Southern provinces
43-529: Second Revolution may refer to: Second Revolution (Republic of China) , 1913 civil war in China Second Revolution (Bangladesh) , political hypothesis presented by the founding father of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman See also [ edit ] Second Industrial Revolution Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
86-520: A local currency that is pegged to the U.S. dollar or the New Zealand dollar . The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (in Cyprus ) use the euro. Since decimalisation on Decimal Day in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence (denoted on coinage, until 1981, as "new pence"). The symbol for the penny is "p"; hence an amount such as 50p (£0.50) properly pronounced "fifty pence"
129-399: A penny", "two and a penny", etc. 5 shillings, for example, was written as "5 s ." or, more commonly, "5/–" (five shillings, no pence). Various coin denominations had, and in some cases continue to have, special names, such as florin (2/–), crown (5/–), half crown (2/6 d ), farthing ( 1 ⁄ 4 d ), sovereign (£1) and guinea (21s, 21/–, £1–1–0 or £1.05 in decimal notation). By
172-574: A second time, however that evening the declaration was cancelled. The next day, Sun Daoren rescinded Fujian's independence via telegram message. On August 11, He Haiming again declared independence in Nanjing, and led 2000 soldiers in a bloody revolt against the Beiyang Army . Two days later, the pro-Yuan Ji Army led by Long Jiguang captured Guangzhou . That same day, Tan Yankai took to telegram to rescind Hunan's declaration of independence,
215-417: Is often pronounced "fifty pee" /fɪfti piː/. The old sign d was not reused for the new penny in order to avoid confusion between the two units. A decimal halfpenny ( 1 / 2 p, worth 1.2 old pennies) was issued until 1984 but was withdrawn due to inflation . Before decimalisation in 1971 , the pound was divided into 20 shillings , and each shilling into 12 pence , making 240 pence to
258-615: Is the central bank for sterling, issuing its own banknotes and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England; their governments guarantee convertibility at par . Historically, sterling was also used to varying degrees by the colonies and territories of the British Empire . There are various theories regarding
301-578: Is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories. The pound ( sign: £ ) is the main unit of sterling, and the word pound is also used to refer to the British currency generally, often qualified in international contexts as the British pound or the pound sterling . Sterling is the world's oldest currency in continuous use since its inception. In 2022, it
344-572: The Beiyang Army 2nd Division led by Feng Guozhang and Zhang Xun and retreated to Nanjing. From the 22nd to 28th, anti-Yuan forces attempted to capture the Jiangnan Arsenal , but the Beiyang Army was able to resist the attack with assistance from the Beiyang Navy . After this battle, Zhenjiang and Suezhou rescinded their declarations of independence. On July 26, Long Jiguang 's forces headed towards Zhaoqing where Li Yaohan of
387-540: The Beiyang Army . Nanjing was captured on 1 September 1913, and all six provinces soon surrendered. Sun and Huang fled to Japan, and the Second Revolution concluded in failure. The failed revolution is named Guichou because it occurred in 1913, the stem-branch year of guǐ-chǒu (癸丑) in the sexagenary cycle of the traditional Chinese calendar , just as the Xinhai Revolution occurred in 1911,
430-666: The Beiyang Navy took Wusong , and anti-Yuan forces in Jiading were dispersed. On August 18, a Beiyang Army under command of Li Chun captured Nanchang. The next day, Ni Sichong 's Beiyang forces entered Hefei . He then reached Anqing on the 25th, took Wuhu on the 28th, and sent a detachment of troops led by Hu Wantai to capture Huizhou , which they did on the 29th. On September 1, Zhang Xun 's Wuwei Corps captured Nanjing . On September 11, Xiong Kewu abandoned Chongqing, dispersed his forces, assumed an alias, and fled. The next day, Tang Jiyao and his Ji Army entered Chongqing and
473-618: The National Assembly , and its leader Song Jiaoren was to be the premier. Song was assassinated on 22 March 1913, likely on Yuan's orders, after which Sun urged an immediate military expedition. The military campaign was postponed as Yuan began to dismiss republican governors from their offices. On 12 July, Li Liejun declared the independence of Jiangxi , and five other provinces and Shanghai followed suit. Huang Xing arrived in Nanjing and organized an anti-Yuan force, but his poorly organized troops were quickly crushed by soldiers of
