A working dog is a dog used to perform practical tasks, as opposed to pet or companion dogs .
58-707: The Siberian Husky is a medium-sized working sled dog breed . The breed belongs to the Spitz genetic family. It is recognizable by its thickly furred double coat , erect triangular ears, and distinctive markings, and is smaller than the similar-looking Alaskan Malamute . Siberian Huskies originated in Northeast Asia where they are bred by the Chukchi people as well as the Koryak , Yukaghir and Kamchadal people of Siberia for sled pulling and companionship. It
116-807: A DNA study indicated that the Siberian Husky, the Alaskan Malamute and the Alaskan husky share a close genetic relationship between each other and were related to Chukotka sled dogs from Siberia. They were separate to the two Inuit dogs , the Canadian Eskimo Dog and the Greenland Dog . In North America , the Siberian Husky and the Malamute both had maintained their Siberian lineage and had contributed significantly to
174-538: A "sickle" shape when excited or interested in something. The breed standard indicates that the males of the breed are ideally between 20 and 24 inches (51 and 61 cm) tall at the withers and weighing between 45 and 60 pounds (20 and 27 kg). Females are smaller, growing to between 19 and 23 inches (48 and 58 cm) tall at the withers and weighing between 35 and 50 pounds (16 and 23 kg). The people of Nome referred to Siberian Huskies as "Siberian Rats" due to their size of 40–50 lb (18–23 kg), versus
232-520: A "wooly" or "woolie" coat, is considered a fault by the breed's standard as it lacks the thicker protection of the standard coat's guard hairs, obscures the dog's clear-cut outline, causes quicker overheating during serious harness work, and becomes easily matted and encrusted with snow and ice. Siberian Huskies come in a variety of colors and patterns , often with white paws and legs, facial markings, and tail tip. Example coat colors are black and white, copper-red and white, grey and white, pure white, and
290-538: A chosen effect on the viewer. Nature provides examples of many kinds of pattern, including symmetries , trees and other structures with a fractal dimension, spirals , meanders , waves , foams , tilings , cracks and stripes. Symmetry is widespread in living things. Animals that move usually have bilateral or mirror symmetry as this favours movement. Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry , as do many flowers, as well as animals which are largely static as adults, such as sea anemones . Fivefold symmetry
348-506: A double coat that is thicker than that of most other dog breeds. It has two layers: a dense, finely wavy undercoat and a longer topcoat of thicker, straight guard hairs . It protects the dogs effectively against harsh Arctic winters, and also reflects heat in the summer. It is able to withstand temperatures as low as −50 to −60 °C (−58 to −76 °F). The undercoat is often absent during shedding . Their thick coats require weekly grooming. An excessively long coat, sometimes referred to as
406-533: A foundation dog for the Siberian Husky breed, through his progeny Toto, Molinka, Kingeak, Ammoro, Sepp III, and Togo II. In 1930, exportation of the dogs from Siberia was halted. The same year saw recognition of the Siberian Husky by the American Kennel Club. Nine years later, the breed was first registered in Canada. The United Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1938 as the "Arctic Husky", changing
464-510: A medium – air or water, making it oscillate as they pass by. Wind waves are surface waves that create the chaotic patterns of the sea. As they pass over sand, such waves create patterns of ripples; similarly, as the wind passes over sand, it creates patterns of dunes . Foams obey Plateau's laws , which require films to be smooth and continuous, and to have a constant average curvature . Foam and bubble patterns occur widely in nature, for example in radiolarians , sponge spicules , and
522-442: A possible 160 breeds at risk for hip dysplasia, with only two percent of tested Siberian Huskies showing dysplasia. Siberian Huskies used for sled racing may also be prone to other ailments, such as gastric disease , bronchitis or bronchopulmonary ailments ("ski asthma"), and gastric erosions or ulcerations . The Siberian Husky is one of the more commonly affected breeds for X-linked progressive retinal atrophy . The condition
580-411: A roughly pyramidal form, where elements of the pattern repeat in a fractal -like way at different sizes. Mathematics is sometimes called the "Science of Pattern", in the sense of rules that can be applied wherever needed. For example, any sequence of numbers that may be modeled by a mathematical function can be considered a pattern. Mathematics can be taught as a collection of patterns. Gravity
