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30-570: Shangguan Yi was born in 608. His family was initially from what would eventually become Shan Prefecture (陝州, roughly modern Sanmenxia , Henan ), but as his father Shangguan Hong ( 上官弘 ) served as the deputy director of Emperor Yang of Sui 's palace at the secondary capital Jiangdu (江都, in modern Yangzhou , Jiangsu ), the Shangguan household relocated to Jiangdu and settled there. Late in Emperor Yang's Daye era (605–618), Shangguan Hong

60-465: A number of honors and reburied them with honor. Sanmenxia Sanmenxia ( simplified Chinese : 三门峡 ; traditional Chinese : 三門峽 ; pinyin : Sānménxiá ; postal : Sanmenhsia) is a prefecture-level city in the west of Henan Province , China. The westernmost prefecture-level city in Henan, Sanmenxia borders Luoyang to the east, Nanyang to the southeast, Shaanxi Province to

90-523: A style featuring five characters per line; his poetry was said to be decorated and delicate—a style that was then often imitated and became known as the Shangguan Style. It was said that Shangguan was arrogant because of his talent and became the object of much jealousy. By 664, Emperor Gaozong was said to be deeply fearful and resentful of his powerful second wife Empress Wu , as she interfered too much every day with his decisions and took many of

120-422: Is dissatisfied with her. Please depose her." Emperor Gaozong agreed and had Shangguan draft an edict deposing her. However, because among Emperor Gaozong's attendants were her allies, she found out, and she immediately entered the great palace with the soldiers in an authoritarian manner appeared before him to defend herself. As Emperor Gaozong was caught red-handed with the draft edict in his hand, Emperor Gaozong

150-597: The Han dynasty than they did in the Tang dynasty. Liu rebutted their recommendations, pointing out the absurdity of adopting Han regulations that were written for a different structure of government. Emperor Gaozong agreed, and instead, he had his uncle Li Yuanli (李元禮) the Prince of Xu sacrifice after himself, and had Liu sacrifice after Li Yuanli. After the completion of the ceremony (which was held in 666), Emperor Gaozong created Liu

180-541: The Yellow River, and is surrounded on three sides by mountains, with elevations generally increasing from northeast to southwest. Most of the prefecture is at an altitude of 300 to 1,500 metres (980 to 4,920 ft), although the highest peak in the province, at 2,413.8 metres (7,919 ft), is located in Lingbao. The prefecture is at the intersection of Henan , Shanxi , and Shaanxi provinces, bordering Luoyang to

210-647: The agglomeration. The city's name in Chinese ( 三门峡 ) means "The Gorge of Three Gateways" and is derived from two islands that split the Yellow River into three parts. According to Chinese mythology, Yu the Great used a divine axe to cut the mountain ridge three times, creating the Sanmenxia gorges to prevent massive flooding. The three " men " or gates were then named "The Gateway of Man" ( 人门 ), "The Gateway of Gods" ( 神门 ) and "The Gateway of Devils" ( 鬼门 ). With

240-724: The annual mean is 13.9 °C (57.0 °F). More than half of the annual precipitation falls from July to September. There are between 184 and 218 frost-free days per annum. In the Köppen system , the city is in the transition zone between a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa ) and humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa ), and receives barely enough precipitation to avoid being semi-arid (Köppen BSk ). The prefecture-level city of Sanmenxia administers two districts , two county-level cities and two counties . Liu Xiangdao Liu Xiangdao (劉祥道) (596–666), courtesy name Tongshou (同壽), formally Duke Xuan of Guangping (廣平宣公),

270-579: The archaeological site “Shihao Section of Xiaohan Ancient Road”, an excavated pathway that is part of the world heritage site “ Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor ”, is also located in Sanmenxia. In 2011, the Sanmenxia Cultural Sports Centre Stadium opened. The association football venue has a capacity of 22,000. Sanmenxia is located in western Henan on the southern (right) bank of

300-426: The archival bureau. In 662, he promoted Shangguan to be Xi Tai Shilang ( 西臺侍郎 ), the deputy head of the legislative bureau of government (西臺, Xi Tai ), along with the honorific title Yinqing Guanglu Daifu ( 銀青光祿大夫 ). He also gave Shangguan the designation Tong Dong Xi Tai Sanpin ( 同東西臺三品 ), making him a chancellor de facto. It was said that Shangguan was by now particularly known for his poetry, particularly

