Naruhito
32-682: The Shidehara Cabinet is the 44th Cabinet of Japan led by Kijūrō Shidehara from 9 October 1945 to 22 May 1946, during the Allied occupation . A Cabinet reshuffle took place on January 13, 1946. Cabinet of Japan [REDACTED] Fumihito [REDACTED] Shigeru Ishiba ( LDP ) Second Ishiba Cabinet ( LDP – Komeito coalition ) [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Fukushiro Nukaga Kōichirō Genba [REDACTED] Masakazu Sekiguchi Hiroyuki Nagahama Saburo Tokura Kazuo Ueda The Cabinet of Japan ( Japanese : 内閣 , Hepburn : Naikaku )
64-566: A Liberal Democratic – Komeito coalition cabinet ( minority government ) since 2024 . The prime minister is nominated by the National Diet, while the remaining ministers are appointed and dismissed by the prime minister. The Cabinet is collectively responsible to the National Diet and must resign if a motion of no confidence is adopted by the National Diet. Under the Constitution of Japan , Cabinet ministers are appointed after
96-526: A conscience vote where any MP may vote as they wish, but these issues are rare and never tied to official party policy, and normally party discipline is very tight. In Canada , the cabinet is on rare occasion allowed to freely vote its conscience and to oppose the government without consequence, as occurred with the vote on capital punishment under Brian Mulroney . These events are rare and are never on matters of confidence . The most prominent Canadian cabinet minister to resign because he could not vote with
128-566: A clearer separation of the executive and the legislature in policy-making. The United States president's cabinet members cannot simultaneously serve in Congress , and therefore cannot vote on legislation supported by the executive. The president instead has veto power over legislation passed by Congress. Cabinet unity and collective agreement between members are important to cabinet stability and party politics, but cabinet members do not have to publicly support legislation proposed or supported by
160-549: A minister about cabinet meetings at which controversial proposals had been discussed. The Supreme Court ruled in 1993 that such discussions could not be disclosed because Article 28.4.2° required absolute confidentiality of cabinet discussions (though not of decisions which were formally recorded). The Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution was passed by referendum in 1997 to add Article 28.4.3°, which allows such disclosures in exceptional circumstances. In New Zealand,
192-410: A partisan ministry. It rests on the notion that the executive ought to appear a collective entity, able to maintain cohesion and display political strength". In Australia, cabinet collective responsibility is fundamental to cabinet confidentiality, but also to protect private information from becoming public and possibly threatening national security . Cabinet solidarity is not a legal requirement, but
224-459: A political convention and practiced norm. There is no written law that upholds cabinet collective responsibility, but it is deeply ingrained in Australia's cabinets as a political norm and is therefore an important aspect of the collective strength and influence of the prime minister's administration. Occasionally on highly controversial issues such as the 1999 republic referendum , there may be
256-531: A presidential system, as used, for example, in the United States, a parliamentary system's executive and legislative branches are intertwined. Because of the fusion of powers of the executive and legislative branches the prime minister relies on the cabinet to always support policy decisions. A breach of cabinet collective responsibility, such as when a cabinet member publicly disagrees with an executive decision, results in resignation or termination from
288-535: Is agreed upon by the participating parties. It is distinct from party platforms and details the compromises that parties made in order to cooperate. If a party fails to follow the government platform, other parties in the government can pull the plug and force the entire government to resign. Article 28.4.2° of the Constitution of Ireland states: In 1992, the Beef Tribunal was investigating allegations of political corruption, and wanted to take evidence from
320-496: Is more likely to avoid contradictions and disagreements between cabinet members of the executive branch. Cabinet ministers are likely to feel there is a practical and collective benefit from being part of a team. Cabinet collective responsibility to the people also benefits party and personal loyalty to the prime minister. Solidarity within the cabinet can strengthen the prime minister's party and accelerate policy decisions and interests of that party. Presidential democracies often lack
352-459: Is not circumvented by appointing Ministers outside of Cabinet, as has occurred in New Zealand where, from 2005 to 2008, Winston Peters and Peter Dunne were Ministers outside of Cabinet, despite their parties not being considered part of a coalition. In non-parliamentary governments like that of the United States, cabinet collective responsibility is not formally practiced. This is due to
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#1732765357933384-445: Is related to the fact that if a vote of no confidence is passed in parliament , the government is responsible collectively, and thus the entire government resigns. The consequence will be that a new government will be formed or parliament will be dissolved and a general election will be called. Cabinet collective responsibility is not the same as individual ministerial responsibility , which states that ministers are responsible for
416-521: Is the chief executive body of the government of Japan . It consists of the prime minister , who is appointed by the Emperor after being nominated by the National Diet , in addition to up to nineteen other members, called ministers of state . The current cabinet is Second Ishiba Cabinet , which was formed on 11 November 2024, is led by the prime minister Shigeru Ishiba . The country has had
448-430: The 2003 Iraq War ; however, she later resigned. Prime Minister David Cameron suspended the cabinet collective responsibility doctrine for the 2016 EU referendum , following the precedent set by Harold Wilson in 1975. Prominent cabinet ministers including Michael Gove and Chris Grayling opted to make use of the relaxation by campaigning to leave. A parliamentary system that uses cabinet collective responsibility
480-536: The House of Lords . Once selected as cabinet ministers, each minister leads one of the government departments. Cabinet ministers respond to oral questions from MPs . The cabinet members, along with the Prime Minister, schedule weekly closed door sessions to discuss the collective stance of the cabinet to avoid inconsistent responses from cabinet ministers. The solidarity of the cabinet is consistently challenged by
512-667: The 1930s when in Britain the National Government allowed its Liberal members to oppose the introduction of protective tariffs ; and again when Harold Wilson allowed Cabinet members to campaign both for and against the 1975 referendum on whether the UK should remain in the European Economic Community . In 2003, Tony Blair allowed Clare Short to stay in the cabinet, despite her public opposition to
