Theoretical computer science is a subfield of computer science and mathematics that focuses on the abstract and mathematical foundations of computation .
50-1148: Selman may refer to: People with the surname [ edit ] Alan Selman (1941–2021), American mathematician Bart Selman , American computer scientist Bill Selman , American ice hockey coach Courtenay Selman (born 1945), Barbadian cricketer David Selman (1878–1937), American film director Hafız Selman İzbeli , Turkish militiawoman Jim Selman (born 1942), American consultant, coach, and author JoAnn Dayton-Selman , American politician John Selman (disambiguation) , multiple people Joshua Selman , Nigerian televangelist Manuel Selman (born 1989), Chilean surfer Matt Selman , American writer and producer Matty Selman , American lyricist Nick Selman (born 1995), English cricketer Redžep Selman (born 1986), Macedonian triple jumper Robert L. Selman (born 1942), American psychologist Rubén Selman (born 1963), Chilean football referee Sam Selman (born 1990), American baseball pitcher Shakera Selman (born 1989), West Indian cricketer William Selman (disambiguation) , multiple people People with
100-399: A user interface for the input/output of mathematical expressions, a large set of routines to perform usual operations, like simplification of expressions, differentiation using chain rule , polynomial factorization , indefinite integration , etc. Very-large-scale integration ( VLSI ) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining thousands of transistors into
150-696: A distributed system is called a distributed program , and distributed programming is the process of writing such programs. There are many alternatives for the message passing mechanism, including RPC-like connectors and message queues . An important goal and challenge of distributed systems is location transparency . Information-based complexity (IBC) studies optimal algorithms and computational complexity for continuous problems. IBC has studied continuous problems as path integration, partial differential equations, systems of ordinary differential equations, nonlinear equations, integral equations, fixed points, and very-high-dimensional integration. Formal methods are
200-410: A landmark result in computational complexity theory . Modern theoretical computer science research is based on these basic developments, but includes many other mathematical and interdisciplinary problems that have been posed, as shown below: An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for calculations. Algorithms are used for calculation , data processing , and automated reasoning . An algorithm
250-537: A means to manage large amounts of data efficiently for uses such as large databases and internet indexing services . Usually, efficient data structures are key to designing efficient algorithms . Some formal design methods and programming languages emphasize data structures, rather than algorithms, as the key organizing factor in software design. Storing and retrieving can be carried out on data stored in both main memory and in secondary memory . Distributed computing studies distributed systems. A distributed system
300-427: A particular kind of mathematics based techniques for the specification , development and verification of software and hardware systems. The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate mathematical analysis can contribute to the reliability and robustness of a design. Formal methods are best described as
350-403: A specific programming language, showing the computation involved. In such a case that the evaluation would be of syntactically illegal strings, the result would be non-computation. Semantics describes the processes a computer follows when executing a program in that specific language. This can be shown by describing the relationship between the input and output of a program, or an explanation of how
400-437: A type of inductive learning called supervised learning. In supervised learning, an algorithm is given samples that are labeled in some useful way. For example, the samples might be descriptions of mushrooms, and the labels could be whether or not the mushrooms are edible. The algorithm takes these previously labeled samples and uses them to induce a classifier. This classifier is a function that assigns labels to samples including
450-503: Is a scientific discipline that deals with the construction and study of algorithms that can learn from data. Such algorithms operate by building a model based on inputs and using that to make predictions or decisions, rather than following only explicitly programmed instructions. Machine learning can be considered a subfield of computer science and statistics . It has strong ties to artificial intelligence and optimization , which deliver methods, theory and application domains to
500-1002: Is a branch of computer science devoted to the study of algorithms that can be stated in terms of geometry . Some purely geometrical problems arise out of the study of computational geometric algorithms, and such problems are also considered to be part of computational geometry. The main impetus for the development of computational geometry as a discipline was progress in computer graphics and computer-aided design and manufacturing ( CAD / CAM ), but many problems in computational geometry are classical in nature, and may come from mathematical visualization . Other important applications of computational geometry include robotics (motion planning and visibility problems), geographic information systems (GIS) (geometrical location and search, route planning), integrated circuit design (IC geometry design and verification), computer-aided engineering (CAE) (mesh generation), computer vision (3D reconstruction). Theoretical results in machine learning mainly deal with
550-464: Is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved "in parallel" . There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level , instruction level , data , and task parallelism . Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing , but interest in it has grown lately due to