330-707: The construction of the Sanmenxia Dam in the late 1950s, the ancient passes were flooded. During the Western Zhou dynasty, Sanmenxia was part of the territory of the State of Western Guo , ruled by relatives of the ruling Ji family of Zhou. Guo moved its capital from modern day Baoji to Shangyang ( 上阳 ), next to Sanmenxia. Later, this territory was annexed the State of Jin . Archaeological finds near Sanmenxia between 1956 and 1991 revealed mass chariot graves and bronzeware of Western Guo State rulers. Furthermore,

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360-491: The day-to-day decisions of the empire, Empress Wu would sit behind a pearl screen behind him to hear the all movements and reports and see and the real power of the state was fully and directly in the imperial meetings of that on Empress Wu. By order of Empress Wu Shangguan's assets were seized, and his family were taken as servants. A number of officials close to Shangguan, including fellow chancellor Liu Xiangdao , were demoted. Shangguan Tingzhi's daughter Shangguan Wan'er , who

390-525: The east, Nanyang to the south, Weinan (Shaanxi) to the west, and Yuncheng (Shanxi) to the north across the Yellow River. Sanmenxia has a mostly dry, monsoon -influenced continental climate with four seasons. Winters are moderately cold and very dry, while summers are hot and humid. Monthly daily average temperatures range from −0.3 °C (31.5 °F) in January to 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) in July, and

420-406: The emperor, he would fast on that day. In 661, he took the additional post of prefect of Pu Prefecture (蒲州, roughly modern Yuncheng , Shanxi ). In 663, that prefectural post was changed to that of secretary general of the capital prefecture Yong Prefecture (雍州, roughly modern Xi'an , Shaanxi ), a very important post as the prefect of the capital prefecture was traditionally a post given to one of

450-465: The imperial administration. In 657, he was made assistant to the head of the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng ), but continued to be responsible for civil service affairs. As he saw faults in the civil service selection process, he submitted a petition to Emperor Gaozong to request changes, and in the excerpts quoted by the Old Book of Tang , he raised six points—that the civil selection process

480-458: The imperial orders arbitrarily against his will. After the eunuch Wang Fusheng ( 王伏勝 ) reported to Emperor Gaozong that Empress Wu had, against strict regulations, engaged the Taoist monk Guo Xinzhen ( 郭行真 ) to engage in sorcery, Emperor Gaozong was angry, and he summoned Shangguan to ask for advice on what to do. Shangguan suggested, "The empress has no control of herself, and the entire empire

510-659: The most honored imperial princes, and therefore secretary general was actually the official in charge of the capital. Also that year, he was in charge of the corruption investigation against the powerful chancellor Li Yifu . In 664, he was made You Xiang (右相), the head of the legislative bureau—a post considered one for a chancellor. Around the new year 665, when fellow chancellor Shangguan Yi failed in his bid to persuade Emperor Gaozong to depose his second wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), Empress Wu had her ally Xu Jingzong falsely accuse Shangguan of treason and had Shangguan executed. As Liu and Shangguan were friends, he

540-508: The prominent clans' members were declining important secretarial posts, which they viewed to be below their social station, when such posts were actually quite important in efficient imperial government. Emperor Gaozong apparently initially took no action on this petition, but when the chancellor Du Zhenglun expressed similar sentiments in 658, he had Du and Liu draft proposals for revising the civil service system, but there were many oppositions to their suggestions from established officials, and

570-400: The recommendations were not acted upon. Later that year, on account of Liu's participation in revising the regulations on imperial ceremonies, his title was upgraded to Marquess of Yangcheng. In 659, Liu was made the minister of justice. It was said that whenever he dealt with serious cases, he carefully deliberated with a heavy heart, and whenever he submitted recommendations of execution to

600-483: The title of Baron of Leping. Liu Linfu died in 629, and Liu Xiangdao inherited the title. The historical records give little information on the early parts of Liu Xiangdao's career. Early in the reign of Emperor Taizong's son and successor Emperor Gaozong, Liu Xiangdao served successively as assistant to the head of the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng ), assistant imperial censor, and assistant minister of civil service affairs, all mid-level posts in

