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25-511: Other names and transcriptions include Sepīd-Rūd , Sefidrud , Sefidrood , Sepidrood , and Sepidrud . Above Manjil , "Long Red River". William Smith equated the river with the Amardus ( Ancient Greek : Ἀμάρδος ) or Mardus (Μάρδος) river of antiquity. The river is historically famous for its abundant fish , especially the Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius . The Sefid-Rud has cut

50-531: A 11.3 km (4.4 sq mi) area with a total volume of 380,000,000 m (1.3 × 10  cu ft). The earthquake was one of the strongest recorded in the densely populated region of the Alborz mountains . Damage was extreme in the cities of Manjil , and Rudbar ; Khalkhal and Nowshahr also recorded significant damage. In Tehran , the damage was slight. Soil liquefaction also caused extensive damage in an area of about 80 km (50 mi) to

75-586: A gate to the southern Caspian Sea region. There are numerous archaeological site excavations (mostly illegal) in the Manjil area because of its rich cultural history. Some of these sites are related to the Ismaili era, i.e., Hassan Sabbah movement based in Alamoot forte (one may find artifacts from the 3rd-2nd millennia BC in some households). In the modern era, Manjil was the site of a historical battle between

100-434: A major factor contributing to the high death toll. The morning after the mainshock, a 6.5 magnitude aftershock hit the city of Rasht , causing a dam to break and creating a large flood and landslide, flooding and wiping out huge swaths of farmland. Other landslides also made many roads unusable, with one landslide next to Rudbar moving up to 20 million cubic meters of land. There were at least 223 landslides recorded within

125-736: A water gap through the Alborz mountain range , the Manjil gap, capturing its two headwater tributaries, the Qizil Üzan and Shahrood rivers. It then widens the valley between the Talesh Hills and the main Alborz range. The gap provides a major route between Tehran and Gīlān Province with its Caspian lowlands. In the wide valley before the Sefid-Rud enters the Caspian Sea , a number of transportation and irrigation canals have been cut;

150-510: The Alborz mountain range at a small cleft in Alborz that funnels the wind through Manjil to the Qazvin plateau . The biggest wind farm of Iran, the Manjil and Rudbar Wind Farm , is located near Manjil. Manjil is known for the river Sefīd-Rūd (or "Sepid Rood", "Sefid Rood", "white river"). It passes by the town and is formed in Manjil by two joining rivers. Since 1960 it has been the site of

175-407: The Caspian Sea region of northern Iran. The shock had a moment magnitude of 7.4 and a Mercalli Intensity of X ( Extreme ). Devastation occurred in a 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi) area, causing extensive damage in several cities. A large aftershock also added to the destruction. Between 35,000 and 50,000 people died in the earthquake; another 60,000–105,000 were injured. Iran is one of

200-783: The Hellenistic period, the north side of the Sefid (then Mardus) was occupied by the Cadusii mountain tribe . David Rohl proposes identification of Sefid-Rud with the Biblical Pishon river. 37°28′09″N 49°56′32″E  /  37.4692°N 49.9422°E  / 37.4692; 49.9422 Manjil Manjil ( Persian : منجيل ) is a city in the Central District of Rudbar County , Gilan province, Iran . Throughout its history Manjil has been

225-589: The Iranian Revolution , Iranians initially did not want to accept help from the United States and other western countries, but they were not in a position to launch an extensive relief effort on their own. The Iranian government and the governments that responded to the earthquake issued over 2,900 tents for the unhoused and camps for hundreds of thousands of people affected by the disaster. 170,000 blankets were also sent in to protect Iranians from

250-626: The Manjil Dam that significantly contributes to Gilan 's agriculture, such as its olive groves, while generating electric power. The reservoir impounded by the Manjil Dam adds to the beauty of the area. [REDACTED] Media related to Manjil at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Iran portal 1990 Manjil%E2%80%93Rudbar earthquake The 1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake (Persian: زمین‌لرزه ۱۳۶۹ رودبار و منجیل) occurred on Thursday, 21 June 1990 at 00:30:14 local time in

275-423: The 1990 earthquake's epicenter, is unlikely a foreshock to the 1990 event. The Coulomb stress transfer from the 1983 source fault to the 1990 earthquake source fault was insufficient. Stress modelling showed the 1983 earthquake had decreased crustal stress in the epicenter area of the 1990 earthquake rather than increasing it. Widespread damage occurred to the northwest of the capital city of Tehran , including

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300-581: The Dunsterforce Mission to North Persia and Baku, 1918 were transcribed from the original by General Dunsterville's great-granddaughter, and are co-located on the Great War Primary Documents Archive. Although devastated by a 1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake of magnitude 7.3, for the last few decades Manjil has enjoyed industrial and economic growth. Manjil had a mainly Azerbaijani Turkish population from

