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66-620: Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area is a National Wildlife Area off the northwestern tip of Vancouver Island in the Canadian province of British Columbia . Covering an area of 11,570.65 km (4,467.45 sq mi), it is the second largest protected area in British Columbia after Offshore Pacific Seamounts and Vents Closure and is the largest national wildlife area in Canada . The national wildlife area protects

132-539: A 100 m (330 ft) elevation. The Scott Islands Marine National Park resides on the historic territories of the Tlatlasikwala , Quatsino , Owekeeno , Heiltsuk , and Kwiakiutl First Nations. This area was used as traditional fishing, hunting, spiritual grounds for many years for these First Nations. These islands and surrounding waters also hold cultural and spiritual significance to them. In 2011, SOURCES Archeological & Heritage Research Inc. conducted

198-663: A Traditional Knowledge and Use study on the Scott Islands area. They discovered 38 ethno-historic and 14 archeological sites that reflect the cultural and spiritual history of the area for these First Peoples. The Marine National Park collaborates and consults with all First Nations having interest in the park including the Tlatlasikwala, Quatsino, Owekeeno, Heiltsuk, and Kwiakiutl First Nations. These collaborations work towards achieving mutually respectful resource and environmental management, planning, and stewardship for

264-764: A cetacean sanctuary in the Ligurian Sea named the Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals . This sanctuary includes both national and international waters. Both the CBD and IUCN recommended a variety of management systems for use in a protected area system. They advocated that MPAs be seen as one of many "nodes" in a network of protected areas. The following are the most common management systems: Seasonal and temporary management —Activities, most critically fishing, are restricted seasonally or temporarily, e.g., to protect spawning/nursing grounds or to let

330-417: A large amount of grass and forbs that is found around the forest. The next island is Beresford Island. Unlike the two other islands, this island has much less vegetation that covers only a small part of the island, only about one third. This small amount of vegetation that is found includes Sitka spruce, grass and shrubbery . The fourth island is Sartine Island. There are no trees on this island, but there

396-571: A large area of the Pacific Ocean and Queen Charlotte Sound surrounding Cape Scott and the Scott Islands . The islands themselves are already protected by the provincially-designated protected areas of Lanz and Cox Islands Provincial Park , Beresford Island Ecological Reserve , Sartine Island Ecological Reserve , and Anne Vallee Ecological Reserve . All fives islands span a distance of 11,570.65 km (4,467.45 sq mi),

462-465: A network of protected areas by 2010 within the jurisdiction of regional environmental protocols .It recommended establishing protected areas for 20 to 30% of the world's oceans by the goal date of 2012. The Convention on Biological Diversity considered these recommendations and recommended requiring countries to set up marine parks controlled by a central organization before merging them. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to

528-564: A preventive measure or to avoid direct disturbance to individual species. The degree to which environmental regulations affect shipping varies according to whether MPAs are located in territorial waters , exclusive economic zones , or the high seas . The law of the sea regulates these limits. Most MPAs have been located in territorial waters, where the appropriate government can enforce them. However, MPAs have been established in exclusive economic zones and in international waters . For example, Italy, France and Monaco in 1999 jointly established

594-403: A range of protection levels that are designed to meet objectives that a single reserve cannot achieve. At the 2004 Convention on Biological Diversity , the agency agreed to use " network " on a global level, while adopting system for national and regional levels. The network is a mechanism to establish regional and local systems, but carries no authority or mandate, leaving all activity within

660-566: A rapidly reducing species recover. Multiple-use MPAs —These are the most common and arguably the most effective. These areas employ two or more protections. The most important sections get the highest protection, such as a no take zone and are surrounded with areas of lesser protections. Multiple-use MPAs can make use of very diverse fisheries regulations to balance fisheries extraction with nature protection. Community involvement and related approaches —Community-managed MPAs empower local communities to operate partially or completely independent of

726-432: A resident population is the marine area surrounding the Scott Islands. The management strategy for sea otters developed by DFO (Fisheries and Oceans Canada) mentions that they are "especially vulnerable to oil accidents due to their vulnerability to oil and proximity to major oil tanker routes". Several species of endangered marine mammals are also known to inhabit the seas near the mNWA (marine National Wildlife Area). Such as