638-587: A ‘global fractal forest.’ The local ‘tree-seed’ patterns, global configuration of tree-seed locations, and overall resulting ‘global-forest’ patterns have fractal qualities. These designs span multiple mediums yet are all intended to lower occupant stress without detracting from the function and overall design of the space. In this series of studies, we first establish divergent relationships between various visual attributes, with pattern complexity, preference, and engagement ratings increasing with fractal complexity compared to ratings of refreshment and relaxation which stay
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#1732765026181696-882: Is a regularity in the world, in human-made design, or in abstract ideas. As such, the elements of a pattern repeat in a predictable manner. A geometric pattern is a kind of pattern formed of geometric shapes and typically repeated like a wallpaper design. Any of the senses may directly observe patterns. Conversely, abstract patterns in science , mathematics , or language may be observable only by analysis. Direct observation in practice means seeing visual patterns, which are widespread in nature and in art. Visual patterns in nature are often chaotic , rarely exactly repeating, and often involve fractals . Natural patterns include spirals , meanders , waves , foams , tilings , cracks , and those created by symmetries of rotation and reflection . Patterns have an underlying mathematical structure; indeed, mathematics can be seen as
754-473: Is a source of ubiquitous scientific patterns or patterns of observation. The sun rising and falling pattern each day results from the rotation of the earth while in orbit around the sun. Likewise, the moon's path through the sky is due to its orbit of the earth. These examples, while perhaps trivial, are examples of the "unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics" which obtain due to the differential equations whose application within physics function to describe
812-410: Is acceptable in the show ring. Siberian Husky tails are heavily furred; these dogs will often curl up with their tails over their faces and noses in order to provide additional warmth. When curled up to sleep the Siberian Husky will cover its nose for warmth, often referred to as the "Siberian Swirl". The AKC recommends the tail should be expressive, held low when the dog is relaxed, and curved upward in
870-635: Is an active, energetic, resilient breed, whose ancestors lived in the extremely cold and harsh environment of the Siberian Arctic. William Goosak, a Russian fur trader, introduced them to Nome, Alaska , during the Nome Gold Rush , initially as sled dogs to work the mining fields and for expeditions through otherwise impassable terrain. Today, the Siberian Husky is typically kept as a house pet, though they are still frequently used as sled dogs by competitive and recreational mushers. In 2015,
928-507: Is caused by a mutation in the RPGR gene in the breed. Modern Siberian Huskies registered in the US are almost entirely the descendants of the 1930 Siberia imports and of Leonhard Seppala 's dogs, particularly Togo . The limited number of registered foundational dogs has led to some discussion about their vulnerability to the founder effect . The Chukotka Sled Dog is considered the progenitor to
986-494: Is found in the echinoderms , including starfish , sea urchins , and sea lilies . Among non-living things, snowflakes have striking sixfold symmetry : each flake is unique, its structure recording the varying conditions during its crystallisation similarly on each of its six arms. Crystals have a highly specific set of possible crystal symmetries ; they can be cubic or octahedral , but cannot have fivefold symmetry (unlike quasicrystals ). Spiral patterns are found in
1044-646: Is outside its Cambridge headquarters, with a plaque listing all the dogs' names. In 1960, the US Army undertook a project to construct an under the ice facility for defense and space research, Camp Century, part of Project Iceworm involved a 150+ crew who also brought with them an unofficial mascot, a Siberian Husky named Mukluk. Due to their high popularity combining with their high physical and mental needs, Siberians are abandoned or surrendered to shelters at high rates by new owners who do not research them fully and find themselves unable to care for them. Many decide on
1102-591: Is recommended for this breed as a pet, although some have been known to overcome fences as high as 8 ft (2.44 m). Electric pet fencing may not be effective. They need the frequent companionship of people and other dogs, and their need to feel as part of a pack is very strong. The character of the Siberian Husky is friendly and gentle. A study found an association with a gene in the breed and impulsivity, inattention, and high activity. Siberian Huskies were ranked 77th out of 138 compared breeds for their intelligence by canine psychologist Stanley Coren . However,