544-565: The Cabinet. Contrary to the practice in many constitutional monarchies , the Emperor is not even the nominal chief executive. Instead, the Constitution explicitly vests executive authority in the Cabinet. Hence, nearly all of the day-to-day work of governing is done by the Cabinet. In practice, much of the Cabinet's authority is exercised by the prime minister. Under the Constitution, the prime minister exercises "control and supervision" over
576-471: The Constitution, Ministers of State are not subject to legal action without the consent of the prime minister during their tenure of office. The current cabinet, led by the newly appointed Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba , and succeeded the First Ishiba Cabinet . Ishiba is currently in the process of forming his cabinet, following the 2024 General Election . As of 11 November 2024,
608-448: The ability to pass legislation quickly in times of emergency or instances of national security . Because cabinet collective responsibility forces the cabinet ministers to publicly agree with the prime minister's decisions, political debate and internal discourse is hindered. When disagreements occur within a cabinet dependent on collective responsibility, negotiating collective agreements can be difficult. Cabinet collective responsibility
640-429: The appointment of a new prime minister. While they are in office, legal action may not be taken against Cabinet ministers without the consent of the prime minister. The Cabinet must resign en masse in the following circumstances: The Cabinet exercises two kinds of power. Some of its powers are nominally exercised by the Emperor with the binding "advice and approval" of the Cabinet. Other powers are explicitly vested in
672-448: The cabinet was John Turner , who refused to support wage and price controls . In Canada, party discipline is much tighter than in other Westminster-system countries; it is very rare for any MP to vote counter to the party leadership. In Finland , collective responsibility has been established both constitutionally and as a convention. The Finnish Government and its ministers are collectively responsible for all its decisions. However,
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#1732765357933704-495: The cabinet. The New South Wales Parliamentary Library Research Service in Australia explains that "one aspect of collective ministerial responsibility is that Ministers share responsibility for major government decisions, particularly those made by the cabinet and, even if they personally object to such decisions, Ministers must be prepared to accept and defend them or resign from the cabinet". Cabinet collective responsibility consists of two main features: Collective responsibility
736-410: The constitution allows a minister to dissent by expressing an objection which is entered into the minutes. Nevertheless, while formally allowed, dissent is uncommon because it jeopardizes the stability of the government. Namely, majority coalition governments became the norm after President Kekkonen retired in 1981. A new cabinet must be approved by a parliamentary majority, thus a government platform
768-491: The executive branch, and no law or Cabinet order can take effect without the prime minister's countersignature (and the emperor's promulgation). While Cabinet Ministers in most other parliamentary democracies theoretically have some freedom of action (within the limits of cabinet collective responsibility ), the Japanese Cabinet is effectively an extension of the prime minister's authority. According to Article 75 of
800-479: The government in the legislature. This convention formed in the 19th century in the United Kingdom. Some political parties, most commonly communist , apply a similar convention of democratic centralism to their central committee . If a member of the Cabinet wishes to openly object to a Cabinet decision then they are obliged to resign from their position in the Cabinet. Cabinet collective responsibility
832-550: The makeup of the current Cabinet is as follows: Cabinet collective responsibility Cabinet collective responsibility , also known as collective ministerial responsibility , is a constitutional convention in parliamentary systems and a cornerstone of the Westminster system system of government, that members of the cabinet must publicly support all governmental decisions made in Cabinet, even if they do not privately agree with them. This support includes voting for
864-597: The opposition in an attempt to create contradictions between cabinet ministers. It is therefore imperative for the cabinet members to have their responses as common and similar as possible. In the United Kingdom , the doctrine applies to all members of the government, from members of the cabinet down to Parliamentary Private Secretaries . Its inner workings are set out in the Ministerial Code . On occasion, this principle has been suspended; most notably in
896-426: The president. It is, however, in a cabinet member's best interest to support and align with the president's policies because they serve at the pleasure of the president, who can at any time dismiss them or appoint them to another position. Parliamentary democracies such as Australia, the United Kingdom and Canada practice and adhere to cabinet collective responsibility. Rhodes, Wanna and Weller offer this description of
928-421: The principle of cabinet confidentiality is always observed. However, Cabinet solidarity can be weakened in coalition governments in which members from junior parties in the cabinet can openly dissent on specific policies through " agree to disagree " arrangements. The United Kingdom practices cabinet collective responsibility. The prime minister selects a number of cabinet ministers from the House of Commons and
960-409: The principle of cabinet solidarity in Westminster systems of parliamentary democracy: "Cabinet solidarity and collective responsibility are twin dimensions of responsible party government that enjoy constitutionality , albeit informally. They lie at the core of ministerial governance. Cabinet solidarity is purely a political convention designed to maintain or protect the collective good as perceived by
992-434: The running of their departments, and therefore culpable for the departments' mistakes. Cabinet collective responsibility is a tradition in parliamentary governments in which the prime minister is responsible for appointing the cabinet ministers. The cabinet ministers are usually selected from the same political party as the prime minister to make collective decision-making for legislation faster and more effective. Unlike
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1024-486: The selection of the prime minister. A majority of the Cabinet, including the prime minister, must be members of the National Diet, and all members must be civilians . Under the Cabinet Law, the number of Cabinet ministers (excluding the prime minister) must be fourteen or less, but this may be increased to nineteen if a special need arises. If the Cabinet collectively resigns, it continues to exercise its functions until
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