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792-633: A variety of endangered marine birds. These include the black-footed albatross (Special Concern), the marbled murrelet (Threatened), the short-tailed albatross (Threatened), the pink-footed shearwater (Threatened), and the ancient murrelet (Special Concern). Listed as Endangered under SARA are northern abalone , Marine algae ( Percursaria dawsonii ), great blue heron, Peale's peregrine falcon, fork-tailed storm petrel, pelagic cormorant, bald eagle, and black oystercatcher. Listed as Yellow under BC's provincial conservation status rank are Leach's storm petrel, fork-tailed storm petrel, pelagic cormorant. One of

858-408: A very limited amount of grass areas. The trees that are found on this island are Sitka spruce , western hemlock , and western redcedar . The bushes that are located on this island include salal and salmonberry . The second closest island is Lanz Island. Along with having the same trees and bushes as Cox Island, it also has twinberry , elderberry , and willows . Unlike Cox Island, Lanz island has

924-578: A wide range of pollutants, increase the amount of nutrients in the nearby water, leading to eutrophication and oxygen-depleted dead zones. 116 Cruise ship traffic frequently sails between Beresford Island and the Lanz and Cox Islands through the Scott Islands. Greywater output on the BC coast was expected to be 1.54 billion litres per year in 2017, with vessels used for tourism, like as cruise ships and yachts, producing 1.37 billion litres of that total. The shelf break

990-655: Is a 100% no take zone. Related terms include; specially protected area (SPA), Special Area of Conservation (SAC), the United Kingdom's marine conservation zones (MCZs), or area of special conservation (ASC) etc. which each provide specific restrictions. Stressors that affect oceans include the impact of extractive industries , marine pollution , and changes to the ocean's chemistry ( ocean acidification ) resulting from elevated carbon dioxide levels, due to our greenhouse gas emissions (see also effects of climate change on oceans ). MPAs have been cited as

1056-429: Is a list of National Wildlife Areas in Canada by province . It uses data from Environment and Climate Change Canada. Marine protected area There are a number of global examples of large marine conservation areas. The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument , is situated in the central Pacific Ocean, around Hawaii , occupying an area of 1.5 million square kilometers. The area is rich in wild life, including

1122-722: Is also found in Sustainable Development Goal 14 (which is part of the Convention on Biological Diversity ) and which sets this 10% goal to a later date (2020). In 2017, the UN held the United Nations Ocean Conference aiming to find ways and urge for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14. In that 2017 conference, it was clear that just between 3.6 and 5.7% of the world's oceans were protected, meaning another 6.4 to 4.3% of

1188-560: Is an area where cold, nutrient-rich water rises from the seafloor, supporting food webs that attract whales and seabirds. The shelf break is an area of intense shipping traffic, especially for large bulk carriers, cargo ships, tankers and passenger vessels, which pose several threats including noise, physical disturbance, risk of spills and potential for collisions. Within the Scott Islands there are two islands that are provincial parks, Lanz and Cox. These islands face harsh winters and tides which makes it difficult to get to. These two islands are

1254-885: Is grass and plants that are covering over half (60%). The final island of the Scott Islands is Triangle Island. This island has salmonberry and wild crabapple . Is also has grass and shrubs that populate in dispersed places on the island. The Scott Islands provide critical breeding and nesting habitat for 40% of British Columbia's seabirds . Bird species of note include tufted puffin , short-tailed albatross , black-footed albatross , Cassin's auklet , rhinoceros auklet , common murre , marbled murrelet , ancient murrelet , pink-footed shearwater , sooty shearwater , and bald eagle . Resident mammal species include sea otter , northern sea lion , orca , humpback whale , and grey whale . The Scott Islands provide critical breeding and nesting habitat for 40% of British Columbia's seabirds . The harsh winters make it difficult for animals to live on

1320-599: Is no defined long-term goal for conservation and ecological recovery and extraction of marine resources occurs, a region is not a marine protected area. "Marine protected area (MPA)" is a term for protected areas that include marine environment and biodiversity . Other definitions by the IUCN include (2010): Any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of

