player chooses during the synchronization, he either gives up his life along with the dying Shogun's (in the "A" route), or stays alive with Rimi (the "AA" route). In Chaos;Head Noah , players are locked onto the "Silent Sky" route

2613-444: The implementation of the gameplay elements within the visual novel presentation, although some have noted how it is complicated and difficult to unlock certain routes. Anime News Network wrote that the series has well-paced mysteries and uses creative concepts, but that the conclusions often are not as good as the set-ups. In 2009, Steins;Gate won Famitsu 's annual Game of Excellence award. RPGFan included Steins;Gate on

2680-477: The main series games – Chaos;Head (2008), Steins;Gate (2011), Robotics;Notes (2012–13), and Chaos;Child (2017) – and of Occultic;Nine (2016), as well as Steins;Gate 0 (2018), a "final route" to the story of Steins;Gate 0 . The Steins;Gate anime series was followed by the anime film Load Region of Déjà Vu in 2013. A live action Steins;Gate television series is also in production by Skydance Television . There are several music albums featuring

2747-469: The meaning of certain moments, writing that fails to capture the personalities of the characters, and CGs that were untranslated from the original Japanese and instead had subtitles overlayed onto them. Additionally, the TIPS menu was also criticized for including translator notes and explanations, which was considered to be at odds with its original purpose of providing a glossary for slang and jargon used within

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2814-411: The murder scene. A few days later, she sits next to him in school. He thinks she will kill him, but is told that they supposedly have been friends for a year and that her name is Rimi Sakihata. Convinced that Shogun is targeting him, Takumi tries to avoid getting involved in the murder case, which draws the attention of the police. As he becomes a suspect and more murders occur, Takumi worries that Shogun

2881-400: The music, Abo read the game's story to understand the setting and the character personalities as much as possible. He wrote down his first impressions of the game's emotional flow and of the events and situations throughout the story, and used them to create a musical worldview for the game. He said that this approach takes more time than it would to just designate songs to the different areas in

2948-456: The plausibility of each new fringe claim, and certain fringe discoveries "will later graduate into the ranks of accepted" — while others "will never receive confirmation". Margaret Wertheim profiled many "outsider scientists" in her book Physics on the Fringe , who receive little or no attention from professional scientists. She describes all of them as trying to make sense of the world using

3015-456: The player can affect the outcome of the story through choices. In the Chaos;Head games and Chaos;Child , the player does this by controlling what types of delusions the player characters experience: the player can make them experience positive or negative delusions, or alternatively choose to let them stay in reality. Chaos;Child Love Chu Chu!! additionally uses a "yes/no" questionnaire the player character takes in in-game magazines to determine

3082-521: The plot and world gripping, and said that the game was not bad, but that it "might as well be nothing" compared to Steins;Gate . Kowachi from Dengeki Online recommended Chaos;Head Dual for having characters rich in personality and a unique protagonist, and praised how Takumi grew as a character throughout the story. Jenni Lada at TechnologyTell recommended the game, calling it an interesting and mature story, and called its lack of an English release unfortunate. Game Informer included Chaos;Head on

3149-452: The plot's direction. In Steins;Gate and Steins;Gate 0 , the player affects the outcome by using the player character's cell phone: in Steins;Gate , it is done by choosing to respond to certain messages, make phone calls, or taking out the phone at specific times, as this affects what information the player character learns and how he interacts with other characters; and in Steins;Gate 0 , it

3216-441: The previous two entries. The main games and their spin-offs are all set in the same world, and although presented as self-contained stories, they all contain many callbacks to the previous entries (excluding the first entry, Chaos;Head ). These callbacks range from minor references, such as mentions of characters or events from previous entries, to more significant ones, such as usage of concepts explained only in another game. There

3283-421: The progression of the story. The game was planned by Chiyomaru Shikura and written by Hayashi Naotaka, and features character designs by Sasaki Mutsumi and music by Takeshi Abo , who described the game's sound as "rainy". The game was commercially successful, helping 5pb. establish itself as a game developer, and was well received for its story. In addition to the direct sequel Chaos;Head Love Chu Chu! and

3350-409: The same fictional universe , focusing on several different science fiction themes. Chaos;Head and Chaos;Child focus on perception, Steins;Gate focuses on time travel and science, Robotics;Notes focuses on robotics and augmented reality , and Anonymous;Code focuses on hacking, time leaping, simulated reality among concepts from other games in the franchise. The player can affect the course of

3417-577: The scientific method but in the face of being unable to understand modern science's complex theories. She also finds it fair that credentialed scientists do not bother spending a lot of time learning about and explaining problems with the fringe theories of uncredentialed scientists since the authors of those theories have not taken the time to understand the mainstream theories they aim to disprove. As Donald E. Simanek asserts, "Too often speculative and tentative hypotheses of cutting edge science are treated as if they were scientific truths, and so accepted by

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3484-442: The series. Naotaka Hayashi has worked on the series writing, both in the role as a scenario writer and as a scenario supervisor. Recurring character designers include Mutsumi Sasaki ( Chaos;Head and Chaos;Child games), Huke ( Steins;Gate games), and Tomonori Fukuda ( Robotics;Notes games). The games' soundtracks are composed by Takeshi Abo and Zizz Studio. Shikura aimed for the series to be set in reality, feeling that it made

3551-409: The situations that occur throughout the stories. Using these notes, he constructed musical worldviews for the games, with a lot of weight on his first impressions. This approach, while slower than just designating songs to different areas of a game, allowed him to compose higher-quality songs with a better relationship to the games' worldviews. He was given a lot of freedom when working on the series, and

