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61-493: Due to the deindustrialization since the 1990s and subsequent lack of investment, several branches were decommissioned in waves. The system runs on a mixture of on-street track shared with other traffic and reserved track sections segregated from other traffic. The network is spread over more than 50 kilometres ( east - west axis) and covers twelve cities and towns in the Metropolis GZM of southern Poland: Katowice ,

122-698: A 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) gauge, whereas Vietnam, Malaysia and Thailand have metre-gauge railways . Narrow-gauge trams, particularly metre-gauge, are common in Europe. Non-industrial, narrow-gauge mountain railways are (or were) common in the Rocky Mountains of the United States and the Pacific Cordillera of Canada, Mexico, Switzerland, Bulgaria, the former Yugoslavia , Greece, and Costa Rica. A narrow-gauge railway

183-408: A cause of poor economic performance. Pitelis and Antonakis suggest that, to the extent that manufacturing is characterized by higher productivity, this leads, all other things being equal, to a reduction in relative cost of manufacturing products, thus a reduction in the relative share of manufacturing (provided manufacturing and services are characterized by relatively inelastic demand). Moreover, to

244-587: A closure of the Katowice depot. In 1968, Bytom's depot at Piekarska street was decommissioned, and a new depot was built in Stroszek at the end of a new line. Subsequently, the depot in Rozbark (a district of Bytom) was closed from which all of the equipment was moved. Zabrze and Gliwice got their new depot in 1972, while Będzin benefited from a brand new depot in 1978. In 2006, a decision was taken to stop using

305-503: A connector between Chorzowska and Gliwicka streets in Katowice. It was also planned to extend line 6 to Miechowice; however, the authorities of Bytom withdrew from this idea. On 20 March 2017, the implementation of first repair task from this project began, and on 11 December 2017 and 26 February 2018, agreements were signed to subsidize above investments with 491 million PLN under the OPI&;E. On 28 April 2020, Silesian Trams signed

366-608: A connector track between Chorzowska and Gliwicka streets in downtown Katowice was opened in December 2023. Initially planned as a metre-gauge , the system was established by German Empire in 1894 as a unique 785 mm ( 2 ft  6 + 29 ⁄ 32  in ) narrow gauge steam interurban railway. The first line was 36.5 km long and connected Gliwice with Piekary Śląskie through Zabrze , Chebzie , Chorzów and Bytom , another connected Katowice and Siemianowice . After four years, in 1898, Kramer & Co.

427-472: A contract with a consortium of Eurovia Polska , KZN Rail and Nowak Mosty for the extension of line 15 deep into the Zagórze estate. On 16 March 2022, a contract was signed for the construction of a new reserved track section along Grundmann Street in Katowice connecting Chorzowska and Gliwicka streets in Katowice aimed to provide a relief for the main branch across the city of Katowice. On 19 December 2022,

488-425: A curve with standard-gauge rail ( 1435 mm ) can allow speed up to 145 km/h (90 mph), the same curve with narrow-gauge rail ( 1067mm ) can only allow speed up to 130 km/h (81 mph). In Japan and Queensland, recent permanent-way improvements have allowed trains on 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) gauge tracks to exceed 160 km/h (99 mph). Queensland Rail 's Electric Tilt Train ,

549-455: A design speed of 137 km/h (85 mph). Curve radius is also important for high speeds: narrow-gauge railways allow sharper curves, but these limit a vehicle's safe speed. Many narrow gauges, from 15 in ( 381 mm ) gauge to 4 ft 8 in ( 1,422 mm ) gauge, are in present or former use. They fall into several broad categories: 4 ft 6 in ( 1,372 mm ) track gauge (also known as Scotch gauge)

610-435: A gauge of 1435 mm of which 297.2 km of d.o. are used in passenger traffic(including tracks in the depot and loop, as of 13 september 2023): A total of 391 switches are installed in the track, and 271 in the depot (as of 29 May 2018). As of 14 March 2022, 29 numbered lines operate with a regular schedule on Silesian tram network. The total track length is 299.7 km, with a total route length of 178 km. Between Monday to Friday,