1160-631: Is used as a synonym for herding dog . Roles performed by dogs that sometimes sees them classified as working dogs include: Working dogs are known as an Australian icon. They are prevalent in Australia due to the large agricultural industry. Working dogs can be seen herding cattle or sheep and are also used to guard poultry from foxes and cats. A report in 2019 stated that there were over 270,000 stock herding dogs in Australia. Some popular breeds for farm work include Border Collies , Kelpies , Maremmas and Australian Cattle Dogs . Events to showcase
1218-533: The American Kennel Club (AKC) and The Kennel Club (KC). This pattern is often associated with health issues and impure breeding. The American Kennel Club describes the Siberian Husky's eyes as "an almond shape, moderately spaced and set slightly obliquely". The AKC breed standard is that eyes may be brown, blue or black; one of each or particoloured are acceptable (complete is heterochromia ). These eye-color combinations are considered acceptable by
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#17327650261811276-680: The Canadian Kennel Club 's working dogs group are very similar to The Kennel Club's except they include all livestock guardian dog breeds and all full sized spitz breeds (not just sled dogs) recognised by the clubs. Both the Australian National Kennel Council 's and New Zealand Kennel Club 's working dogs groups comprise herding dog breeds and select livestock guardian dog breeds recognised by those clubs. The Fédération cynologique internationale has no working group. Patterns A pattern
1334-595: The Klondike Gold Rush , then later the " All-Alaska Sweepstakes ", a 408-mile (657-km) distance dog sled race from Nome , to Candle , and back. At this time, "Esquimaux" or "Eskimo" was a common pejorative term for native Arctic inhabitants with many dialectal permutations including Uskee, Uskimay and Huskemaw. Thus dogs used by Arctic people were the dogs of the Huskies, the Huskie's dogs, and eventually simply
1392-699: The United States Army 's Arctic Search and Rescue Unit of the Air Transport Command during World War II . Their popularity was sustained into the 21st century. They were ranked 16th among American Kennel Club registrants in 2012, rising to 14th place in 2013. Huskies were extensively used as sled dogs by the British Antarctic Survey in Antarctica between 1945 and 1994. A bronze monument to all of BAS's dog teams
1450-406: The "Great Race of Mercy", the 1925 serum run to Nome, featuring Balto and Togo. Although Balto is considered the more famous, being the dog that delivered the serum to Nome after running the final 53-mile leg, it was Togo who made the longest run of the relay, guiding his musher Leonhard Seppala on a 261-mile journey that included crossing the deadly Norton Sound to Golovin, and who ultimately became
1508-517: The Alaskan Malamute's size of 75–85 lb (34–39 kg). The Husky usually howls instead of barking. They have been described as escape artists , which can include digging under, chewing through, or even jumping over fences. The ASPCA classifies the breed as good with children. It also states they exhibit high energy indoors, have special exercise needs, and may be destructive "without proper care". A 6 ft (1.83 m) fence
1566-512: The Alaskan husky, which was developed through crossing with European breeds. Siberian Huskies show a genetic affinity with historical East Siberian dogs and ancient Lake Baikal dogs, and can be traced to a lineage which is over 9,500 years old. A genomic sample of today's Siberian Husky has emerged into four genetically distinct populations: show dogs, pet dogs, racing sled dogs and Seppala Siberian Huskies. Several Arctic dog breeds, including
1624-434: The American Kennel Club. The parti-color does not affect the vision of the dog. Show-quality dogs are preferred to have neither pointed nor square noses. The nose is black in gray dogs, tan in black dogs, liver in copper-colored dogs, and may be light tan in white dogs. In some instances, Siberian Huskies can exhibit what is called "snow nose" or "winter nose". This condition is called hypopigmentation in animals. "Snow nose"
1682-472: The Siberian Husky. Developed by the Chukchi people of Russia, Chukotka sled dog teams have been used since prehistoric times to pulls sleds in harsh conditions, such as hunting sea mammals on oceanic pack ice . From the 1890s to the 1930s, sled dogs from northeast Siberia and especially Chukotka sled dogs were actively imported in vast numbers to Alaska , to transport gold miners to the Yukon, first as part of
