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34-422: A sett , also known as a block or Belgian block , is a broadly rectangular quarried stone used in paving roads and walkways. Formerly in widespread use, particularly on steeper streets because setts provided horses' hooves with better grip than a smooth surface, they are now encountered more usually as decorative stone paving in landscape architecture . Setts are often referred to as "cobblestones", although

68-469: A substation was built at Germantown Avenue and Mermaid Lane, and PTC assigned 85 new PCCs to the line; the difference in number of cars was due to postwar ridership declines. On September 5, 1976, the Route 23 trolleys were moved from Germantown Depot to Luzerne Depot, making Luzerne the operating depot for the six remaining North Philadelphia streetcar routes: 6 , 23, 50 , 53 , 56 , and 60 . A pamphlet

102-781: A large number of streets retain the original setts. Silloth on Solway , a seaside town in Cumbria , still has setts (originally laid in the 19th century) on Eden St and the seafront Criffel Street. Streets paved with setts feature in cycling competitions, including the "Tour of Britain", which visited Silloth on Solway in 2015. St. Anne, Alderney , the main town of Alderney in the Channel Islands, has many streets constructed of locally quarried granite setts. They continue to be maintained and replaced today. Streets in Belgian towns are historically layered with Belgian blocks, both in

136-560: A sett is distinct from a cobblestone in that it is quarried or worked to a regular shape, whereas the latter is generally a small, naturally-rounded rock. Setts are usually made of granite . Places paved with setts include many streets in Rome and elsewhere in Italy (where blocks are called sampietrini or bolognini ), since the technique was first used by Romans . In Aberdeen (Scotland), and much of Edinburgh's Old Town and New Town ,

170-587: A six-way intersection with Erie Avenue and Broad Street, providing transfers to Routes 53 and 56 on Erie as well as the Broad Street Line at Erie station . Routes 53 and 56 are actually also other former streetcar lines that were converted into bus routes. Another major connection along the route is the Wayne Junction station , which serves six SEPTA Regional Rail commuter lines. As Route 23 enters Northwest Philadelphia , it runs through

204-491: A time, whenever utility construction occurred along those routes. Gone were the days when contractors were instructed to work around the streetcars. It was simply easier to suspend trolley service. In a 1974 pamphlet, SEPTA presented route 23 as the world's longest trolley car route known to them. Trolley service had been bused off and on due to street and trolley track construction, but buses permanently replaced trolleys on February 27, 1992. However, weekend streetcar service

238-748: Is a former streetcar line and current bus route. It is operated by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority ( SEPTA ) in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . The line runs between the Chestnut Hill and Center City neighborhoods via Germantown Avenue, 11th, and 12th Streets. Route 23 was once Philadelphia's longest streetcar route, extending south to 11th St. and Pattison Avenue in South Philadelphia , and

272-685: Is generally not recommended. Unexpectedly cold water can cause a swimmer's muscles to suddenly weaken; it can also cause shock and even hypothermia . Though quarry water is often very clear, submerged quarry stones, abandoned equipment, dead animals and strong currents make diving into these quarries extremely dangerous. Several people drown in quarries each year. However, many inactive quarries are converted into safe swimming sites. Such lakes, even lakes within active quarries, can provide important habitat for animals. S.K Duggal "Building Materials" (2003) 3rd revised edition Quarries SEPTA Route 23 Diagrams are not to scale Route 23

306-405: Is pollution of roads from trucks leaving the quarries. To control and restrain the pollution of public roads, wheel washing systems are becoming more common. Many quarries naturally fill with water after abandonment and become lakes . Others are made into landfills . Water-filled quarries can be very deep, often 50 ft (15 m) or more, and surprisingly cold, so swimming in quarry lakes

340-687: Is the intersection of 11th and Market streets, adjacent to the Market–Frankford Line 's 11th Street station , although southbound buses continue as far south as Locust Street before turning northbound. From Center City, the line runs northbound on 11th Street and southbound on 12th Street. In North Philadelphia , northbound Route 23 turns east to Huntingdon Street and then north again to Germantown Avenue, while southbound Route 23 moves from 10th Street west to Susquehanna Avenue and south again to 12th Street. Route 23 then continues northwest on Germantown Avenue through North Philadelphia , which includes

374-659: The 23 trolley , though the modern tracks are encased in concrete slabs rather than blocks, and the trolley line itself is currently operated by buses. In Richmond, Virginia , Belgian block streets are particularly common, most notably in Shockoe Slip . Street cars travelled through the street on tracks that are still visible though the system has been replaced by buses. The Fells Point neighbourhood of Baltimore also has Belgian block streets. In many cities besides Richmond and Philadelphia setts have often been used for pavement around street-running trolley or tram lines in

