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57-669: Shampoo is typically used to remove the unwanted build-up of sebum (natural oils) in the hair without stripping out so much as to make hair unmanageable. Shampoo is generally made by combining a surfactant , most often sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulfate , with a co-surfactant, most often cocamidopropyl betaine in water. The sulfate ingredient acts as a surfactant , trapping oils and other contaminants, similarly to soap . Shampoos are marketed to people with hair. There are also shampoos intended for animals that may contain insecticides or other medications to treat skin conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas . In

114-670: A gradual reduction in shampoo use will cause the sebum glands to produce at a slower rate, resulting in less grease in the scalp. Although this approach might seem unappealing to some individuals, many people try alternate shampooing techniques like baking soda and vinegar in order to avoid ingredients used in many shampoos that make hair greasy over time. Whereas the use of baking soda for hair cleansing has been associated with hair damage and skin irritation, likely due to its high pH value and exfoliating properties, honey, egg, rye flour, and chickpea flour hair washes seem gentler for long-term use. Sebum A sebaceous gland or oil gland

171-399: A many-lobed berry), in which multiple glands branch off a central duct. The glands deposit sebum on the hairs and bring it to the skin surface along the hair shaft . The structure, consisting of hair, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and sebaceous glands, is an epidermal invagination known as a pilosebaceous unit . Sebaceous glands are also found in hairless areas ( glabrous skin ) of

228-671: A pH of 8.5. In 1927, liquid shampoo was improved for mass production by German inventor Hans Schwarzkopf in Berlin; his name became a shampoo brand sold in Europe. Originally, soap and shampoo were very similar products; both containing the same naturally derived surfactants , a type of detergent . Modern shampoo as it is known today was first introduced in the 1930s with Drene , the first shampoo using synthetic surfactants instead of soap. Early shampoos used in Indonesia were made from

285-609: A program to certify functional claims based on third-party testing. Shampoos made for treating medical conditions such as dandruff or itchy scalp are regulated as OTC drugs in the US marketplace. In the European Union, there is a requirement for the anti-dandruff claim to be substantiated as with any other advertising claim, but it is not considered to be a medical problem. A number of contact allergens are used as ingredients in shampoos, and contact allergy caused by shampoos

342-423: A sheet of sweat that is not readily lost in drops of sweat. This is of importance in delaying dehydration. In colder conditions, the nature of sebum becomes more lipid, and in coating the hair and skin, rain is effectively repelled. Sebum is produced in a holocrine process , in which cells within the sebaceous gland rupture and disintegrate as they release the sebum and the cell remnants are secreted together with

399-479: A similar composition to human sebaceous glands, are androgen responsive, and have been used as a basis for study. Some species of bat, including the Mexican free-tailed , have a specialized sebaceous gland occurring on the throat called a "gular gland". This gland is present more frequently in males than females, and it is hypothesized that the secretions of the gland are used for scent-marking. Sebaceous adenitis

456-439: A type of moisturizing shampoo. Shampoo for infants and young children is formulated so that it is less irritating and usually less prone to produce a stinging or burning sensation if it were to get into the eyes. For example, Johnson's Baby Shampoo advertises under the premise of "No More Tears". This is accomplished by one or more of the following formulation strategies. The distinction in 4 above does not completely surmount

513-409: A type of sebaceous gland that secrete a special type of sebum into tears . Surrounding the female nipples , areolar glands are specialized sebaceous glands for lubricating the nipples. Fordyce spots are benign, visible, sebaceous glands found usually on the lips , gums and inner cheeks , and genitals . In humans, sebaceous glands are found throughout all areas of the skin, except the palms of

570-547: Is a condition characterized by excess oils. Dry scales can be prevented and treated with shampoos that contain sulfur or salicylic acid and which can be used on both cats and dogs. Emollient shampoos are efficient in adding oils to the skin and relieving the symptoms of a dry and itchy skin. They usually contain oils such as almond , corn , cottonseed , coconut , olive , peanut , Persia, safflower , sesame , lanolin , mineral or paraffin oil . The emollient shampoos are typically used with emulsifiers as they help distributing