1740-574: The Siberian, show a significant genetic closeness with the now-extinct Taimyr wolf of North Asia due to admixture . These breeds are associated with high latitudes – the Siberian Husky and Greenland Dog, also associated with arctic human populations and to a lesser extent, the Shar-Pei and Finnish Spitz . There is data to indicate admixture of between 1 and 3% between the Taymyr wolf population and
1798-719: The ancestral dog population of these four high-latitude breeds. This introgression could have provided early dogs living in high latitudes with phenotypic variation beneficial for adaption to a new and challenging environment. It also indicates the ancestry of present-day dog breeds descends from more than one region. The Siberian Husky was originally developed by the Chukchi people of the Chukchi Peninsula in eastern Siberia . They were brought to Nome, Alaska in 1908 to serve as working sled dogs, and were eventually developed and used for sled dog racing . A Siberian Husky has
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1856-460: The animals' appearance changing imperceptibly as Turing predicted. In visual art, pattern consists in regularity which in some way "organizes surfaces or structures in a consistent, regular manner." At its simplest, a pattern in art may be a geometric or other repeating shape in a painting , drawing , tapestry , ceramic tiling or carpet , but a pattern need not necessarily repeat exactly as long as it provides some form or organizing "skeleton" in
1914-603: The artwork. In mathematics, a tessellation is the tiling of a plane using one or more geometric shapes (which mathematicians call tiles), with no overlaps and no gaps. In architecture, motifs are repeated in various ways to form patterns. Most simply, structures such as windows can be repeated horizontally and vertically (see leading picture). Architects can use and repeat decorative and structural elements such as columns , pediments , and lintels . Repetitions need not be identical; for example, temples in South India have
1972-576: The body plans of animals including molluscs such as the nautilus , and in the phyllotaxis of many plants, both of leaves spiralling around stems, and in the multiple spirals found in flowerheads such as the sunflower and fruit structures like the pineapple . Chaos theory predicts that while the laws of physics are deterministic , there are events and patterns in nature that never exactly repeat because extremely small differences in starting conditions can lead to widely differing outcomes. The patterns in nature tend to be static due to dissipation on
2030-413: The breed are mainly genetic, such as seizures and defects of the eye ( juvenile cataracts , corneal dystrophy , canine glaucoma and progressive retinal atrophy ) and congenital laryngeal paralysis. Hip dysplasia is not often found in this breed; however, as with many medium or larger-sized canines, it can occur. The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals currently has the Siberian Husky ranked 155th out of
2088-414: The breed for their looks and mythos in pop culture, and purchase pups from backyard breeders or puppy mills who do not have breeder-return contracts that responsible breeders will, designed to keep the breed out of shelters. Sled dogs that were bred and kept by the Chukchi tribes of Siberia were thought to have gone extinct, but Benedict Allen , writing for Geographical magazine in 2006 after visiting
2146-544: The breed was beginning to come to prominence, in 1933 Navy Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd brought about 50 Siberian Huskies with him on an expedition in which he hoped to journey around the 16,000-mile coast of Antarctica . Many of the dogs were bred and trained at Chinook Kennels in New Hampshire, owned by Eva Seeley. Called Operation Highjump , the historic trek proved the worth of the Siberian Husky due to its compact size and great speed. Siberian Huskies also served in
2204-412: The emergence process, but when there is interplay between injection of energy and dissipation there can arise a complex dynamic. Many natural patterns are shaped by this complexity, including vortex streets , other effects of turbulent flow such as meanders in rivers. or nonlinear interaction of the system Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move. Mechanical waves propagate through
2262-417: The fastest dogs. Humans use huskies in sled-dog racing . Various companies have marketed tourist treks with dog sledges for adventure travelers in snow regions. Huskies are also kept as pets, and groups work to find new pet homes for retired racing and adventure-trekking dogs. Many huskies, especially Siberian Huskies, are considered "working dogs" and often are high energy. Exercise is extremely important for