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#1732764782847516-636: The parliament first. The loan was used to finance Yuan's Beiyang Army . On May 20, 1913, Yuan concluded a deal with Russia that granted Russia special privileges in Outer Mongolia and restricted Chinese right to station troops there. Kuomintang members of the Parliament accused Yuan of abusing his rights and called for his removal. On the other hand, the Progressive Party ( Chinese : 進步黨 ; pinyin : Jìnbùdǎng ), which
559-657: The 1950s, coins of Kings George III , George IV and William IV had disappeared from circulation, but coins (at least the penny) bearing the head of every British monarch from Queen Victoria onwards could be found in circulation. Silver coins were replaced by those in cupro-nickel in 1947, and by the 1960s the silver coins were rarely seen. Silver/cupro-nickel sixpences, shillings (from any period after 1816) and florins (2 shillings) remained legal tender after decimalisation (as 2½p, 5p and 10p respectively) until 1980, 1990 and 1993 respectively, but are now officially demonetised. The pound sterling emerged after
602-469: The Bank of England has exclusively used the single bar variant since 1975. Historically, a simple capital L (in the historic black-letter typeface, L {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}} ) placed before the numerals, or an italic l. after them, was used in newspapers, books and letters. The Royal Mint was still using this style of notation as late as 1939. The glyphs Ł and Ⱡ may occasionally be encountered. Use of
645-564: The Kuomintang's hope of achieving reforms and political goals through electoral means. In the beginning of May, Li Chun led the 8th Division from Baoding to Wuhan and brought his crack troops to reinforce Shanghai . On June 9, President Yuan removed KMT supporter Li Liejun as Governor of Jiangxi , and replaced him with Vice President Li Yuanhong . Some modern scholars have rehabilitated Li Liejun in this light. On June 13, Military Governor of Guangdong Hu Hanmin (Kuomintang)
688-457: The League's money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the "Easterlings", which was contracted to "'sterling". The OED dismisses this theory as unlikely, since the stressed first syllable would not have been elided. Encyclopædia Britannica states that the (pre-Norman) Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had silver coins called sterlings and that
731-492: The Qing Dynasty. These factors gave rise to much discontent against the new government among the military. Secondly, many revolutionaries felt that Yuan Shikai and Li Yuanhong were undeserving of the posts of presidency and vice presidency, because they acquired the posts through political maneuvering rather than participation in the revolutionary movement. Lastly, Yuan's use of violence (such as Song's assassination) dashed
774-505: The Roman libra , solidus , and denarius . Notable style guides recommend that the pound sign be used without any abbreviation or qualification to indicate sterling (e.g., £12,000). The ISO 4217 code "GBP" (e.g., GBP 12,000) may also be seen should disambiguation become necessary. The ISO 4217 currency code for sterling is "GBP", formed from the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for
817-406: The Second Revolution was defeated in its entirety. The KMT's "Second Revolution" ended in failure as Yuan's troops achieved complete victory over revolutionary uprisings. Provincial governors with KMT loyalties who remained willingly submitted to Yuan. Because those commanders not loyal to Yuan were effectively removed from power, the Second Revolution cemented Yuan's power. Just after the end of
860-659: The United Kingdom ("GB") and the first letter of "pound". In historical sources and some specialist banking uses, the abbreviation stg (in various styles) has been used to indicate sterling. Many stocks on the London Stock Exchange are quoted in penny sterling, using the unofficial code "GBX". The exchange rate of sterling against the US dollar is referred to as "cable" in the wholesale foreign exchange markets . The origins of this term are attributed to
903-639: The Zhaoqing Army joined him on the 30th. On August 3, his army entered Sanshui District. On July 31, Ni Sichong's Beiyang force surrounded Fengtai and captured the surrounding Huaiyuan County . On August 2, Fengtai fell to the Beiyang forces. On August 4 in Chongqing , Xiong Kewu [ zh ] declared Sichuan independent. Yuan Shikai ordered Yunnan 's military governor and warlord Tang Jiyao and his army into Sichuan to suppress
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#1732764782847946-601: The adoption of the Carolingian monetary system in England c. 800 . Here is a summary of changes to its value in terms of silver or gold until 1816. The pound was a unit of account in Anglo-Saxon England . By the ninth century it was equal to 240 silver pence . The accounting system of dividing one pound into twenty shillings , a shilling into twelve pence, and a penny into four farthings