627-430: Is a microscopic exocrine gland in the skin that opens into a hair follicle to secrete an oily or waxy matter, called sebum , which lubricates the hair and skin of mammals . In humans, sebaceous glands occur in the greatest number on the face and scalp , but also on all parts of the skin except the palms of the hands and soles of the feet . In the eyelids , meibomian glands , also called tarsal glands, are

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684-596: Is a wax. Many shampoos also include silicone to provide conditioning benefits. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandates that shampoo containers accurately list ingredients on the products container. The government further regulates what shampoo manufacturers can and cannot claim as any associated benefit. Shampoo producers often use these regulations to challenge marketing claims made by competitors, helping to enforce these regulations. While

741-499: Is an autoimmune disease that affects sebaceous glands. It is mainly known to occur in dogs , particularly poodles and akitas , where it is thought to be generally autosomal recessively inherited. It has also been described in cats, and one report describes this condition in a rabbit. In these animals, it causes hair loss, though the nature and distribution of the hair loss differs greatly. Hans Schwarzkopf Hans Schwarzkopf (1874, Danzig – 12 February 1921, Berlin )

798-447: Is called ksuna (Sanskrit: क्षुण) in ancient Indian texts and its fruit pulp contains saponins which are a natural surfactant. The extract of soapberries creates a lather which Indian texts called phenaka (Sanskrit: फेनक). It leaves the hair soft, shiny and manageable. Other products used for hair cleansing were shikakai ( Acacia concinna ), hibiscus flowers, ritha ( Sapindus mukorossi ) and arappu ( Albizzia amara ). Guru Nanak ,

855-578: Is obtained by soaking and rubbing the bark of the vine Gugo ( Entada phaseoloides ), producing a lather that cleanses the scalp effectively. Gugo is also used as an ingredient in hair tonics . Certain Native American tribes used extracts from North American plants as hair shampoo; for example the Costanoans of present-day coastal California used extracts from the coastal woodfern , Dryopteris expansa . Before quinoa can be eaten

912-427: Is partly composed of sebum produced by glands in the ear canal. These secretions are viscous and have a high lipid content, which provides good lubrication. Sebaceous glands are involved in skin problems such as acne and keratosis pilaris . In the skin pores, sebum and keratin can create a hyperkeratotic plug called a comedo . Acne is a common occurrence, particularly during puberty in teenagers , and

969-445: Is thought to relate to an increased production of sebum due to hormonal factors. The increased production of sebum can lead to a blockage of the sebaceous gland duct. This can cause a comedo (commonly called a blackhead or a whitehead ), which can lead to infection, particularly by the bacteria Cutibacterium acnes . This can inflame the comedones, which then change into the characteristic acne lesions. Comedones generally occur on

1026-416: Is used to adjust the viscosity, a preservative and fragrance . Other ingredients are generally included in shampoo formulations to maximize the following qualities: Many shampoos are pearlescent . This effect is achieved by the addition of tiny flakes of suitable materials, e.g. glycol distearate , chemically derived from stearic acid , which may have either animal or vegetable origins. Glycol distearate

1083-413: Is very mild, balsamic, and intended to wet and lubricate the mouth". In The Principles of Physiology 1834, Andrew Combe noted that the glands were not present in the palms of the hands or soles of the feet. The preputial glands of mice and rats are large modified sebaceous glands that produce pheromones used for territorial marking. These and the scent glands in the flanks of hamsters have

1140-1042: Is well known. Patch testing can identify ingredients to which patients are allergic, after which a physician can help the patient find a shampoo that is free of the ingredient to which they are allergic. The US bans 11 ingredients from shampoos, Canada bans 587, and the EU bans 1328. Cosmetic companies have developed shampoos specifically for those who have dandruff . These contain fungicides such as ketoconazole , zinc pyrithione and selenium disulfide , which reduce loose dander by killing fungi like Malassezia furfur . Coal tar and salicylate derivatives are often used as well. Alternatives to medicated shampoos are available for people who wish to avoid synthetic fungicides. Such shampoos often use tea tree oil , essential oils or herbal extracts. Many companies have also developed color-protection shampoos suitable for colored hair; some of these shampoos contain gentle cleansers according to their manufacturers. Shampoos for color-treated hair are