325-473: The Iran earthquake. The earthquake was accompanied by a small, localized tsunami in the Caspian Sea . The waves were reported to reach 2 meters (6.5 ft) and inundated up to 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) inland. Presumably, an underwater landslide contributed to the notable tsunami, taking place on the steep shores of the continental shelf in the area. Although there were no reported casualties or severe damage in

350-518: The cities of Rudbar and Manjil . The total area of devastation was measured to be 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi). The National Geophysical Data Center estimated that $ 8 billion in damage occurred in the affected area. Other earthquake catalogs presented estimates of the loss of life in the range of 35,000–50,000, with a further 60,000–105,000 that were injured and 400,000 rendered homeless. The earthquake struck 30 minutes after midnight when most people were sleeping in their basic mud dwellings,

375-418: The cold. An unusual outbreak of acute renal failure (ARF) occurred in the aftermath of the earthquake, with the number of victims needing dialysis support rising to 156, with a mortality rate of 14 percent. Patients with ARF were more severely injured and usually had nerve damage , elevated muscle enzymes, and abnormal urinalysis. Acclaimed Iranian director Abbas Kiarostami has fictionally incorporated

400-426: The dam generates 87,000 kilowatts. The completion of the dam had a negative impact on the river's fisheries, through reduced stream flow (due to diversion), increased water temperature, and decreased food availability, especially for sturgeon but also for the Caspian trout. The river was known in antiquity as Mardos ( Greek : Μαρδος ; Latin : Mardus ) and Amardos ( Greek : Αμαρδος ; Latin : Amardus ). In

425-515: The earthquake and its effects on northern Iran into multiple films of his. In And Life Goes On (1992), a director and his son search for child actors from a previous Kiarostami film; Where Is the Friend's Home? (1986), which was shot in a city that, by the time of the second film's production, is recovering from the earthquake. Kiarostami's next film Through the Olive Trees (1994) follows

450-477: The earthquake indicate that the event corresponded with left-lateral strike-slip faulting with an epicenter in Gilan province . Surface rupture of about 80 km (50 mi) was observed along three segments of the previously unknown Rudbar Fault . Displacements estimated in the field gave an average of 60 cm left lateral motion combined with 95 cm of vertical motion, much lower than would be estimated from

475-560: The most seismically active regions in the world . Northwestern Iran, lies within northern part of the complex zone of collision between the Arabian plate and Eurasian plate . The Arabian plate is moving northwards relative to the Eurasian plate and the dominant style of faulting in the western Alborz Mountains involves movement on major thrust faults , combined with subordinate left-lateral strike-slip faulting. The focal mechanism of

500-471: The nationalist revolutionary forces of Jangal (led by Mirza Koochak Khan ) and the joint British and White Russian forces on June 12, 1918. The latter forces (led by General Dunsterville and Colonel Bicherakhov ) willing to pass through Manjil as the only passage to the Caspian to reach Baku and overthrow the newly formed Baku Commune (led by Stepan Shahumian ). General Dunsterville's private diaries and notes, including those kept during his command of

525-492: The northeast of the earthquake's epicenter, ruining irrigation canals, pipelines, and splitting pavements apart. Water wells were also filled with boiled sand. In some of the smaller, hard-to-reach towns in the Alborz mountains , there were no survivors and no house was left standing. Most buildings destroyed were unreinforced masonry buildings , or UMBs, buildings made out of unsupported brick, cinderblock or other masonry elements which will collapse during strong earthquakes like

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550-461: The observed magnitude. Optical correlation techniques using SPOT satellite imagery and aerial photographs have given estimates of 220 cm left lateral movement, better matching the magnitude and suggesting that a significant proportion of the displacement may have occurred off the main fault strand. On 22 July 1983, a M w   5.5 earthquake struck Mazandaran province , killing 30 people. That earthquake although situated just southwest of

575-654: The two biggest are the Khomam and the Now. The Sefid-Rud was dammed in 1962 by the Shahbanu Farah Dam (later renamed Manjil Dam ), which created a 1.86 cubic kilometres (0.45 cu mi) reservoir and allowed the irrigation of an additional 2,380 km (919 sq mi). The reservoir mediates some flooding and significantly increased rice production in the Sefid Rud delta. The hydroelectric component of

600-561: The wake of the tsunami, it reaffirmed the existence of a tsunami in the Caspian Sea and suggested that an underwater landslide that could be caused by an earthquake near the area could cause a life-threatening and potent tsunami. The earthquake took place as Iran was recovering from the Iran-Iraq war that ended just two years prior. Due to anti-American sentiment in Iran at the time, with the earthquake taking place just 10 years after

625-425: The ʿAmmārlu tribe, together with Gilaks , Tats and Kurds . At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 16,028 in 4,447 households. The following census in 2011 counted 17,396 people in 5,030 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 15,630 people in 4,950 households. Manjil is known as the windy city of Iran, a reputation it owes to its geographical position in

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