671-474: A heavy-duty narrow-gauge line is Brazil's EFVM . 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) gauge, it has over-100-pound rail (100 lb/yd or 49.6 kg/m) and a loading gauge almost as large as US non-excess-height lines. The line has a number of 4,000-horsepower (3,000 kW) locomotives and 200-plus-car trains. Narrow gauge's reduced stability means that its trains cannot run at speeds as high as on broader gauges. For example, if

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732-529: A lack of funds, the investment was only partially carried out. In February 1998, an agreement was signed with the French-British concern GEC Alsthom (currently Alstom ) for the delivery of Citadis 100 streetcars. The new trams were built in Chorzów's Alstom plant (after Konstal was sold to Alstom in 1997). Further track modernization was also tendered. The new streetcars were to be delivered by

793-503: A mine in Bohemia with a railway of about 2 ft ( 610 mm ) gauge. During the 16th century, railways were primarily restricted to hand-pushed, narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe. In the 17th century, mine railways were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial , connecting mines with nearby transportation points (usually canals or other waterways). These railways were usually built to

854-562: A new section of line 15 in Sosnowiec was put into operation from the Zagórze loop to the new Zagórze Rondo Jana Pawła II loop. The line is operated by low-floor rolling stock, with a frequency of 15 minutes. In December 2023, the connector track between Chorzowska and Gliwicka streets in downtown Katowice was opened. The tram network in the Upper Silesian conurbation consists having a total of 336.1 km of single track of tracks with

915-825: A number of large 3 ft ( 914 mm ) railroad systems in North America; notable examples include the Denver & Rio Grande and Rio Grande Southern in Colorado; the Texas and St. Louis Railway in Texas, Arkansas and Missouri; and, the South Pacific Coast , White Pass and Yukon Route and West Side Lumber Co of California. 3 ft was also a common track gauge in South America, Ireland and on

976-586: A referendum on the dismissal of its president. The referendum was held on 8 November 2009 and due to the low turnout, its results turned out to be non-binding. In February 2011, city authorities of the Upper Silesian conurbation decided to launch the project "Modernization of Tram and Trolleybus Infrastructure in the Upper Silesian Agglomeration". The implementation of the project lasted from October 2012 to December 2015. Within

1037-413: A smaller and surplus value. The average rate of industrial profit therefore declines in the longer term. Rowthorn and Wells distinguish between deindustrialization explanations that see it as a positive process of, for example, maturity of the economy, and those that associate deindustrialization with negative factors like bad economic performance. They suggest deindustrialization may be both an effect and

1098-491: Is a track gauge of 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ). It has about 95,000 km (59,000 mi) of track. According to Italian law, track gauges in Italy were defined from the centre of each rail rather than the inside edges of the rails. This gauge, measured 950 mm ( 3 ft  1 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) between the edges of the rails, is known as Italian metre gauge . There were

1159-488: Is one where the distance between the inside edges of the rails is less than 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ). Historically, the term was sometimes used to refer to what are now standard-gauge railways , to distinguish them from broad-gauge railways , but this use no longer applies. The earliest recorded railway appears in Georgius Agricola 's 1556 De re metallica , which shows

1220-581: Is operated by a mixed fleet of modernized Konstal 105Na , Düwag and Lohner trams and brand new Pesa Twist trams. In recent years, the network benefited from investments from the European Union . Rolling stock was modernized to include low-floor cars and multiple track sections were upgraded. Recently, two major investments since cutbacks have been approved to extend the network length. A new section opened in December 2022 in Zagórze, Sosnowiec , and

