26-463: [REDACTED] Look up shelf or shelves in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Shelf ( pl. : shelves ) may refer to: Shelf (storage) , a flat horizontal surface used for display and storage Geology [ edit ] Continental shelf , the extended perimeter of a continent, usually covered by shallow seas Ice shelf ,
52-455: A continental shelf differs significantly from the geological definition. UNCLOS states that the shelf extends to the limit of the continental margin , but no less than 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) and no more than 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) from the baseline . Thus inhabited volcanic islands such as the Canaries , which have no actual continental shelf, nonetheless have
78-832: A distance where the depth of waters admitted of resource exploitation were claimed by the marine nations that signed the Convention on the Continental Shelf drawn up by the UN's International Law Commission in 1958. This was partly superseded by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The 1982 convention created the 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone, plus continental shelf rights for states with physical continental shelves that extend beyond that distance. The legal definition of
104-652: A reflective element placed outside of a window to enhance room illumination by natural light Shelf (computing) , a user interface feature in the NeXTSTEP operating system "Shelf" (song) , a 2008 song by the Jonas Brothers Shelf life , the length of time that perishable items are considered suitable for sale or consumption Shelf registration , a registration arrangement for the sale of securities Sulphur shelf , an edible mushroom See also [ edit ] Shelve (disambiguation) Off
130-515: A thick platform of ice floating on the ocean surface Places and entities [ edit ] Shelf, West Yorkshire , a village in England Shelf corporation , a company or corporation that has had no activity Shelf (organization) , a UK health services organisation Other uses [ edit ] Light shelf , a reflective element placed outside of a window to enhance room illumination by natural light Shelf (computing) ,
156-406: A user interface feature in the NeXTSTEP operating system "Shelf" (song) , a 2008 song by the Jonas Brothers Shelf life , the length of time that perishable items are considered suitable for sale or consumption Shelf registration , a registration arrangement for the sale of securities Sulphur shelf , an edible mushroom See also [ edit ] Shelve (disambiguation) Off
182-593: Is also minimal, at less than 20 m (66 ft). Though the continental shelf is treated as a physiographic province of the ocean , it is not part of the deep ocean basin proper, but the flooded margins of the continent. Passive continental margins such as most of the Atlantic coasts have wide and shallow shelves, made of thick sedimentary wedges derived from long erosion of a neighboring continent. Active continental margins have narrow, relatively steep shelves, due to frequent earthquakes that move sediment to
208-433: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages shelf [REDACTED] Look up shelf or shelves in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Shelf ( pl. : shelves ) may refer to: Shelf (storage) , a flat horizontal surface used for display and storage Geology [ edit ] Continental shelf ,
234-450: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Continental shelf A continental shelf is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water, known as a shelf sea . Much of these shelves were exposed by drops in sea level during glacial periods . The shelf surrounding an island is known as an insular shelf . The continental margin , between
260-469: Is evidence that changing wind, rainfall, and regional ocean currents in a warming ocean are having an effect on some shelf seas. Improved data collection via Integrated Ocean Observing Systems in shelf sea regions is making identification of these changes possible. Continental shelves teem with life because of the sunlight available in shallow waters, in contrast to the biotic desert of the oceans' abyssal plain . The pelagic (water column) environment of
286-479: Is intermediate between the gradients of the slope and the shelf. Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , the name continental shelf was given a legal definition as the stretch of the seabed adjacent to the shores of a particular country to which it belongs. The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope (called the shelf break ). The sea floor below the break is
SECTION 10
#1732766122003312-414: Is often cut with submarine canyons . The physical mechanisms involved in forming these canyons were not well understood until the 1960s. Continental shelves cover an area of about 27 million km (10 million sq mi), equal to about 7% of the surface area of the oceans. The width of the continental shelf varies considerably—it is not uncommon for an area to have virtually no shelf at all, particularly where
338-431: The continental slope . Below the slope is the continental rise , which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the abyssal plain . The continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental margin . The shelf area is commonly subdivided into the inner continental shelf , mid continental shelf , and outer continental shelf , each with their specific geomorphology and marine biology . The character of