989-478: The common phrase "quids in"). Its origin is unknown: possible derivations include scudo , the name for a number of currency units used in Italy until the 19th century, introduced by Italian immigrants; or from Latin quid via the common phrase quid pro quo , literally, "what for what", or, figuratively, "An equal exchange or substitution". The term "nicker" (also both singular and plural) may also refer to
1032-468: The compound noun pound sterling was derived from a pound (weight) of these sterlings. The English word pound derives from the Latin expression lībra pondō , in which lībra is a noun meaning 'pound' and pondō is a noun, in the ablative case , meaning 'by weight'. The currency sign for the pound unit of sterling is £ , which (depending on typeface) may be drawn with one or two bars :
1075-430: The fact that from the mid-19th century, the sterling/dollar exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Historically almost every British coin had a widely recognised nickname, such as "tanner" for the sixpence and "bob" for the shilling . Since decimalisation these have mostly fallen out of use except as parts of proverbs. A common slang term for the pound unit is " quid " (singular and plural, except in
1118-704: The independence of Jiangxi . On July 15, Huang Xing arrived at Nanjing , organized an anti-Yuan force, and forced Jiangsu Governor Cheng Dequan [ zh ] to declare independence. Cheng acceded, and then fled to Shanghai under a pretext of medical issues. On July 17, Anhui governor Bai Wenwei [ zh ] , declared his province's independence. On the 18, Chen Qimei announced Shanghai's independence. On July 18, Chen Jiongming declared Guangdong's independence. On July 19, Sun Daoren [ zh ] and Xu Chongzhi [ zh ] announced Fujian 's independence over telegram. On July 22, anti-Yuan forces were defeated around Xuzhou by
1161-491: The letter ⟨L⟩ for pound derives from medieval Latin documents: "L" was the abbreviation for libra , the Roman pound (weight), which in time became an English unit of weight defined as the tower pound . A "pound sterling" was literally a tower pound (weight) of sterling silver . In the British pre-decimal ( duodecimal ) currency system, the term £sd (or Lsd) for pounds, shillings and pence referred to
1204-1065: The next two decades. During Yuan's presidency, a silver "dollar" ( yuan in Chinese) carrying his portrait was introduced. This coin type was the first "dollar" coin of the central authorities of the Republic of China to be minted in significant quantities. It became a staple silver coin type during the first half of the 20th century and was struck for the last time as late as the 1950s. They were also extensively forged. Pounds sterling King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee Sterling ( ISO code : GBP )
1247-597: The origin of the word "sterling". The Oxford English Dictionary states that the "most plausible" etymology is a derivation from the Old English steorra for "star" with the added diminutive suffix -ling , to yield "little star". The reference is to the silver penny used in Norman England in the twelfth century, which bore a small star. Another theory holds that the Hanseatic League
1290-554: The pound. The currency of all the Crown Dependencies ( Guernsey , Jersey , Isle of Man ) and a third of British Overseas Territories ( British Antarctic Territory ; Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ; Gibraltar ; and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ) is either sterling or pegged to sterling at par. The other British Overseas Territories have
1333-602: The pound. The symbol for the shilling was " s ." – not from the first letter of "shilling", but from the Latin solidus . The symbol for the penny was " d .", from the French denier , from the Latin denarius (the solidus and denarius were Roman coins). A mixed sum of shillings and pence, such as 3 shillings and 6 pence, was written as "3/6" or "3 s . 6 d ." and spoken as "three and six" or "three and sixpence" except for "1/1", "2/1" etc., which were spoken as "one and
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1376-414: The rebellion. However, Long Jiguang , governor of Guangzhou, would succeed in defeating Xiong Kewu's forces ahead of Tang's. On August 5, Beiyang forces captured Shou County . On August 7, Hu Wantai revolted against Anhui governor Bei in support of Yuan, and 4 days later took control of the provincial capital of Anqing . On the 8th, He Haiming [ zh ] declared Nanjing's independence for