1281-1021: The Isle of Man . 900 mm was a common gauge in Europe. Swedish three-foot-gauge railways ( 891 mm or 2 ft  11 + 3 ⁄ 32  in ) are unique to that country and were once common all over the country. Today the only 891 mm line that remains apart from heritage railways is Roslagsbanan , a commuter line that connects Stockholm to its northeastern suburbs. A few railways and tramways were built to 2 ft 9 in ( 838 mm ) gauge, including Nankai Main Line (later converted to 3 ft 6 in or 1,067 mm ), Ocean Pier Railway at Atlantic City , Seaton Tramway ( converted from 2 ft ) and Waiorongomai Tramway . 800 mm ( 2 ft  7 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) gauge railways are commonly used for rack railways . Imperial 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) gauge railways were generally constructed in

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1342-576: The Upper Silesian Coal Basin ). Between 1928 and 1936 most of the original narrow gauge network was converted to standard, which allowed a connection with the new system in Sosnowiec. By 1931, 47,5% of the narrow-gauge network was reconstructed, with 20 km of new standard-gauge track built. During World War II , the German authorities decided to merge all the systems and administrations and they have remained as one united network to

1403-451: The automaker bailout of GM and Chrysler . Research has pointed to investment in patents rather than in new capital equipment as a contributing factor. At a more fundamental level, Cairncross and Lever offer four possible definitions of deindustrialization: Theories that predict or explain deindustrialization have a long intellectual lineage. Rowthorn argues that Marx 's theory of declining (industrial) profit may be regarded as one of

1464-551: The corresponding article in Polish Misplaced Pages Deindustrialization Deindustrialization is a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially of heavy industry or manufacturing industry . There are different interpretations of what deindustrialization is. Many associate American deindustrialization with

1525-587: The 500mm gauge tracks of their mine railway ; these locomotives were made by the Deutz Gas Engine Company ( Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz ), now Deutz AG . Another early use of internal combustion was to power a narrow-gauge locomotive was in 1902. F. C. Blake built a 7 hp petrol locomotive for the Richmond Main Sewerage Board sewage plant at Mortlake . This 2 ft 9 in ( 838 mm ) gauge locomotive

1586-551: The Chorzów Batory depot for line traffic. Between 15 June and 12 August the service was gradually transferred to other depots, while the Chorzów Batory depot became a maintenance depot. Chorzów Batory depot was subsequently renamed to ZUR (Tram Repair Facility, Polish : Zakład Usługowo Remontowy ). Prior to January 2019, KZK GOP was the transport authority in Silesia . On 1 January 2019, a metropolitan transport authority

1647-952: The Philippines demonstrate that if track is built to a heavy-duty standard, performance almost as good as a standard-gauge line is possible. Two-hundred-car trains operate on the Sishen–Saldanha railway line in South Africa, and high-speed Tilt Trains run in Queensland. In South Africa and New Zealand, the loading gauge is similar to the restricted British loading gauge; in New Zealand, some British Rail Mark 2 carriages have been rebuilt with new bogies for use by Tranz Scenic (Wellington-Palmerston North service), Tranz Metro (Wellington-Masterton service), and Auckland One Rail (Auckland suburban services). Another example of

1708-847: The US) is a railway with a track gauge narrower than 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge . Most narrow-gauge railways are between 600 mm ( 1 ft  11 + 5 ⁄ 8  in ) and 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ). Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with tighter curves , smaller structure gauges , and lighter rails ; they can be less costly to build, equip, and operate than standard- or broad-gauge railways (particularly in mountainous or difficult terrain). Lower-cost narrow-gauge railways are often used in mountainous terrain, where engineering savings can be substantial. Lower-cost narrow-gauge railways are often built to serve industries as well as sparsely populated communities where

1769-600: The capital city of the region, Bytom , Chorzów , Mysłowice , Ruda Śląska , Siemianowice Śląskie , Świętochłowice , and Zabrze in Upper Silesia , as well as Będzin , Czeladź , Dąbrowa Górnicza , and Sosnowiec in the Dąbrowa Basin . Until 2006, trams also frequented Piekary Śląskie and Wojkowice , and until 2009 trams ran through Gliwice (trams still run to the depot at the border of Gliwice and Zabrze where passengers can switch to buses). Tramwaje Śląskie