1197-641: The Indian subcontinent during the colonial era . It dated to 1762 and was derived from the Hindi word cā̃pō ( चाँपो , pronounced [tʃãːpoː] ), itself derived from the Sanskrit root chapati ( चपति ), which means 'to press, knead, or soothe'. Sake Dean Mahomed , an Indian traveller, surgeon, and entrepreneur, is credited with introducing the practice of shampoo or "shampooing" to Britain. In 1814, Mahomed, with his Irish wife Jane Daly, opened

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1254-563: The Indian subcontinent , a variety of herbs and their extracts have been used as shampoos since ancient times. The first origin of shampoo came from the Indus Valley Civilization . A very effective early shampoo was made by boiling Sapindus with dried Indian gooseberry (amla) and a selection of other herbs, using the strained extract. Sapindus , also known as soapberries or soapnuts, a tropical tree widespread in India,

1311-412: The alkaline nature of contaminants. Sebaceous lipids help maintain the integrity of the skin barrier and supply vitamin E to the skin. During the last three months of fetal development , the sebaceous glands of the fetus produce vernix caseosa , a waxy white substance that coats the skin to protect it from amniotic fluid . The areolar glands are in the areola that surrounds the nipple in

1368-428: The eyelids , nose , penis , labia minora , the inner mucosal membrane of the cheek , and nipples . Some sebaceous glands have unique names. Sebaceous glands on the lip and mucosa of the cheek, and on the genitalia, are known as Fordyce spots , and glands on the eyelids are known as meibomian glands . Sebaceous glands of the breast are also known as Montgomery's glands . Sebaceous glands are first visible from

1425-446: The hands and soles of the feet . There are two types of sebaceous glands: those connected to hair follicles and those that exist independently. Sebaceous glands are found in hair-covered areas, where they are connected to hair follicles . One or more glands may surround each hair follicle, and the glands themselves are surrounded by arrector pili muscles , forming a pilosebaceous unit. The glands have an acinar structure (like

1482-466: The husk and straw ( merang ) of rice . The husks and straws were burned into ash, and the ashes (which have alkaline properties) are mixed with water to form lather . The ashes and lather were scrubbed into the hair and rinsed out, leaving the hair clean, but very dry. Afterwards, coconut oil was applied to the hair in order to moisturize it. Filipinos have been traditionally using gugo before commercial shampoos were sold in stores. The shampoo

1539-490: The saponin must be washed out from the grain prior to cooking. Pre-Columbian Andean civilizations used this soapy by-product as a shampoo. Shampoos can be classified into four main categories: Shampoo is generally made by combining a surfactant , most often sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulfate , with a co-surfactant, most often cocamidopropyl betaine in water to form a thick, viscous liquid. Other essential ingredients include salt ( sodium chloride ), which

1596-429: The 13th to the 16th week of fetal development , as bulgings off hair follicles. Sebaceous glands develop from the same tissue that gives rise to the epidermis of the skin. Overexpression of the signalling factors Wnt , Myc and SHH all increase the likelihood of sebaceous gland presence. The sebaceous glands of a human fetus secrete a substance called vernix caseosa , a waxy, translucent white substance coating

1653-611: The 20th century. A 1914 advertisement for Canthrox Shampoo in American Magazine showed young women at camp washing their hair with Canthrox in a lake; magazine advertisements in 1914 by Rexall featured Harmony Hair Beautifier and Shampoo. In 1900, German perfumer and hair-stylist Josef Wilhelm Rausch developed the first liquid hair washing soap and named it "Champooing" in Emmishofen, Switzerland. Later, in 1919, J.W. Rausch developed an antiseptic chamomile shampooing with