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#1732775310386600-604: Is a scientific area that refers to the study and development of algorithms and software for manipulating mathematical expressions and other mathematical objects . Although, properly speaking, computer algebra should be a subfield of scientific computing , they are generally considered as distinct fields because scientific computing is usually based on numerical computation with approximate floating point numbers , while symbolic computation emphasizes exact computation with expressions containing variables that have not any given value and are thus manipulated as symbols (therefore
650-577: Is a software system in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages . The components interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. Three significant characteristics of distributed systems are: concurrency of components, lack of a global clock, and independent failure of components. Examples of distributed systems vary from SOA-based systems to massively multiplayer online games to peer-to-peer applications , and blockchain networks like Bitcoin . A computer program that runs in
700-452: Is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses qubits (quantum bits), which can be in superpositions of states. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine , also known as the universal quantum computer. Quantum computers share theoretical similarities with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers ; one example is the ability to be in more than one state simultaneously. The field of quantum computing
750-424: Is an effective method expressed as a finite list of well-defined instructions for calculating a function . Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty ), the instructions describe a computation that, when executed , proceeds through a finite number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing "output" and terminating at a final ending state. The transition from one state to
800-775: Is at the intersection of mathematics , statistics , computer science , physics , neurobiology , and electrical engineering . Its impact has been crucial to the success of the Voyager missions to deep space, the invention of the compact disc, the feasibility of mobile phones, the development of the Internet , the study of linguistics and of human perception, the understanding of black holes , and numerous other fields. Important sub-fields of information theory are source coding , channel coding , algorithmic complexity theory , algorithmic information theory , information-theoretic security , and measures of information. Machine learning
850-441: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Alan Selman Alan Louis Selman (April 2, 1941 – January 22, 2021) was a mathematician and theoretical computer scientist known for his research on structural complexity theory , the study of computational complexity in terms of the relation between complexity classes rather than individual algorithmic problems. Selman
900-674: Is difficult to circumscribe the theoretical areas precisely. The ACM 's Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory (SIGACT) provides the following description: TCS covers a wide variety of topics including algorithms , data structures , computational complexity , parallel and distributed computation, probabilistic computation , quantum computation , automata theory , information theory , cryptography , program semantics and verification , algorithmic game theory , machine learning , computational biology , computational economics , computational geometry , and computational number theory and algebra . Work in this field
950-420: Is often distinguished by its emphasis on mathematical technique and rigor . While logical inference and mathematical proof had existed previously, in 1931 Kurt Gödel proved with his incompleteness theorem that there are fundamental limitations on what statements could be proved or disproved. Information theory was added to the field with a 1948 mathematical theory of communication by Claude Shannon . In
1000-584: Is the one-time pad —but these schemes are more difficult to implement than the best theoretically breakable but computationally secure mechanisms. A data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently . Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to specific tasks. For example, databases use B-tree indexes for small percentages of data retrieval and compilers and databases use dynamic hash tables as look up tables. Data structures provide
1050-464: Is theoretically possible to break such a system, but it is infeasible to do so by any known practical means. These schemes are therefore termed computationally secure; theoretical advances, e.g., improvements in integer factorization algorithms, and faster computing technology require these solutions to be continually adapted. There exist information-theoretically secure schemes that provably cannot be broken even with unlimited computing power—an example
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#17327753103861100-479: Is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm . A problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources, whatever the algorithm used. The theory formalizes this intuition, by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying
1150-683: The Association for Computing Machinery ) gave him their Distinguished Service Prize, noting his work in helping to found the Computational Complexity Conference and in helping to fund theoretical computer science research through his work drafting policy reports for the National Science Foundation . The journal Theory of Computing Systems is organizing a commemorative issue celebrating his memory. Theoretical computer science It
1200-412: The quantification of information . Information theory was developed by Claude E. Shannon to find fundamental limits on signal processing operations such as compressing data and on reliably storing and communicating data. Since its inception it has broadened to find applications in many other areas, including statistical inference , natural language processing , cryptography , neurobiology ,