630-612: The west and Shanxi Province to the north. The city lies on the south side of the Yellow River at the point where the river cuts through the Loess Plateau on its way to the North China Plain . As of the 2020 census, it was home to 2,034,872 inhabitants of which 820,300 lived in the built-up area made of Hubin , Shanzhou urban districts and Pinglu County in neighboring Shanxi (205,080 inhabitants), now within

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660-503: The writing of the Book of Jin , the official history of the Jin dynasty (266–420) , a project led by the chancellor Fang Xuanling . After the project was complete, he became an imperial historian and was awarded with linen. After Emperor Taizong's death in 649, Emperor Taizong's son Li Zhi became emperor (as Emperor Gaozong). Sometime thereafter, he made Shangguan Yi the deputy director of

690-473: Was a Chinese politician of the medieval Chinese Tang dynasty who served briefly as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Gaozong . Liu Xiangdao's family was from what would become Wei Prefecture (魏州, part of modern Handan , Hebei ), and claimed ancestry from Liu Pengzu (劉彭祖), a son of Emperor Jing of Han . His father Liu Linfu (劉林甫) served as a mid-level official in the administrations of Tang's founder Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong , and carried

720-451: Was also literarily talented, became a palace servant. Empress Wu favored her talent and made her a secretary. After Empress Wu had seized the throne herself but then was overthrown by her son Emperor Zhongzong in 705, Emperor Zhongzong took Shangguan Wan'er as a concubine . She became powerful, as Emperor Zhongzong often had her draft his edicts. For this reason, Emperor Zhongzong posthumously awarded both Shangguan Yi and Shangguan Tingzhi

750-405: Was crown prince,) Empress Wu had her ally Xu Jingzong accuse Shangguan, Wang, and Li Zhong of plotting to kill Emperor Gaozong. Around the new year 665, Shangguan and Wang were both arrested and executed. Also killed was Shangguan's son Shangguan Tingzhi ( 上官庭芝 ). Li Zhong was thereafter forced to commit suicide. From then on, whenever Emperor Gaozong presided over imperial meetings and makes all

780-512: Was killed by the general Chen Leng ( 陳稜 ). Shangguan Yi was still young at the time, and he escaped death by going into hiding. Thereafter, he became a Buddhist monk and spent much time on studying the sutras . He also studied the Confucian classics , and was said to be literarily talented. Early in the reign of succeeding the Tang dynasty 's second emperor Emperor Taizong , Yang Gongren

810-538: Was removed from his chancellor post and made the minister of rites. In 665, when Emperor Gaozong was preparing to make sacrifices to heaven and earth at Mount Tai , the officials in charge generally opined that, based on regulations written during the Han dynasty , the two officials who should sacrifice after Emperor Gaozong were the ministers of ceremonies (太常卿, Taichang Qing ) and palace supplies (光祿卿, Guanglu Qing )—two titles that carried far more prestige and importance in

840-426: Was scared and ashamed, and he reconciled with her. He further blamed Shangguan for the idea, to divert Empress Wu's displeasure. As Shangguan had served on the staff of Emperor Gaozong's first crown prince Li Zhong (who was not born of Empress Wu and who was displaced by Empress Wu's son Li Hong in 656 while Li Zhong was the Prince of Chen, and later both Shangguan and Wang served on Li Zhong's staff while Li Zhong

870-404: Was selecting too many people who were not virtuous; that the people chosen were simply too numerous; that there was insufficient attention paid to selecting diligent students of Confucianism ; that awards should be given to people who recommended new talent; that the officials should be given longer office terms so that they would have time to carry out their plans; and that as it currently student,

900-510: Was serving as the acting commandant at Yang Prefecture (揚州, i.e., Jiangdu), when Yang became impressed with Shangguan's talents and recommended him for the imperial examination . Emperor Taizong also heard of Shangguan's talent and made him an imperial scholar and later an official at the archival bureau. As Emperor Taizong himself liked to write, he often had Shangguan review his drafts and also write responses to them; he also often invited Shangguan to imperial feasts. Shangguan also participated in

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