1830-467: The city was launched. After World War I and the Silesian Uprisings , in 1922 the region (and the tram network) was divided between newly independent Poland and Germany, and international services appeared (the last one ran until 1937). In 1928 further standard gauge systems were established in Sosnowiec, Będzin and Dąbrowa Górnicza (the so-called Dabrowa Coal Basin - a region adjoining

1891-975: The coal industry. Some sugar cane lines in Cuba were 2 ft  3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 699 mm ). 2 ft ( 610 mm ) gauge railways were generally constructed in the former British colonies. The U.S. had a number of railways of that gauge , including several in the state of Maine such as the Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway . 1 ft  11 + 3 ⁄ 4  in ( 603 mm ), 600 mm ( 1 ft  11 + 5 ⁄ 8  in ) and 1 ft  11 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 597 mm ) were used in Europe. Gauges below 1 ft  11 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 597 mm ) were rare. Arthur Percival Heywood developed 15 in ( 381 mm ) gauge estate railways in Britain and Decauville produced

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1952-459: The condition of the tram company had been steadily deteriorating since the middle of the 1990s. In September 1991, the state-owned WPK Katowice was liquidated. As a result, PKT was created. PKT started to operate on behalf of KZK GOP, a Silesian interurban transport body. At the end of the 1990s the Bytom – Chorzów – Katowice line was to be upgraded to light-rail (LRT) standards. Due to

2013-593: The decline of labor-intensive industry in a number of countries and flight of jobs away from cities. One example is labor-intensive manufacturing . After free-trade agreements were instituted with less developed nations in the 1980s and 1990s, labor-intensive manufacturers relocated production facilities to third world countries with much lower wages and lower standards. In addition, technological inventions that required less manual labor, such as industrial robots , eliminated many manufacturing jobs. Narrow gauge A narrow-gauge railway ( narrow-gauge railroad in

2074-439: The earliest. This theory argues that technological innovation enables more efficient means of production, resulting in increased physical productivity, i.e., a greater output of use value per unit of capital invested. In parallel, however, technological innovations replace people with machinery, and the organic composition of capital decreases. Assuming only labor can produce new additional value, this greater physical output embodies

2135-756: The economic calculations necessary to operate capital-intensive manufacturing enterprises, and makes the investments necessary for sustaining the operations of such enterprises unprofitable. Institutional arrangements have also contributed to deindustrialization such as economic restructuring . With breakthroughs in transportation, communication and information technology, a globalized economy that encouraged foreign direct investment , capital mobility and labor migration, and new economic theory 's emphasis on specialized factor endowments , manufacturing moved to lower-cost sites and in its place service sector and financial agglomerations concentrated in urban areas. The term deindustrialization crisis has been used to describe

2196-581: The end of 1999 and the track renovation was to be completed by 18 October 2000. However, there were obstacles to that schedule: On 1 January 1999, as part of an administrative reform the Silesian Voivodeship was established, which resulted in transferring the management of the investment to the Office of the Marshal of the Silesian Voivodeship and in limiting budget funds for the execution of

2257-431: The extent that manufacturing firms downsize through, e.g., outsourcing, contracting out, etc., this reduces manufacturing share without negatively influencing the economy. Indeed, it potentially has positive effects, provided such actions increase firm productivity and performance. George Reisman identified inflation as a contributor to deindustrialization. In his analysis, the process of fiat money inflation distorts

2318-544: The fastest train in Australia and the fastest 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) gauge train in the world, set a record of 210 km/h (130 mph). The speed record for 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) narrow-gauge rail is 245 km/h (152 mph), set in South Africa in 1978. A special 2 ft ( 610 mm ) gauge railcar was built for the Otavi Mining and Railway Company with

2379-425: The favourable outcome of tenders and the resulting savings, Silesian Trams were able to enter the second stage of the project in which 15km of tracks were modernised, the traction network was reconstructed and 12 partially low-floor, bi-directional MF 16 AC BD Beta streetcars were delivered by Modertrans under a contract dated 27 November 2014. The total investment cost was PLN 626.95 million, of which 490.49 million PLN