2320-543: The husky dogs. Canadian and American settlers, not well versed on Russian geography, would distinguish the Chukotka imports by referring to them as Siberian huskies as Chukotka is part of Siberia. Smaller, faster and more enduring than the 100- to 120-pound (45- to 54-kg) freighting dogs then in general use, they immediately dominated the Sweepstakes race. Leonhard Seppala , the foremost breeder of Siberian sled dogs of
2378-435: The impact of other visual judgments. Here we examine the aesthetic and perceptual experience of fractal ‘global-forest’ designs already installed in humanmade spaces and demonstrate how fractal pattern components are associated with positive psychological experiences that can be utilized to promote occupant wellbeing. These designs are composite fractal patterns consisting of individual fractal ‘tree-seeds’ which combine to create
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2436-426: The mathematical biologist James D. Murray and other scientists, described a mechanism that spontaneously creates spotted or striped patterns, for example in the skin of mammals or the plumage of birds: a reaction–diffusion system involving two counter-acting chemical mechanisms, one that activates and one that inhibits a development, such as of dark pigment in the skin. These spatiotemporal patterns slowly drift,
2494-443: The most general empirical patterns of the universe . Daniel Dennett 's notion of real patterns , discussed in his 1991 paper of the same name, provides an ontological framework aiming to discern the reality of patterns beyond mere human interpretation, by examining their predictive utility and the efficiency they provide in compressing information. For example, centre of gravity is a real pattern because it allows us to predict
2552-450: The movements of a bodies such as the earth around the sun, and it compresses all the information about all the particles in the sun and the earth that allows us to make those predictions. Some mathematical rule-patterns can be visualised, and among these are those that explain patterns in nature including the mathematics of symmetry, waves, meanders, and fractals. Fractals are mathematical patterns that are scale invariant. This means that
2610-1112: The name to Siberian Husky in 1991. Seppala owned a kennel in Alaska before moving to New England, where he became partners with Elizabeth Ricker. The two co-owned the Poland Springs kennel and began to race and exhibit their dogs all over the Northeast. The kennel was sold to Canadian Harry Wheeler in 1931, following Seppala's return to Alaska The breed's foundation stock per records and studbooks consists of: Kree Vanka (Male, 1930 Siberia Import) Tserko (Male, 1930 Siberia Import), Tosca (Female, Harry x Kolyma) Duke (Male, also known as Chapman's Duke, reportedly Ici x Wanda) Tanta of Alyeska (Female, Tuck x Toto) Sigrid III of Foxstand (Female, Chenuk x Molinka) Smokey of Seppala (Male, Kingeak x Pearl) Sepp III (Male, Togo x Dolly) Smoky (Male, unknown parentage) Dushka (Female, Bonzo x Nanuk) Kabloona (Female, Ivan x Duchess) Rollinsford Nina of Marilyn (Female, Kotlik x Nera of Marilyn) As
2668-624: The physical and mental health of these kinds of dogs and it can also prompt a strong bond between the owner and dog. Since many owners now have huskies as pets in settings that are not ideal for sledding, other activities have been found that are good for the dog and fun for the owner. Working dog Definitions vary on what a working dog is, they are sometimes described as any dog trained for and employed in meaningful work; other times as any dog whose breed heritage or physical characteristics lend itself to working irrespective of an individual animal's training or employment; and other times again it
2726-512: The rankings in Coren's published work utilized only one of three defined forms of dog intelligence , "Working and Obedience Intelligence", which focused on trainability—a dog's ability to follow direction and commands in a direct context, specifically by trial judges in a controlled course setting. A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.9 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds . Health issues in
2784-458: The rare " agouti " coat, though many individuals have blondish or piebald spotting. Some other individuals also have the "saddle back" pattern, in which black-tipped guard hairs are restricted to the saddle area while the head, haunches and shoulders are either light red or white. Striking masks, spectacles, and other facial markings occur in wide variety. All coat colors from black to pure white are allowed. Merle coat patterns are not permitted by