1386-579: Is the second most eastern island and has similar geography to Cox Island, with the rugged shores and steep faces, only slightly smaller.   Beresford Island is the smallest of the five with an area of 0.15 km (0.058 sq mi). The island is dome-shaped with rocky sides and attached rocks with pinnacle geology .   Sartine Island has an area of 0.28 km (0.11 sq mi), with an elevation of 113 m (371 ft). The island has three associated islets : Little Sartine, First Sealion Rocks, and Second Sealion Rocks. Sartine Island and

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1452-654: The Canadian Wildlife Service , a division of Environment and Climate Change Canada . They may consist of land and water features, as well as coastal areas extending up to 12 nautical miles (22 km) from shore. The largest national wildlife area is the Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area in British Columbia , which covers an area of 11,570.65 km (4,467.45 sq mi). This

1518-586: The Red Sea , Gulf of Aden and Mexico. To be truly representative of the ocean and its range of marine resources, marine conservation parks should encompass the great variety of ocean geological and geographical terrains, as these, in turn, influence the biosphere around them. As time progresses it would be strategically advantageous to develop parks that include oceanic features such as ocean ridges , ocean trenches , island arc systems, ocean seamounts , ocean plateaus , and abyssal plains , which occupy half

1584-795: The Ross Sea . Other large MPAs are in the Indian , Pacific , and Atlantic Oceans , in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France , the United Kingdom and the United States , with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea , Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument , Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and

1650-442: The blue whale (SARA Endangered), the northern resident and Bigg's/transient ecotypes of killer whales (both SARA Threatened), the fin whale (Threatened), the grey whale (no status, under investigation), and the humpback whale (listed as Special Concern). Of them, the Scott Islands mNWA (marine National Wildlife Area) has been designated as the fin whale's key habitat. The waters of the Scott Islands are also known to be used by

1716-444: The " system ". No take zones (NTZs), are areas designated in a number of the world's MPAs, where all forms of exploitation are prohibited and severely limits human activities. These no take zones can cover an entire MPA, or specific portions. For example, the 1,150,000 square kilometres (440,000 sq mi) Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument , the world's largest MPA (and largest protected area of any type, land or sea),

1782-629: The 471 oiling incidents—or roughly 33 per year—that were discovered along BC's coast between 1997 and 2010 (according to another study) occurred close to the mNWA (marine National Wildlife Area). Due to their higher frequency and greater geographic impact, it is thought that small-scale oil discharges (less than 1,000 litres) may have a bigger ecological impact per volume released than massive spills. The majority of these discharges, which are sometimes referred to as "chronic" oil pollution, are connected to bilge water, routine operating discharges, unlawful tank cleaning, and propeller shaft bearings. The waters near

1848-603: The Antarctic Treaty and CCAMLR, make up part the broader system of international agreements called the Antarctic Treaty System. Since 1982, the CCAMLR meets annually to implement binding conservations measures like the creation of 'protected areas' at the suggestion of the convention's scientific committee. In 2009, the CCAMLR created the first 'high-seas' MPA entirely within international waters over

1914-557: The Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current late of biodiversity loss at the global, regional, national, and sub-national levels and contribute to poverty reduction and the pursuit of sustainable development ." The UN later endorsed another decision, Decision VII/15, in 2006: Effective conservation of 10% of each of the world's ecological regions by 2010. – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Decision VII/15 The 10% conservation goal

1980-531: The Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Cook Islands who have individual EEZ areas of between 1.9 and 3.5 million km . The national EEZ's are the ones where governance is easier, and agreements to create marine parks are within national jurisdictions, such as is the case with Marae Moana and the Cook Islands. One alternative to imposing MPAs on an indigenous population is through

2046-537: The Great Lakes of North America. The form of marine protected areas trace the origins to the World Congress on National Parks in 1962. In 1976, a process was delivered to the excessive rights to every sovereign state to establish marine protected areas at over 200 nautical miles. Over the next two decades, a scientific body of evidence marked the utility in the designation of marine protected areas. In

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2112-600: The Ross Sea after several years of failed negotiations. Establishment of the Ross Sea MPA required unanimity of the commission members and enforcement will begin in December 2017. However, due to a sunset provision inserted into the proposal, the new marine park will only be in force for 35 years. Many countries have established national targets, accompanied by action plans and implementations. The UN Council identified