2440-455: The first stage of the project, the following investments were made: The contract for modernization and parts supply was signed on 30 July 2012. The first modernized 105Na was presented on 17 December 2012, and on 22 November 2013 the first Twist was presented in Zabrze . On 14 May 2014 Twists started running with passengers and on 29 June line no. 7 Bytom - Łagiewniki was reactivated. Thanks to

2501-575: The former British colonies . 760 mm Bosnian gauge and 750 mm railways are predominantly found in Russia and Eastern Europe. Gauges such as 2 ft 3 in ( 686 mm ), 2 ft 4 in ( 711 mm ) and 2 ft  4 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 724 mm ) were used in parts of the UK, particularly for railways in Wales and the borders, with some industrial use in

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2562-515: The future of a seventh line was being contested. In 1979, line no. 38 was suspended in Bytom, however it returned to service on 10 February 1982 after citizens of Bytom petitioned for the line to reopen. The end of the 1980s brought changes in Poland (the Round Table talks and the fall of communism ). Unfortunately, that did not improve the tramway service in the region – on the contrary,

2623-539: The investment. First Citadis tram entered service on 3 May 2001 and deliveries of all trams were complete by 11 October 2001. These new trams gained the endearing nickname Karlik during a public vote in 2001. On 5 December 2002, the Ministry of Treasury signed the notarial deed of commercialization of Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Tramwajowej. A sole shareholder company of the State Treasury - Tramwaje Śląskie -

2684-525: The late 1960s, the classic rolling stock has been replaced by modern cars based on PCC streetcar technology. In the 1980s some of the non-modernised, rural lines were abandoned (the longest one from Bytom to Wieszowa with a branch to Stolarzowice). Between 1976 and 1986, the first wave of tram line decommissioning began in Silesia . Six lines in total were decommissioned in a ten-year period. Aging tram cars and infrastructure as well as dwindling passenger numbers saw passengers switch to buses. In addition,

2745-491: The mass closing of automaker plants in the now so-called Rust Belt between 1980 and 1990. The US Federal Reserve raised interest and exchange rates beginning in 1979, and continuing until 1984, which automatically caused import prices to fall. Japan was rapidly expanding productivity during this time, and this decimated the US machine tool sector. A second wave of deindustrialization occurred between 2001 and 2009, culminating in

2806-596: The network and the move towards buses, a second wave of line decommissioning began on the Silesian Interurban network which saw closure of five lines: On 1 September 2009 the line between the terminus in Wójtowa Wieś (a district of Gliwice) and the Gliwice depot was terminated. The closure of the tram line in Gliwice made trams disappear from Gliwice entirely. As a result, residents of Gliwice requested

2867-506: The network runs lines using ca. 200 vehicles . At 22.55 km, line no. 21 is the longest on the network, with line no. 38 being the shortest, measuring a total length of 1.35 km. Silesian Interurban trams are positioned across four depots, each serving a respective area of the network: area 1 Będzin, area 2 Katowice-Zawodzie, area 3 Bytom-Stroszek and area 4 depot in between Gliwice and Zabrze. The depot in Zawodzie opened in 1962, after

2928-417: The present day (though the old boundaries are still easily traceable). In 1951, the tram system was taken over by a state-owned company WPK Katowice and until the 1970s it was widely extended and partly modernised reaching its maximum length at the end of the 1970s (ca. 235 km). The last and only remaining narrow gauge line was decommissioned in 1952 between Siemianowice Śląskie and Chorzów . Since

2989-495: The project "Integrated project of modernization and development of tramway infrastructure in Silesian-Zagłębiowska Agglomeration together with purchase of tramway rolling stock". The original plans included the acquisition of at least 45 new streetcars and renovations of over 100km tracks across Silesia. Further plans included an extension to line no. 15 in Zagórze, a southern Katowice line extension and building