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408-682: The Germantown and Mount Airy neighborhoods before entering Chestnut Hill. The route's northern terminus is the Chestnut Hill bus loop at the intersection of Germantown Avenue and Bethlehem Pike, located adjacent to the Chestnut Hill West regional rail station and a short distance from the Chestnut Hill East station . Overnight service short-turns at Ontario Street near Temple University Hospital , only serving

442-516: The Paris–Roubaix race. Streets in the old part of Danish towns are also often layered with sett, known as brosten or bridge-stones. To make it easier to bike on, the part of the road meant for bicycles are paved with special stones that are saw-cut on top for smoothness and jet-burned for friction. Vendersgade in Copenhagen is the latest CycleStreet to get jet-burned and saw-cut setts on

476-738: The Germantown Avenue portion of the route. Route 23 was established sometime prior to 1877 as the Germantown Avenue Line , and ran from Germantown Depot to 8th and Dauphin streets. In 1890 the line was extended to the 4th and 8th Street trolleys and renamed the Pelham Line. It was combined with the Mermaid and Chestnut Hill Line in 1913, and renamed the Germantown, 10th and 11th Streets Line. The northern terminus

510-748: The Route 23 has been non-existent. In 2015, to make scheduling more manageable, the shorter and more densely-traveled southern segment of the route from Oregon Avenue to Market Street was separated and re-designated Route 45 . Routes 23 and 45 make shared stops along 11th and 12th streets between Walnut and Callowhill streets, and SEPTA Key users can make a free transfer between the two routes for same-direction travel. Route 23 utilizes several short-turn loops or cross-street cutbacks to allow for operational flexibility. Historically, those have been Germantown & Mermaid, Germantown & Gorgas (a large universal loop serving Germantown Depot), Germantown & Venango (later moved to Germantown & Ontario; both were

544-546: The blocks extensively and can still be seen in some spots including under pavement of service roads on the New Jersey side. Older sections of Brooklyn such as DUMBO and surrounding neighbourhoods also have streets bearing Belgian blocks. In the Dearing Street Historic District of Athens, Georgia , Finley Street, between Broad Street and The Tree That Owns Itself , retains Belgian blocks,

578-458: The centre areas and the outer residential neighbourhoods. However, in recent years, many of them have been progressively replaced by asphalt in order to reduce car noise and improve conditions for commuter cycling. Many streets and roads in Belgium and remote country routes just over the border in northern France are still dominated by setts, with some gaining notoriety through bicycle races such as

612-495: The cutback to get to Luzerne Depot), 10th & Susquehanna, 12th & Bainbridge, and 12th & Snyder. The only currently-scheduled short-turn is Germantown Avenue and Ontario Street, which is the southern terminal for all late-night service. All trackage on Germantown Avenue was replaced with new rail since 2008, while trackage on 11th and 12th streets remains with large portions paved over. SEPTA announced plans in its 2010 Capital Budget to purchase new trolley cars and restore

646-407: The first Rochester Cathedral . Belgian blocks may present accessibility challenges for disabled people, particularly wheelchair users. The United States Access Board states that "cobblestones, Belgian blocks, and similar materials can be difficult and sometimes painful to negotiate with wheeled mobility aids due to the vibrations they cause." Quarry The word quarry can also include

680-409: The only street in the city to be so paved. Germantown Avenue in Philadelphia , in particular its upper reaches through Germantown , Mount Airy and Chestnut Hill , is notable for being paved with Belgian blocks; repaving projects on this thoroughfare have retained or reintroduced block paving to give additional historic character to these neighbourhoods. Part of this character includes the tracks of

714-579: The part of the road between Israels Plads and Torvehallerne to create cohesion between the square and the market area, and make it safe for pedestrians to cross the cyclestreet. In addition to streets, large public squares also employed setts, as seen at Moscow 's Red Square . In New York City, the West Village (including the Meatpacking District ), SoHo , and TriBeCa neighbourhood retain such streets. The Holland Tunnel used

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748-512: The quarry. The surfaces are polished and finished with varying degrees of sheen or luster . Polished slabs are often cut into tiles or countertops and installed in many kinds of residential and commercial properties. Natural stone quarried from the earth is often considered a luxury and tends to be a highly durable surface, thus highly desirable. Quarries in level areas with shallow groundwater or which are located close to surface water often have engineering problems with drainage . Generally