1419-513: The reign of King Offa of Mercia (757–796), who introduced a "sterling" coin made by physically dividing a Tower pound (5,400 grains, 349.9 grams) of silver into 240 parts. In practice, the weights of the coins were not consistent, 240 of them seldom added up to a full pound; there were no shilling or pound coins and these units were used only as an accounting convenience . Halfpennies and farthings worth 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 ⁄ 4 penny respectively were also minted, but small change
1462-586: The revolt, Sun Yat-sen fled to Japan for a second time, and re-established the Revive China Society . In January 1914, China's Parliament was formally dissolved. To give his government a semblance of legitimacy, Yuan convened a body of 66 men from his cabinet who, on 1 May 1914, produced a "constitutional compact" that effectively replaced China's provisional constitution. The new legal status quo gave Yuan, as president, practically unlimited powers over China's military, finances, foreign policy, and
1505-433: The rights of China's citizens. Yuan justified these reforms by stating that representative democracy had been proven inefficient by political infighting. After his victory, Yuan reorganized the provincial governments. Each province was supported by a military governor (都督) as well as a civil authority, giving each governor control of their own army. This helped lay the foundations for the warlordism that crippled China over
1548-569: The title Second Revolution . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Revolution&oldid=1165723984 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Second Revolution (Republic of China) The Second Revolution ( Chinese : 二次革命 ; pinyin : Èrcì Gémìng )
1591-507: The year of xīn-hài (辛亥). Kuomintang leader Song Jiaoren was assassinated in March 1913. Some people believe that Yuan Shikai was responsible, and although it has never been proven, he had already arranged the assassination of several pro-revolutionist generals. Animosity towards Yuan grew. In April he secured a Reorganization Loan of 25 million pounds sterling from Great Britain , France , Russia , Germany and Japan , without consulting
1634-574: Was a failed 1913 revolt by the governors of several southern Chinese provinces and supporters of Sun Yat-sen 's Kuomintang (KMT) against the Beiyang government of the Republic of China , led by Yuan Shikai . It was quickly defeated by Yuan's armies and led to the continued consolidation of Yuan's powers as President of the Republic of China . In the 1912 election , the KMT won a majority of seats to
1677-470: Was adopted from the livre carolingienne system introduced by Charlemagne to the Frankish Empire . The penny was abbreviated to "d", from denarius , the Roman equivalent of the penny; the shilling to "s" from solidus (written with a long s , ſ , later evolving into a simple slash , / ); and the pound to "L" (subsequently £ ) from Libra or Livre . The origins of sterling lie in
1720-572: Was appointed to a position in Tibet , and was replaced by Chen Jiongming . On June 30, Anhui Governor Bai Wenwei (KMT) was also dismissed. On the same day, Li Yuanhong made mass arrests of underground party leaders in Wuhan . At the behest of Jiujiang garrison commander Chen Tingxun, Yuan sent the Beiyang Army 6th Division under command of Li Chun into Jiangxi on July 3rd. On July 12 Li Liejun returned to Jiangxi, and at Hukou , proclaimed
1763-491: Was composed of constitutional monarchists and supported Yuan, accused the Kuomintang of fomenting an insurrection. Yuan then decided to use military action against the Kuomintang. There were several underlying reasons for the Second Revolution besides Yuan's abuse of power. First was that most Revolutionary Armies from different provinces were disbanded after the establishment of the Republic of China, and many officers and soldiers felt that they were not compensated for toppling
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1806-533: Was the fourth-most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market , after the United States dollar , the euro , and the Japanese yen . Together with those three currencies and the renminbi , it forms the basket of currencies that calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights . As of late 2022, sterling is also the fourth most-held reserve currency in global reserves . The Bank of England
1849-576: Was the origin of its definition, manufacture, and name: the German name for the Baltic is Ostsee ( ' East Sea ' ) and from this the Baltic merchants were called Osterlings ( ' Easterlings ' ). In 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection and land for their kontor , the Steelyard of London , which by the 1340s was also called Esterlingeshalle ( ' Easterlings Hall ' ). Because
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