2178-431: The Scott Islands are one of two areas on the BC coast with the highest potential risk from oil exposure due to the confluence of high bird density and high probability of small-scale oil discharges. Greywater, defined as the drainage from sinks, washers, bathtubs, showers, or dishwashers, can have pollution levels that are on par with raw sewage. It can transmit dangerous bacteria and diseases, endanger human health, contain

2244-555: The Scott Islands mNWA are oily discharges and spills. These can take the shape of small-scale oil spills, large-scale oil spills, and unauthorized or illegal discharges of oily mixes. Aerial observation of oil discharges in the EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) on the Pacific coast found 101 discharges between 2008 and 2010, and northwest Vancouver Island was identified as a habitat vital to marine birds and perhaps at higher risk of oiling. Three of

2310-790: The South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area . When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of April 2023 there are more than 16,615 MPAs, encompassing 7.2% of the world's oceans (26,146,645 km ), with less than half of that area – encompassing 2.9% of the world's oceans – assessed to be fully or highly protected according to the MPA Guide Framework. Several types of compliant MPA can be distinguished: IUCN offered seven categories of protected area , based on management objectives and four broad governance types. Related protected area categories include

2376-547: The abundance of seabirds and marine life that heavily depend on these islands and waters for breeding, shelter, and feeding. This mNWA's main purpose is to protect wildlife and biodiversity against the high volumes of sea vessel traffic running through this area. The mNWA will help reduce the threats of visual disturbances, noise pollution, oil discharge/spills, collisions, and high risks of grey water posed by various bulk carriers, large passenger vessels like cruise ships, cargo ships as well as tanker traffic. The waters surrounding

2442-619: The aftermath of the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro , an international target was established with the encompassment of ten percent of the world's marine protected areas. On 28 October 2016 in Hobart , Australia , the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km (600,000 sq mi) in

2508-445: The biggest hazards to nesting seabirds and a factor in the extinction of island bird species is the introduction of invasive and predatory species. The extirpation of Cassin's auklets and rhinoceros auklets is thought to have already taken place in the Scott Islands, where mink and raccoons were introduced to Lanz and Cox islands for the purpose of fur trapping in the 1930s. Periodically, fishermen have even abandoned domestic cats on

2574-902: The earth's surface. Another factor that will influence the development of marine conservation areas is ownership. Who owns the world's oceans? Approximately 64% of the world's oceans are " international waters " and subject to regulations such as the Law of the Sea and the governance of UN bodies such as the International Seabed Authority . The remaining 36% of the ocean is under the governance of individual countries within their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Some individual national EEZ's cover very large areas , such as France and USA (>11 million km ), and Australia, Russia, UK, and Indonesia (>6 million km ). Some states have very small land areas but extremely large EEZ's such as Kiribati,

2640-538: The enclosed environment. United States Executive Order 13158 in May 2000 established MPAs, defining them as: Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein. The Convention on Biological Diversity defined the broader term of marine and coastal protected area (MCPA): Any defined area within or adjacent to

2706-488: The fabric of nation states. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines a protected area as: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. This definition is intended to make it more difficult to claim MPA status for regions where exploitation of marine resources occurs. If there

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2772-504: The following; While "area" refers to a single contiguous location, terms such as " network ", " system ", and " region " that group MPAs are not always consistently employed." System " is more often used to refer to an individual MPA, whereas " region " is defined by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre as: A collection of individual MPAs operating cooperatively, at various spatial scales and with

2838-652: The global ocean area falls under a conservation designation. This area is equivalent to 27 million square kilometres, equivalent to the land areas of Russia and Canada combined, although some argue that the effective conservation zones (ones with the strictest regulations) occupy only 5% of the ocean area (about equivalent to the land area of Russia alone). Marine conservation zones, as with their terrestrial equivalents, vary in terms of rules and regulations. Few zones rule out completely any sort of human activity within their area, as activities such as fishing, tourism, and transport of essential goods and services by ship, are part of

2904-505: The governmental jurisdictions they occupy. Empowering communities to manage resources can lower conflict levels and enlist the support of diverse groups that rely on the resource such as subsistence and commercial fishers, scientists, recreation, tourism businesses, youths and others. Mistrust between fishermen and regulating authorities is of central importance there, and needs to be addressed. Recent evidence from regions like Scandinavia, Spain, Portugal or Canada reveals success stories based on