1710-581: The amount of sebum produced by the sebaceous glands. Should the usual treatments fail, the presence of the Demodex mite could be looked for as the possible cause. Other conditions that involve the sebaceous glands include: The word sebaceous , meaning 'consisting of sebum', was first termed in 1728 and comes from the Latin for 'tallow'. Sebaceous glands have been documented since at least 1746 by Jean Astruc , who defined them as "...the glands which separate

1767-504: The areas with more sebaceous glands, particularly the face, shoulders, upper chest and back. Comedones may be "black" or "white" depending on whether the entire pilosebaceous unit, or just the sebaceous duct, is blocked. Sebaceous filaments —innocuous build-ups of sebum—are often mistaken for whiteheads . There are many treatments available for acne from reducing sugars in the diet, to medications that include antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, and hormonal treatments. Retinoids reduce

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1824-949: The better baby shampoos. Sulfate-free shampoos are composed of natural ingredients and free from both sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate . These shampoos use alternative surfactants to cleanse the hair. Shampoo intended for animals may contain insecticides or other medications for treatment of skin conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas or mange . These must never be used on humans. While some human shampoos may be harmful when used on animals, any human haircare products that contain active ingredients or drugs (such as zinc in anti-dandruff shampoos) are potentially toxic when ingested by animals. Special care must be taken not to use those products on pets. Cats are at particular risk due to their instinctive method of grooming their fur with their tongues. Shampoos that are especially designed to be used on pets , commonly dogs and cats , are normally intended to do more than just clean

1881-423: The body. Sapienic acid is a sebum fatty acid that is unique to humans, and is implicated in the development of acne. Sebum is odorless, but its breakdown by bacteria can produce strong odors. Sex hormones are known to affect the rate of sebum secretion; androgens such as testosterone have been shown to stimulate secretion, and estrogens have been shown to inhibit secretion. Dihydrotestosterone acts as

1938-402: The claims may be substantiated, however, the testing methods and details of such claims are not as straightforward. For example, many products are purported to protect hair from damage due to ultraviolet radiation . While the ingredient responsible for this protection does block UV, it is not often present in a high enough concentration to be effective. The North American Hair Research Society has

1995-537: The controversy over the use of shampoo ingredients to mitigate eye sting produced by other ingredients, or the use of the products so formulated. The considerations in 3 and 4 frequently result in a much greater multiplicity of surfactants being used in individual baby shampoos than in other shampoos, and the detergency or foaming of such products may be compromised thereby. The monoanionic sulfonated surfactants and viscosity-increasing or foam stabilizing alkanolamides seen so frequently in other shampoos are much less common in

2052-518: The details of the treatment made him famous. The book acted as a marketing tool for his unique baths in Brighton and capitalised on the early 19th-century trend for seaside spa treatments. During the early stages of shampoo in Europe , English hair stylists boiled shaved soap in water and added herbs to give the hair shine and fragrance . Commercially made shampoo was available from the turn of

2109-509: The emollients. These include ingredients such as cetyl alcohol , laureth-5 , lecithin , PEG-4 dilaurate, stearic acid , stearyl alcohol , carboxylic acid , lactic acid , urea , sodium lactate , propylene glycol , glycerin , or polyvinylpyrrolidone . Although some of the pet shampoos are highly effective, some others may be less effective for some condition than another. Yet, although natural pet shampoos exist, it has been brought to attention that some of these might cause irritation to

2166-407: The eyes are closed, and their lipid quality also prevents the eyelids from sticking together. They attach directly to the follicles of the eyelashes, which are arranged vertically within the tarsal plates of the eyelids. Fordyce spots , or Fordyce granules, are ectopic sebaceous glands found on the genitals and oral mucosa . They show themselves as yellowish-white milia (milk spots). Earwax