3618-497: The songs. While it was common for games in the genre to have music that is played in several scenes, Abo had to compose several songs that specifically matched certain individual scenes that were intended to be shocking and dark. He described the main image for the game's sound as "rainy", compared to the later Science Adventure games Steins;Gate , Robotics;Notes and Chaos;Child , which he called "cloudy", "clear weather" and "stormy", respectively. In preparation for composing

3685-475: The stories more relatable and believable; he said that he personally found it difficult to "buy into" fantasy, and that he was not convinced that people could get excited for "exaggerated fantasy stories". Throughout the series, the development team aimed for a rate of "99% science and 1% fantasy". Shikura called the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II a direct influence on Steins;Gate , citing how it

3752-474: The story by making certain choices: in Chaos;Head and Chaos;Child this is done by choosing what kind of delusions the player characters experience. The choices in the Steins;Gate games and Robotics;Notes are made via messages set by the player via an in-game cell phone and tablet computer , respectively. The choices in Anonymous;Code are made using the hacking trigger and save/load ability. The series

3819-562: The story. Chaos;Head has seen several adaptations and tie-in media. The internet radio show Chaos;Head Radio Delusional Radio Channel began airing on March 28, 2008, to help promote the game and was hosted by Takumi and Rimi's voice actors, Yoshino Hiroyuki and Kitamura Eri . A manga adaptation by Sumihey started serialization in ASCII Media Works ' shōnen magazine Dengeki Daioh on May 21, 2008. A second manga, Sakaki Nagako's Chaos;Head: Blue Complex , adapting

3886-656: The thematic sequel Chaos;Child , manga , an anime series , and an internet radio show based on Chaos;Head have been produced. Chaos;Head is a visual novel game in which the player takes the role of Takumi Nishijou, an otaku and shut-in , who experiences delusions. The game is mostly linear, but frequently includes player choices: the player is able to choose whether the hallucinations Takumi experiences should be positive or negative, or if he should manage to stay grounded in reality. Positive delusions generally involve comical or erotic scenes, while negative ones include horror elements and violence. The player chooses

3953-469: The updated re-release Chaos;Head Noah , further endings are possible to reach, also by choosing what delusions to experience. The player can read about key vocabulary used in the game, including internet slang , through the "TIPS" glossary, which is updated with new items as the player encounters them in the dialogue. The game is set in 2009 in the Shibuya district of Tokyo , where Takumi lives in

4020-494: The week in Japan during its debut week, with 18,000 copies sold. Writing for Kotaku , Richard Eisenbeis found Takumi very unlikable, to the point of being unsure whether the player is meant to sympathize with him. He also noted that the game was short compared to the later Science Adventure games, and that the main characters never come together as a group and are not a vital part of Takumi's life, with Takumi instead "wandering in and out of their stories". Despite this, he found

4087-488: Was a large improvement compared to Steins;Gate 's original release. Steins;Gate 0 similarly did well commercially, selling 100,000 copies during its first day, bringing the combined sales of all Steins;Gate games past one million copies. Chaos;Child 's original release, however, failed to chart on Media Create 's weekly top 50 sales list in Japan, selling an estimated 1,415 copies. The English console releases of Steins;Gate performed "phenomenally" well, with

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4154-478: Was able to make the music he wanted to make for it, something he enjoyed greatly. Abo also got to compose each game's theme song, and was especially happy with Steins;Gate 's theme song, "Gate of Steiner", which he aimed to represent the entirety of the game with. The Science Adventure series is partly the child of Infinity , a visual novel series primarily developed by the now-defunct company KID . It contains several references and similar themes, as well as

4221-621: Was eventually announced in March 2022, and was released on October 7, 2022. In July 2022, Spike Chunsoft announced that the standalone version of Noah would be available on Windows via Steam on the same date. However, edits found within Steam Database in August 2022 led to rumors about Chaos;Head being preemptively banned from the platform. The release was initially cancelled on September 30, citing Steam's guidelines requiring changes to

4288-792: Was made, Chaos;Head 's popularity was used to sell the visual novel Steins;Gate , which would go on to be even more successful. It was also used as the base for the rest of the Science Adventure series as well, with every main entry having major connections to Chaos;Head . Two video games directly based on Chaos;Head have been made: the direct sequel Chaos;Head Love Chu Chu! and the thematic sequel Chaos;Child . Additionally, Shikura has said that he wants to create an erotic video game based on Chaos;Head and Chaos;Child , targeting adults. The Chaos;Child anime adaptation also includes an adaptation of Chaos;Head as part of its "episode 0" recap . The 2009 visual novel Full Metal Daemon Muramasa , Nitroplus 's tenth anniversary project, features

4355-432: Was once accepted by the mainstream scientific community may become fringe science because of a later evaluation of previous research. For example, focal infection theory , which held that focal infections of the tonsils or teeth are a primary cause of systemic disease , was once considered to be medical fact. It has since been dismissed because of a lack of evidence. The boundary between fringe science and pseudoscience

4422-479: Was planned by Chiyomaru Shikura, the founder and executive director of 5pb., and was written by Naotaka Hayashi, with character designs by Mutsumi Sasaki and concept art by Yukihiro Matsuo. Shikura intended to make the story based on reality to make it more relatable, saying that he personally finds it difficult to get excited for fantasy stories. The game's music was composed by Takeshi Abo , Toshimichi Isoe, Yoh Oyama, and Shintaro Jimbo, with Abo composing 21 of

4489-552: Was released on February 26, 2009, as Chaos;Head Noah . Chaos;Head Noah was ported to multiple platforms, including PlayStation Portable on June 24, 2010, iOS on November 18, 2010, Android on January 24, 2012, and PlayStation 3 on November 22, 2012. While the Xbox 360 version was rated Z (18 years and up) by CERO , the PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3 versions were edited to be able to be released with

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