2970-932: The green turtle and the Hawaiian monkfish, alongside 7,000 other species, and 14 million seabirds. In 2017 the Cook Islands passed the Marae Moana Act designating the whole of the country's marine exclusive economic zone , which has an area of 1.9 million square kilometers as a zone with the purpose of protecting and conserving the "ecological, biodiversity and heritage values of the Cook Islands marine environment". Other large marine conservation areas include those around Antarctica, New Caledonia, Greenland, Alaska, Ascension Island, and Brazil. As areas of protected marine biodiversity expand, there has been an increase in ocean science funding, essential for preserving marine resources . In 2020, only around 7.5 to 8% of

3036-558: The islands attracts the seabirds. In the water, the resident mammal species include sea otter, northern sea lion, orca, humpback whale, and grey whale. There are also many fish that are found in the waters around The Scott Islands. There are groundfish and five types of salmon . The species of groundfish that are found include rockfish , pacific halibut , lingcod , sablefish , Pacific hake , and sole . The five salmon are chinook , coho , chum , sockeye , and pink . Under Canada's Species at Risk Act (SARA), 25 species that inhabit

3102-510: The islands extend 10–46 km offshore of Cape Scott . Elevation ranges from an altitude of 312–112 m. Cox Island has an area of 9.78 km (3.78 sq mi) and has an elevation of 312 m (1,024 ft). Cox Island is the most eastern island of the five major Scott Islands . It has rugged, rocky shoreline with steep cliff faces and little to no vegetation. Lanz Island has an area of 7.64 km (2.95 sq mi) and an elevation of 212 m (696 ft). Lanz Island

3168-483: The islands from the months October to February. During the warmer time of the year, March to September, there is an abundance of diverse wildlife that takes up residence on the islands. Bird species of note include tufted puffin, short-tailed albatross, black-footed albatross, Cassin's auklet, rhinoceros auklet, common murre, marbled murrelet, ancient murrelet, pink-footed shearwater, sooty shearwater, and bald eagle. The abundance of zooplankton and small fish present around

3234-531: The islands host kelp beds . Each of the islands that are in the Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area has its own unique vegetation . There are five islands that are part of the Scott Islands there is different vegetation that is found on each of them. Kelp beds are found throughout the surrounding waters of all the islands. Cox Island is the closest island to Vancouver Island. This island has trees, bushes, and

3300-476: The islands. The bird colonies on the Triangle, Sartine, and Beresford Islands are susceptible to the introduction of predators. In particular, rats that jump from ships or are dumped on the islands by broken-down boats or lost cargo pose a threat. The potential invasion of rats on these islands could have catastrophic effects on bird breeding populations. Two of the major threats faced by commercial vessels within

3366-531: The mNWA (marine National Wildlife Area) are listed as being at risk, including eight species of migratory birds, eight marine mammals, two reptiles, and seven fish. Shoreline regions are used by Steller sea lions, who are classified as Special Concern under the SARA. Currently, BC is home to about 33% of all Steller sea lions in the Eastern Hemisphere. The Steller sea lion rookeries in the Scott Islands are

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3432-418: The marine environment, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means, including custom, with the effect that its marine and/or coastal biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings. An apparently unique extension of the meaning is used by NOAA to refer to protected areas on

3498-549: The ocean's single greatest hope for increasing the resilience of the marine environment to such stressors. Well-designed and managed MPAs developed with input and support from interested stakeholders can conserve biodiversity and protect and restore fisheries . MPAs can help sustain local economies by supporting fisheries and tourism. For example, Apo Island in the Philippines made protected one quarter of their reef, allowing fish to recover, jump-starting their economy. This

3564-489: The only ones that can be accessed by people who are not doing research. National Wildlife Area International Associated acts A National Wildlife Area is a conservation designation for a geographical region in Canada that restricts most human activities on that region. However, land use permits may be issued "for activities that are compatible with conservation". Such areas are established and managed by