782-440: The rails between 2011 and 2018, allowing for the future return of streetcar service on the line. However, in 2011 it was pushed back to 2015–2022 and the proposed 2012 budget pushed it back even further to 2016–2023. The budgets do not include allocated funds to build a new trolley depot and maintenance facility. In 2015, SEPTA proposed allocating $ 2 million on feasibility study to reinstate trolley service on Routes 23 and 56 in

816-505: The rails in some of TriMet 's MAX light rail lines to warn automobile drivers that they are driving on light rail right of way. The romantic claim that old Portland "cobbles" were imported as ship's ballast is incorrect; they are local basalt , quarried near St. Helens in Oregon. In older towns and cities setts may be used to outline buried archaeological features beneath the road surface such as city walls, gates and cathedrals, for example

850-616: The same manner as brickwork . Portland, Oregon , used Belgian block paving extensively in the 19th century, starting near the Willamette River, to stop the streets from washing away in floods. Many streets in older parts of the city are underlain by these blocks, and a few streets in the Pearl District still feature this kind of pavement. The City of Portland stockpiles these blocks when they are dug up for street or utility repairs or renovation. They have been used between

884-416: The underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone . Types of rock extracted from quarries include: Stone quarry is an outdated term for mining construction rocks (limestone, marble, granite, sandstone, etc.). There are open types (called quarries, or open-pit mines) and closed types ( mines and caves). For thousands of years, only hand tools had been used in quarries. In the eighteenth century,

918-497: The use of drilling and blasting operations was mastered. The term remains used to describe a method of cutting into a certain shape, such as for glass and tile, as a "quarry cut". The method of removal of stones from their natural bed by using different operations is called quarrying. Methods of quarrying include: Following steps are used in the blasting process; Many quarry stones such as marble , granite , limestone , and sandstone are cut into larger slabs and removed from

952-535: The water higher during removal; this can become the limiting factor in quarry depth. Some water-filled quarries are worked from beneath the water, by dredging. Many people and municipalities consider quarries to be eyesores and require various abatement methods to address problems with noise, dust, and appearance. One of the more effective and famous examples of successful quarry restoration is Butchart Gardens in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. A further problem

986-538: The water is removed by pumping while the quarry is operational, but for high inflows more complex approaches may be required. For example, the Coquina quarry is excavated to more than 60 feet (18 m) below sea level. To reduce surface leakage, a moat lined with clay was constructed around the entire quarry. Groundwater entering the pit is pumped up into the moat. As a quarry becomes deeper, water inflows generally increase and it also becomes more expensive to lift

1020-485: Was eliminated with this merge. PCC cars were introduced to the line in 1947 and 1948, replacing Nearside cars which had operated the route since the teens. The Philadelphia Transportation Company (PTC) attempted to introduce a fleet of 100 PCCs to the line in 1942, but an insufficient power supply for climbing Chestnut Hill caused these cars to be sent to Luzerne Depot to serve other routes instead. After World War II and its materials shortages and restrictions ended,

1054-491: Was extended to the Bethlehem Pike Loop in 1920, while the southern terminus was extended to 11th Street and Pattison Avenue in 1926, and to 10th Street and Bigler Avenue in 1957. On December 29, 1957, the Route 20 trolley on 12th and 13th Streets was abandoned and combined with the 23, which thereafter operated on 11th and 12th Streets just as it does today. Route 20 service on 13th Street and to Olney Terminal

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1088-510: Was issued by SEPTA informing the Route 23 operators of this change. After the move, the route's PCC all-electric cars were replaced with pre-war PCC "air cars", which incorporated the use of pressurized air to power certain aspects of the car (such as sanders for traction) in order to provide greater reliability on Germantown Avenue's hills. By this time, only two trolley lines operated from Luzerne Depot: routes 23 and 56. Along these last two routes, diesels buses were often substituted for months at

1122-592: Was one of three suspended by SEPTA in 1992. A restoration of trolley service has been proposed in recent years, with a feasibility study planned between 2021 and 2027. Route 23 was also believed to be the longest trolley route within a city in the world. The route is consistently one of SEPTA's most heavily-traveled bus lines, coming in as the fourth-busiest for daily ridership in 2018, as well as an average weekday ridership of 14,322. Route 23 begins in Center City Philadelphia. The southern terminal

1156-554: Was restored on the Chestnut Hill portion of the route under the Chestnut Hill Trolley name. Service ran on Germantown Avenue from Westview Avenue to Bethlehem Pike from September 13, 1992 until June 15, 1996. In Center City, the Welcome Line trolley operated on 11th and 12th streets between Girard Avenue and Bainbridge Street in 1995, as well as the 1996 and 1997 holiday seasons. Since then, trolley service along

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