2223-432: The fat." He describes them in the oral cavity and on the head , eyelids , and ears , as "universally" acknowledged. Astruc describes them being blocked by "small animals" that are "implanted" in the excretory ducts and attributes their presence in the oral cavity to apthous ulcers , noting that "these glands naturally [secrete] a viscous humour, which puts on various colours and consistencies... in its natural state

2280-465: The female breast. These glands secrete an oily fluid that lubricates the nipple, and also secrete volatile compounds that are thought to serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborn. During pregnancy and lactation these glands, also called Montgomery's glands, become enlarged. Meibomian glands , in the eyelids , secrete a form of sebum called meibum onto the eye , that slows the evaporation of tears . They also serve to create an airtight seal when

2337-548: The first commercial "shampooing" vapour masseur bath in England, in Brighton . He described the treatment in a local paper as "The Indian Medicated Vapour Bath (type of Turkish bath), a cure to many diseases and giving full relief when everything fails; particularly Rheumatic and paralytic, gout, stiff joints, old sprains, lame legs, aches and pains in the joints". This medical work featured testimonies from his patients, as well as

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2394-426: The form of pastes or creams were formerly marketed in jars or tubes. The contents were wet but not completely dissolved. They would apply faster than solids and dissolve quickly. Antibacterial shampoos are often used in veterinary medicine for various conditions, as well as in humans before some surgical procedures . Closely associated with environmentalism , the " no poo " movement consists of people rejecting

2451-468: The founder and the first Guru of Sikhism , made references to soapberry tree and soap in the 16th century. Cleansing the hair and body massage (champu) during one's daily bath was an indulgence of early colonial traders in India. When they returned to Europe, they introduced the newly learned habits, including the hair treatment they called shampoo. The word shampoo entered the English language from

2508-420: The friction of the hair fibres which may cause damage to the hair cuticle, making it feel rough and drying out the scalp. Stiff, non-pourable clear gels to be squeezed from a tube were once popular forms of shampoo, and can be produced by increasing a shampoo's viscosity . This type of shampoo cannot be spilled, but unlike a solid, it can still be lost down the drain by sliding off wet skin or hair. Shampoos in

2565-460: The idea of developing such a product himself. After several years of development, Schwarzkopf launched a powdered shampoo in 1904. It cost 20 pfennigs per bag (for one treatment), was dissolved in water, and proved to be superior to all hair-washing soaps available at the time in terms of convenience. The "shampoo with the black head" became the first branded hair cosmetic product in Germany. Due to

2622-453: The inflammation, cure the condition and ease the symptoms at the same time while providing comfort to the pet. Antiseborrheic shampoos are those especially designed for pets with scales or those with excessive oily coats. These shampoos are made of sulfur, salicylic acid , refined tar (which cannot be used on cats), selenium sulfide (cannot be used on cats) and benzoyl peroxide. All these are meant to treat or prevent seborrhea oleosa, which

2679-435: The oily, waxy substance called sebum ( Latin : fat, tallow ) that is made of triglycerides , wax esters , squalene , and metabolites of fat-producing cells. Sebum lubricates the skin and hair of mammals. Sebaceous secretions in conjunction with apocrine glands also play an important thermoregulatory role. In hot conditions, the secretions emulsify the sweat produced by the eccrine sweat glands and this produces

2736-1019: The pet if it is misused. Generally, insecticidal pet shampoos contain pyrethrin , pyrethroids (such as permethrin and which may not be used on cats) and carbaryl . These ingredients are mostly found in shampoos that are meant to fight against parasite infestations. Antifungal shampoos are used on pets with yeast or ringworm infections. These might contain ingredients such as miconazole , chlorhexidine , providone iodine , ketoconazole or selenium sulfide (which cannot be used on cats). Bacterial infections in pets are sometimes treated with antibacterial shampoos. They commonly contain benzoyl peroxide , chlorhexidine , povidone iodine, triclosan , ethyl lactate , or sulfur. Antipruritic shampoos are intended to provide relief of itching due to conditions such as atopy and other allergies. These usually contain colloidal oatmeal , hydrocortisone , Aloe vera , pramoxine hydrochloride, menthol , diphenhydramine , sulfur or salicylic acid. These ingredients are aimed to reduce