1250-692: The Greek word αὐτόματα meaning "self-acting". Automata Theory is the study of self-operating virtual machines to help in the logical understanding of input and output process, without or with intermediate stage(s) of computation (or any function /process). Coding theory is the study of the properties of codes and their fitness for a specific application. Codes are used for data compression , cryptography , error correction and more recently also for network coding . Codes are studied by various scientific disciplines – such as information theory , electrical engineering , mathematics , and computer science – for
1300-469: The amount of resources needed to solve them, such as time and storage. Other complexity measures are also used, such as the amount of communication (used in communication complexity ), the number of gates in a circuit (used in circuit complexity ) and the number of processors (used in parallel computing ). One of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do. Computational geometry
1350-423: The application of a fairly broad variety of theoretical computer science fundamentals, in particular logic calculi, formal languages , automata theory , and program semantics , but also type systems and algebraic data types to problems in software and hardware specification and verification. Information theory is a branch of applied mathematics , electrical engineering , and computer science involving
1400-497: The computer science department of Iowa State University , eventually becoming a full professor there. In the late 1980s he moved to Northeastern University , becoming acting dean there, and in 1990 he moved again to the University at Buffalo as chair of computer science. He retired in 2014, and died on January 22, 2021. He was the first chair of the annual Computational Complexity Conference , and served as editor-in-chief of
1450-443: The discipline of theoretical computer science, both depending on and affecting mathematics , software engineering, and linguistics . It is an active research area, with numerous dedicated academic journals. In programming language theory , semantics is the field concerned with the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages . It does so by evaluating the meaning of syntactically legal strings defined by
1500-428: The disciplines of mathematics , computer science , and electrical engineering . Applications of cryptography include ATM cards , computer passwords , and electronic commerce . Modern cryptography is heavily based on mathematical theory and computer science practice; cryptographic algorithms are designed around computational hardness assumptions , making such algorithms hard to break in practice by any adversary. It
1550-572: The editor of several edited volumes , Selman was the coauthor of the textbook Computability and Complexity Theory (with Steve Homer, Springer, 2001; 2nd ed., 2011). Selman was a Fulbright Scholar and Humboldt Fellow. He was named an ACM Fellow in 1998, as "an influential contributor to computational complexity theory and a dedicated professional within the academic computer science community". In 2002, ACM SIGACT (the Special Interest Group on Algorithms and Computation Theory of
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1600-482: The evolution and function of molecular codes, model selection in statistics, thermal physics, quantum computing , linguistics , plagiarism detection, pattern recognition , anomaly detection and other forms of data analysis . Applications of fundamental topics of information theory include lossless data compression (e.g. ZIP files ), lossy data compression (e.g. MP3s and JPEGs ), and channel coding (e.g. for Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) ). The field
1650-480: The field is integer factorization . Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties (called adversaries ). More generally, it is about constructing and analyzing protocols that overcome the influence of adversaries and that are related to various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality , data integrity , authentication , and non-repudiation . Modern cryptography intersects
1700-471: The field. Machine learning is employed in a range of computing tasks where designing and programming explicit, rule-based algorithms is infeasible. Example applications include spam filtering , optical character recognition (OCR), search engines and computer vision . Machine learning is sometimes conflated with data mining , although that focuses more on exploratory data analysis. Machine learning and pattern recognition "can be viewed as two facets of
1750-1373: The first name [ edit ] Selman Ada (born 1953), Turkish composer, conductor and pianist Selman Akbulut (born 1949), Turkish mathematician Selman Kadria (1906–1938), Albanian land worker, folk singer and independence fighter in Kosovo Selman Kaygusuz (born 1963), Turkish wrestler Selman Mesbeh (born 1980), Qatari footballer Selman Reis (fl. 16th century), Ottoman admiral and former corsair Selman Riza (1908–1988), Albanian linguist and Albanologist Selman Selmanagić (1905–1986), Bosnian-German architect Selman Sevinç (born 1995), Dutch-Turkish footballer Selman Stërmasi (1908–1976), Albanian football player and coach Selman Uranues , Austrian physician and professor of surgery Selman Waksman (1888–1973), Jewish Russian Empire-born American inventor, biochemist and microbiologist Places [ edit ] United States [ edit ] Selman, Florida Selman, Oklahoma Selman City, Texas Mount Selman, Texas Elsewhere [ edit ] Selman, Eğil , Turkey Wadi es-Selman, Arabic name of Ayalon Valley , Israel See also [ edit ] Salman (disambiguation) Sleman , capital of Sleman Regency, Indonesia Selma (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
1800-823: The functioning of the brain , Darwinian evolution , group behavior , the immune system , the defining properties of life forms, cell membranes , and morphogenesis . Besides traditional electronic hardware , these computational paradigms can be implemented on alternative physical media such as biomolecules (DNA, RNA), or trapped-ion quantum computing devices. Dually, one can view processes occurring in nature as information processing. Such processes include self-assembly , developmental processes , gene regulation networks, protein–protein interaction networks, biological transport ( active transport , passive transport ) networks, and gene assembly in unicellular organisms . Efforts to understand biological systems also include engineering of semi-synthetic organisms, and understanding