2842-482: The region, reported their survival. His description of the breeding practiced by the Chukchi mentions selection for obedience, endurance, amiable disposition, and sizing that enabled families to support them without undue difficulty. Originally, huskies were used as sled dogs in the polar regions. One can differentiate huskies from other dog types by their fast pulling-style. Modern racing huskies (also known as Alaskan huskies) represent an ever-changing crossbreed of
2900-399: The run covered by Leonhard Seppala and his sled team lead dog Togo . The event is depicted in the 2019 film Togo . A measure of this is also depicted in the 1995 animated film Balto ; the name of Gunnar Kaasen's lead dog in his sled team was Balto , although unlike the real dog, Balto the character was portrayed as a wolf-dog in the film. In honor of this lead dog, a bronze statue
2958-407: The same or decrease with complexity. Subsequently, we determine that the local constituent fractal (‘tree-seed’) patterns contribute to the perception of the overall fractal design, and address how to balance aesthetic and psychological effects (such as individual experiences of perceived engagement and relaxation) in fractal design installations. This set of studies demonstrates that fractal preference
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#17327650261813016-483: The search for regularities, and the output of any function is a mathematical pattern. Similarly in the sciences, theories explain and predict regularities in the world. In many areas of the decorative arts , from ceramics and textiles to wallpaper , "pattern" is used for an ornamental design that is manufactured, perhaps for many different shapes of object. In art and architecture, decorations or visual motifs may be combined and repeated to form patterns designed to have
3074-519: The shape of the pattern does not depend on how closely you look at it. Self-similarity is found in fractals. Examples of natural fractals are coast lines and tree shapes, which repeat their shape regardless of what magnification you view at. While self-similar patterns can appear indefinitely complex, the rules needed to describe or produce their formation can be simple (e.g. Lindenmayer systems describing tree shapes). In pattern theory , devised by Ulf Grenander , mathematicians attempt to describe
3132-425: The skeletons of silicoflagellates and sea urchins . Cracks form in materials to relieve stress: with 120 degree joints in elastic materials, but at 90 degrees in inelastic materials. Thus the pattern of cracks indicates whether the material is elastic or not. Cracking patterns are widespread in nature, for example in rocks, mud, tree bark and the glazes of old paintings and ceramics. Alan Turing , and later
3190-606: The skills of working dogs are held through Australia alongside key local festivals and events. Trials and performances include high jumps, sheepdog speed trials and sled or weighted pulls. When competing in conformation shows , a number of kennel clubs classify various pedigree dog breeds into a "working group" or "working dogs group", although it varies between kennel club what breeds are so classified. The Kennel Club classifies mastiff , pinscher , sled dog , select livestock guardian dog and some other breeds in their working group. The American Kennel Club 's working group and
3248-408: The time, participated in competitions from 1909 to the mid-1920s with a number of championships to his name. On February 3, 1925, Gunnar Kaasen was the final musher in the 1925 serum run to Nome to deliver diphtheria serum from Nenana , over 600 miles to Nome. This was a group effort by several sled dog teams and mushers, with the longest (264 miles or 422 km) and most dangerous segment of
3306-729: The world in terms of patterns. The goal is to lay out the world in a more computationally friendly manner. In the broadest sense, any regularity that can be explained by a scientific theory is a pattern. As in mathematics, science can be taught as a set of patterns. A recent study from Aesthetics and Psychological Effects of Fractal Based Design suggested that fractal patterns possess self-similar components that repeat at varying size scales. The perceptual experience of human-made environments can be impacted with inclusion of these natural patterns. Previous work has demonstrated consistent trends in preference for and complexity estimates of fractal patterns. However, limited information has been gathered on
3364-468: Was erected at Central Park in New York City. The plaque upon it is inscribed, Dedicated to the indomitable spirit of the sled dogs that relayed antitoxin six hundred miles over rough ice, across treacherous waters, through Arctic blizzards from Nenana to the relief of stricken Nome in the winter of 1925. Endurance · Fidelity · Intelligence Siberian huskies gained mass popularity with the story of
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