2793-569: The pet's coat or skin. Most of these shampoos contain ingredients which act different and are meant to treat a skin condition or an allergy or to fight against fleas . The main ingredients contained by pet shampoos can be grouped in insecticidals, antiseborrheic, antibacterials, antifungals, emollients , emulsifiers and humectants . Whereas some of these ingredients may be efficient in treating some conditions, pet owners are recommended to use them according to their veterinarian 's indications because many of them cannot be used on cats or can harm

2850-641: The pets will lick their coats, especially in the case of cats. Pet shampoos which include fragrances , deodorants or colors may harm the skin of the pet by causing inflammations or irritation. Shampoos that do not contain any unnatural additives are known as hypoallergenic shampoos and are increasing in popularity. Solid shampoos or shampoo bars can either be soap-based or use other plant-based surfactants, such as sodium cocoyl isethionate or sodium coco-sulfate combined with oils and waxes. Soap-based shampoo bars are high in pH (alkaline) compared to human hair and scalps, which are slightly acidic. Alkaline pH increases

2907-459: The primary androgen in the prostate and in hair follicles. Sebaceous glands are part of the body's integumentary system and serve to protect the body against microorganisms. Sebaceous glands secrete acids that form the acid mantle . This is a thin, slightly acidic film on the surface of the skin that acts as a barrier to microbes that might penetrate the skin. The pH of the skin is between 4.5 and 6.2, an acidity that helps to neutralize

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2964-410: The sebum. The cells are constantly replaced by mitosis at the base of the duct. Sebum is secreted by the sebaceous gland in humans. It is primarily composed of triglycerides (≈41%), wax esters (≈26%), squalene (≈12%), and free fatty acids (≈16%). The composition of sebum varies across species. Wax esters and squalene are unique to sebum and not produced as final products anywhere else in

3021-516: The skin of newborns . After birth, activity of the glands decreases until there is almost no activity during ages two–six years, and then increases to a peak of activity during puberty , due to heightened levels of androgens . Relative to keratinocytes that make up the hair follicle, sebaceous glands are composed of huge cells with many large vesicles that contain the sebum. These cells express Na and Cl ion channels, ENaC and CFTR (see Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 in reference ). Sebaceous glands secrete

3078-399: The skin of the pet. Natural ingredients that might be potential allergens for some pets include eucalyptus , lemon or orange extracts and tea tree oil . On the contrary, oatmeal appears to be one of the most widely skin-tolerated ingredients that is found in pet shampoos. Most ingredients found in a shampoo meant to be used on animals are safe for the pet as there is a high likelihood that

3135-449: The societal norm of frequent shampoo use. Some adherents of the no poo movement use baking soda or vinegar to wash their hair, while others use diluted honey. Further methods include the use of raw eggs (potentially mixed with salt water), rye flour, or chickpea flour dissolved in water. Other people use nothing or rinse their hair only with conditioner. In the 1970s, ads featuring Farrah Fawcett and Christie Brinkley asserted that it

3192-726: Was a German chemist , entrepreneur , and inventor . He was the founder of the Schwarzkopf haircare brand, now owned by the Henkel brand. Hans Schwarzkopf studied chemistry and in 1898 opened a "paint, drug and perfume shop" on Passauer Strasse in Berlin-Charlottenburg . A customer in the UK had seen a shampoo in powder form and wanted him to order it for her. Schwarzkopf put the customer off several times, until at some point she stopped requesting it. He then came up with

3249-411: Was unhealthy not to shampoo several times a week. This mindset is reinforced by the greasy feeling of the scalp after a day or two of not shampooing. Using shampoo every day removes sebum , the oil produced by the scalp. This causes the sebaceous glands to produce oil at a higher rate, to compensate for what is lost during shampooing. According to Michelle Hanjani, a dermatologist at Columbia University,

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