364-567: The Asian mainland. Other familiar bodies of water that overlie continental shelves are the North Sea and the Persian Gulf . The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km (50 mi). The depth of the shelf also varies, but is generally limited to water shallower than 100 m (330 ft). The slope of the shelf is usually quite low, on the order of 0.5°; vertical relief
390-567: The coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore. These accumulate 15–40 centimetres (5.9–15.7 in) every millennium, much faster than deep-sea pelagic sediments . "Shelf seas" are the ocean waters on the continental shelf. Their motion is controlled by the combined influences of the tides , wind-forcing and brackish water formed from river inflows ( Regions of Freshwater Influence ). These regions can often be biologically highly productive due to mixing caused by
416-452: The continental shelf and the abyssal plain , comprises a steep continental slope, surrounded by the flatter continental rise , in which sediment from the continent above cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope. Extending as far as 500 km (310 mi) from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope. The continental rise 's gradient
442-420: The continental shelf constitutes the neritic zone , and the benthic (sea floor) province of the shelf is the sublittoral zone . The shelves make up less than 10% of the ocean, and a rough estimate suggests that only about 30% of the continental shelf sea floor receives enough sunlight to allow benthic photosynthesis. Though the shelves are usually fertile, if anoxic conditions prevail during sedimentation,
468-418: The deep sea. The continental shelves are covered by terrigenous sediments ; that is, those derived from erosion of the continents. However, little of the sediment is from current rivers ; some 60–70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is relict sediment , deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100–120 m lower than it is now. Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from
494-433: The deposits may over geologic time become sources for fossil fuels . The continental shelf is the best understood part of the ocean floor, as it is relatively accessible. Most commercial exploitation of the sea, such as extraction of metallic ore, non-metallic ore, and hydrocarbons , takes place on the continental shelf. Sovereign rights over their continental shelves down to a depth of 100 m (330 ft) or to
520-421: The extended perimeter of a continent, usually covered by shallow seas Ice shelf , a thick platform of ice floating on the ocean surface Places and entities [ edit ] Shelf, West Yorkshire , a village in England Shelf corporation , a company or corporation that has had no activity Shelf (organization) , a UK health services organisation Other uses [ edit ] Light shelf ,
546-618: The forward edge of an advancing oceanic plate dives beneath continental crust in an offshore subduction zone such as off the coast of Chile or the west coast of Sumatra . The largest shelf—the Siberian Shelf in the Arctic Ocean —stretches to 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) in width. The South China Sea lies over another extensive area of continental shelf, the Sunda Shelf , which joins Borneo , Sumatra, and Java to
SECTION 20
#1732766122003572-400: The shallower waters and the enhanced current speeds. Despite covering only about 8% of Earth's ocean surface area, shelf seas support 15–20% of global primary productivity . In temperate continental shelf seas, three distinctive oceanographic regimes are found, as a consequence of the interplay between surface heating, lateral buoyancy gradients (due to river inflow), and turbulent mixing by
598-557: The shelf (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing shelf All pages with titles beginning with shelf Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Shelf . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelf&oldid=1257477606 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
624-557: The shelf (disambiguation) All pages with titles containing shelf All pages with titles beginning with shelf Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Shelf . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelf&oldid=1257477606 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
650-428: The shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins. With a few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly 140 m (460 ft); this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is now. The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3°, but it can be as low as 1° or as high as 10°. The slope
676-459: The tides and to a lesser extent the wind. Indian Ocean shelf seas are dominated by major river systems, including the Ganges and Indus rivers. The shelf seas around New Zealand are complicated because the submerged continent of Zealandia creates wide plateaus. Shelf seas around Antarctica and the shores of the Arctic Ocean are influenced by sea ice production and polynya . There
#2997