1850-449: The journal Theory of Computing Systems for 18 years, beginning in 2001. Selman's research publications included well-cited works on the classification of different types of reductions according to their computational power, the formulation of promise problems , the complexity class UP of problems solvable by unambiguous Turing machines , and their applications to the computational complexity of cryptography : As well as being
1900-520: The most common. Communication and synchronization between the different subtasks are typically some of the greatest obstacles to getting good parallel program performance. The maximum possible speed-up of a single program as a result of parallelization is known as Amdahl's law . Programming language theory is a branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, analysis, characterization, and classification of programming languages and their individual features . It falls within
1950-416: The name of symbolic computation ). Software applications that perform symbolic calculations are called computer algebra systems , with the term system alluding to the complexity of the main applications that include, at least, a method to represent mathematical data in a computer, a user programming language (usually different from the language used for the implementation), a dedicated memory manager,
2000-427: The next is not necessarily deterministic ; some algorithms, known as randomized algorithms , incorporate random input. Automata theory is the study of abstract machines and automata , as well as the computational problems that can be solved using them. It is a theory in theoretical computer science, under discrete mathematics (a section of mathematics and also of computer science ). Automata comes from
2050-487: The physical constraints preventing frequency scaling . As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture , mainly in the form of multi-core processors . Parallel computer programs are more difficult to write than sequential ones, because concurrency introduces several new classes of potential software bugs , of which race conditions are
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2100-453: The program will execute on a certain platform , hence creating a model of computation . A quantum computer is a computation system that makes direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena , such as superposition and entanglement , to perform operations on data . Quantum computers are different from digital computers based on transistors . Whereas digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits ( bits ), each of which
2150-435: The purpose of designing efficient and reliable data transmission methods. This typically involves the removal of redundancy and the correction (or detection) of errors in the transmitted data. Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem
2200-408: The same decade, Donald Hebb introduced a mathematical model of learning in the brain. With mounting biological data supporting this hypothesis with some modification, the fields of neural networks and parallel distributed processing were established. In 1971, Stephen Cook and, working independently , Leonid Levin , proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are NP-complete –
2250-791: The same field." Natural computing , also called natural computation, is a terminology introduced to encompass three classes of methods: 1) those that take inspiration from nature for the development of novel problem-solving techniques; 2) those that are based on the use of computers to synthesize natural phenomena; and 3) those that employ natural materials (e.g., molecules) to compute. The main fields of research that compose these three branches are artificial neural networks , evolutionary algorithms , swarm intelligence , artificial immune systems , fractal geometry, artificial life , DNA computing , and quantum computing , among others. Computational paradigms studied by natural computing are abstracted from natural phenomena as diverse as self-replication ,
2300-555: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Selman . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selman&oldid=1227909959 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
2350-399: The samples that have never been previously seen by the algorithm. The goal of the supervised learning algorithm is to optimize some measure of performance such as minimizing the number of mistakes made on new samples. Computational number theory , also known as algorithmic number theory , is the study of algorithms for performing number theoretic computations . The best known problem in
2400-460: The universe itself from the point of view of information processing. Indeed, the idea was even advanced that information is more fundamental than matter or energy. The Zuse-Fredkin thesis, dating back to the 1960s, states that the entire universe is a huge cellular automaton which continuously updates its rules. Recently it has been suggested that the whole universe is a quantum computer that computes its own behaviour. Parallel computing
2450-645: Was a graduate of the City College of New York . He earned a master's degree at the University of California, Berkeley before completing his Ph.D. in 1970 at Pennsylvania State University . His dissertation, Arithmetical Reducibilities and Sets of Formulas Valid in Finite Structures , was supervised by Paul Axt, a student of Stephen Cole Kleene . He became a postdoctoral researcher at Carnegie Mellon University , and an assistant professor of mathematics at Florida State University , before moving to
2500-648: Was first introduced by Yuri Manin in 1980 and Richard Feynman in 1982. A quantum computer with spins as quantum bits was also formulated for use as a quantum space–time in 1968. Experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of qubits. Both practical and theoretical research continues, and many national governments and military funding agencies support quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for both civilian and national security purposes, such as cryptanalysis . Computer algebra , also called symbolic computation or algebraic computation
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