3050-550: The same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed. The world's first steam locomotive , built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, ran on a 3 ft ( 914 mm ) plateway . The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murray 's Salamanca built in 1812 for the 4 ft 1 in ( 1,245 mm ) Middleton Railway in Leeds . Salamanca

3111-475: The traffic potential would not justify the cost of a standard- or broad-gauge line. Narrow-gauge railways have specialised use in mines and other environments where a small structure gauge necessitates a small loading gauge . In some countries, narrow gauge is the standard: Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Australian states of Queensland , Western Australia and Tasmania have

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3172-565: The world; 19th-century mountain logging operations often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill to market. Significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland, and narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in common use for building tunnels. In 1897, a manganese mine in the Lahn valley in Germany was using two benzine -fueled locomotives with single cylinder internal combustion engines on

3233-525: Was adopted by early 19th-century railways, primarily in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland. 4 ft  6 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 1,384 mm ) lines were also constructed, and both were eventually converted to standard gauge. 1,067 mm ( 3 ft 6 in ) between the inside of the rail heads, its name and classification vary worldwide and it has about 112,000 kilometres (70,000 mi) of track. As its name implies, metre gauge

3294-563: Was also the first rack-and-pinion locomotive. During the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the 1,100 mm ( 3 ft  7 + 5 ⁄ 16  in )-gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium. The first use of steam locomotives on a public, passenger-carrying narrow-gauge railway

3355-459: Was chosen to start electfication on Katowice Rynek (Kattowitz, Ring) - Zawodzie line, after which Schikora & Wolff completed electrification of four additional lines. In 1912, the first short 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge line was built in Katowice . In 1913, a separate standard gauge system connecting Bytom with suburbs and villages west of

3416-411: Was created and it started its operation on 1 January 2003. The changes included only formal matters such as the name or the graphic symbols; the rules of financing the streetcar transport were not changed. Liquidation of the state-owned WPK Katowice back in 1991 caused an organizational mess: bus lines were financed by individual gminas across the region, the issue of subsidizing intercity connections

3477-704: Was established also known as the ZTM, thus Tramwaje Śląskie became a carrier operating on behalf of ZTM. In the steam era, the network recorded 3.6 million passengers in 1898. In 1900, the network recorded 7.6 million passengers. After World War II , the passenger numbers gradually increased year on year, and in the 1950s, the numbers stabilised at 300 million passengers per year. In 1983, the network saw record passenger numbers – 353 million. Since 1983, passenger numbers have fallen each year, however detailed passenger numbers are not readily available for recent years. [REDACTED] This article incorporates information from

3538-697: Was financed by the EU under the Infrastructure and Environment Programme. The investments were also supported by a loan from the European Investment Bank . Despite significant investment from EU funds, line no. 18 Stroszek - Chebzie was decommissioned on 14 February 2015, making streetcars completely disappear from a 4 km long section in Ruda (a district of Ruda Śląska ). Within the EU financial perspective 2014-2020, Silesian Trams implemented

3599-560: Was in 1865, when the Ffestiniog Railway introduced passenger service after receiving its first locomotives two years earlier. Many narrow-gauge railways were part of industrial enterprises and served primarily as industrial railways , rather than general carriers. Common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways included mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, and conveying agricultural products. Extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of

3660-592: Was probably the third petrol-engined locomotive built. Extensive narrow-gauge rail systems served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I . They were a short-lived military application, and after the war the surplus equipment created a small boom in European narrow-gauge railway building. The heavy-duty 3 ft 6 in ( 1,067 mm ) narrow-gauge railways in Australia (Queensland), New Zealand, South Africa, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia and

3721-475: Was unclear and tram transport was limited by funds from the state budget. This led the tram system to the brink of bankruptcy. To alleviate these issues, the presidents of Upper Silesian cities signed an agreement in Gliwice on 9 December 2005 which aimed to centralize transport and establish the Upper Silesia conurbation as a metropolis . At the beginning of the 21st century due to the unprofitability of

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