3630-857: The park while upholding Indigenous Peoples rights, title, interest, and self-government in a respectful and understanding manner. The Scott Islands Marine National Park was established on June 27, 2018, and serves as Canada's first Marine Protected Area (MPA) and Marine National Wildlife Area (mNWA) under the Canada Wildlife Act . The planning and management of the mNWA is conducted by Environment and Climate Change Canada with collaborating efforts run with Fisheries and Oceans Canada , Canadian Coast Guard , Transport Canada , Natural Resources Canada , province of British Columbia, Tlatlasikwala First Nation , Quatsino First Nation as well as industry and environmental organizations. This 11,570.65 km (4,467.45 sq mi) mNWA serves to protect

3696-476: The perspective of resource users, intended to address both environmental and socio-economic needs, complementary ecological and social goals and designs need greater research and policy support". Filipino communities connect with one another to share information about MPAs, creating a larger network through the social communities' support. Emerging or established MPA networks can be found in Australia , Belize,

3762-562: The region while protecting ecosystem integrity south of the Antarctic Convergence and 60 S latitude . In so doing, it also established a commission of the original signatories and acceding parties called the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to advance these aims through protection, scientific study, and rational use, such as harvesting, of those marine resources. Though separate,

3828-598: The second-largest breeding group in the world and provide approximately 70% of the pups for the population of British Columbia. Sea otters , which are SARA's Special Concern species, are regaining their numbers and range. The population is not yet evidently secure, despite the fact that their numbers are growing again, and their range is spreading down the coast. One of only two regions in the Pacific North Coast Integrated Management Area (PNCIMA) where sea otters have established

3894-629: The southern shelf of the South Orkney Islands . This area encompasses 94,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi) and all fishing activity including transshipment, and dumping or discharge of waste is prohibited with the exception of scientific research endeavors. On 28 October 2016, the CCAMLR, composed of 24 member countries and the European Union at the time, agreed to establish the world's largest marine park encompassing 1.55 million km (600,000 sq mi) in

3960-477: The spillover of the marine protected area. Typical MPAs restrict fishing , oil and gas mining and/or tourism . Other restrictions may limit the use of ultrasonic devices like sonar (which may confuse the guidance system of cetaceans ), development, construction and the like. Some fishing restrictions include "no-take" zones, which means that no fishing is allowed. Less than 1% of US MPAs are no-take. Ship transit can also be restricted or banned, either as

4026-403: The terms laid out by the convention, and in 2004, its member nations committed to the following targets; "The establishment by 2010 of terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through a global network, contribute to achieving the three objectives of

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4092-448: The tested cooperation between marine scientists and fishermen in jointly managing coastal marine reserves. Marine Protected Area Networks or MPA networks have been defined as "A group of MPAs that interact with one another ecologically and/or socially form a network". These networks are intended to connect individuals and MPAs and promote education and cooperation among various administrations and user groups. "MPA networks are, from

4158-463: The three islets all have steep, rocky cliffs with windswept shores. Triangle Island is the outermost island of the five. It has an area of 1.44 km (0.56 sq mi) and an elevation of 194 m (636 ft). Off the western point of Triangle Island there is a second island that is connected and visible at low tides, called Puffin Rock. Puffin Rock is 600 m (2,000 ft) in length with

4224-817: The use of Indigenous Protected Areas , such as those in Australia. The 17th International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) General Assembly in San Jose , California, the 19th IUCN assembly and the fourth World Parks Congress all proposed to centralise the establishment of protected areas. The World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002 called for the establishment of marine protected areas consistent with international laws and based on scientific information, including representative networks by 2012. The Evian agreement, signed by G8 Nations in 2003, agreed to these terms. The Durban Action Plan, developed in 2003, called for regional action and targets to establish

4290-616: The world's oceans needed to be protected within 3 years. The 10% protection goal is described as a "baby step" as 30% is the real amount of ocean protection scientists agree on that should be implemented. On 7 April 1982, the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CAMLR Convention) came into force after discussions began in 1975 between parties of the then-current Antarctic Treaty to limit large-scale exploitation of krill by commercial fisheries. The Convention bound contracting nations to abide by previously agreed upon Antarctic territorial claims and peaceful use of

4356-590: Was shown in the film, Resources at Risk: Philippine Coral Reef . A 2016 report by the Center for Development and Strategy found that programs like the United States National Marine Sanctuary system can develop considerable economic benefits for communities through Public–private partnerships . They can be self-financed through a surrounding "conservation finance area" in which a limited number licenses are granted to benefit from

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