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18-697: [REDACTED] Look up shule in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Shule may refer to: Shule Kingdom in Kashgar, an ancient kingdom in Xinjiang, China Shule County , a county in Xinjiang, China Shule , a minor figure in the Book of Mormon Synagogue (Shul or Shule), a Jewish house of worship Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

36-441: A "formal colony" or "junior ally" might also be regarded as a vassal state in terms of international relations, analogous to a domestic "fief-holder" or "trustee". The concept of a vassal state uses the concept of personal vassalry to theorize formally hegemonic relationships between states – even those using non-personal forms of rule. Imperial states to which this terminology has been applied include, for instance: Ancient Rome ,

54-410: A subordinate state (such as a dependency , residency , client state or protectorate ) has retained internal autonomy, but has lost independence in foreign policy, while also, in many instances, paying formal tribute , or providing troops when requested. This is a similar relationship to vassals, but vassals hold fiefdoms which are present in the actual territory of the monarch. In this framework,

72-719: A vassal of the Chinese Tang dynasty from the 7th century, Shule was conquered by the Tibetan Empire in the late 8th century and was eventually incorporated into the Kara-Khanid Khanate during the Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang . The earliest mention of the Shule is around 120 BC, by Western Han Chinese when they were exploring their borders. In 127 AD Shule began to pay tribute to

90-431: Is also minor contribution from Yellow farmer and AASI. Vassal In contrast, fealty ( fidelitas ) was sworn, unconditional loyalty to a monarch. In fully developed vassalage, the lord and the vassal would take part in a commendation ceremony composed of two parts, the homage and the fealty , including the use of Christian sacraments to show its sacred importance. According to Eginhard 's brief description,

108-666: The Eastern Han . In 168, following Hede 's murder of the current ruler (name unknown), the Han declared war on the Shule, ending in the unsuccessful Siege of Zhenzhong in 170 AD. By the end of the Eastern Han period (220 AD), Shule had conquered the city-states of Zhenzhong , Yarkent , Jieshi , Qusha , Xiye , and Yinai . In the 5th century the Shule kingdom became a tributary of the Gokturks . They gained independence from

126-686: The Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang . According to Mahmud al-Kashgari within Kashgar's vicinity, some non-Turkic languages like the Kanchaki and Sogdian were still used in some areas. It is believed that the Saka language group was what Kanchaki belonged to. It is believed that the Tarim Basin was linguistically Turkified before the end of the 11th century. As it was on the Northern Silk Road , Shule traded mostly through

144-745: The Yumen Pass and the Pamir Mountains . The Northern Silk Road that passed through Kashgar split off into the northern Tarim Basin route which ran from Kashgar over Aksu , Kucha , Korla , through the Iron Gate Pass , over Karasahr , Jiaohe , Turpan , Gaochang and Kumul to Anxi . The southern Tarim Basin route ran from Kashgar over Yarkant , Karghalik , Pishan , Khotan , Keriya , Niya , Qarqan , Qarkilik , Miran and Dunhuang to Anxi. Saka Shule had predominantly haplogroup Q1a, with R1a and N1a also present. Among

162-478: The commendatio made to Pippin the Younger in 757 by Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria , involved the relics of Saints Denis, Rusticus, Éleuthère , Martin , and Germain – apparently assembled at Compiegne for the event. Such refinements were not included from the outset when it was time of crisis, war, hunger, etc. Feudal society was increasingly based on the concept of "lordship" (French seigneur ), which

180-471: The 18th century — " feudalism ". These developments proceeded at different rates in various regions. In Merovingian times (5th century to 752), monarchs would reward only the greatest and most trusted vassals with lands. Even at the most extreme devolution of any remnants of central power, in 10th-century France, the majority of vassals still had no fixed estates. The stratification of a fighting band of vassals into distinct groups might roughly correlate with

198-721: The Gokturks in 630, when the Gokturks fell in battle to the Chinese Tang dynasty . In 632 AD it was vassalized by the Tang, as part of the Tang campaign against the oasis states . Some sources say that they were only made into a tributary and the Tang had very loose suzerainty . After being conquered by the Tang it was part of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West between c.  640 and c.  790 . It

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216-425: The cavalry he was bound to contribute to his lord to fight his frequent wars. Such resources, in the absence of a money economy, came only from land and its associated assets, which included peasants as well as wood and water. Many empires have set up vassal states , based on tribes, kingdoms, or city-states, the subjects of which they wish to control without having to conquer or directly govern them. In these cases

234-661: The maternal haplogroups were H14a, H13a, U2e, U5a, M3a, D4j, C4a. Genetically, the Saka Shule appear to be descended from steppe pastoralists associated with the Andronovo/Sintasha and Afanasevo cultures, but with significant contributions from other populations such as the bmac, Baikal HG and local Tarim mummies. During the Iron Age, the region received genetic flow from the Central Asian Saka. There

252-564: The new term " fief " that had started to supersede "benefice" in the 9th century. An "upper" group comprised great territorial magnates, who were strong enough to ensure the inheritance of their benefice to the heirs of their family. A "lower" group consisted of landless knights attached to a count or duke . This social settling process also received impetus in fundamental changes in the conduct of warfare. As co-ordinated cavalry superseded disorganized infantry , armies became more expensive to maintain. A vassal needed economic resources to equip

270-483: The title Shule . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shule&oldid=896291223 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Shule Kingdom The Shule Kingdom ( Chinese : 疏勒 )

288-665: Was an ancient oasis kingdom of the Taklamakan Desert that was on the Northern Silk Road , in the historical Western Regions of what is now Xinjiang in Northwest China . Its capital was Kashgar , the source of Kashgar's water being a river of the same name . Much like the neighboring people of the Kingdom of Khotan , people of Kashgar spoke Saka , one of the Eastern Iranian languages . Although

306-476: Was one of the distinguishing features of the Early Middle Ages and had evolved from times of Late Antiquity . In the time of Charlemagne (ruled 768–814), the connection slowly developed between vassalage and the grant of land, the main form of wealth at that time. Contemporaneous social developments included agricultural " manorialism " and the social and legal structures labelled — but only since

324-617: Was one of the stations of the Four Garrisons of Anxi between 649 and 670, after 670 one of the garrisons was changed, but Kashgar was still a seat of the four garrisons. In 670 AD Shule was conquered by the Tibetan Empire . In 673 the Shule kingdom declared itself a vassal of the Tang, but was not reconquered by the Tang Chinese until 692 AD. It is alleged and probably untrue that Qutayba ibn Muslim in 715 attacked Kashgar. Kara Khanid Muslim Turks absorbed Kashgar during

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