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98-614: Diospyros mosieri S.F.Blake Diospyros virginiana is a persimmon species commonly called the American persimmon , common persimmon , eastern persimmon , simmon , possumwood , possum apples , or sugar plum . It ranges from southern Connecticut to Florida , and west to Texas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , Kansas , and Iowa . The tree grows in the wild but has been cultivated for its fruit and wood since prehistoric times by Native Americans . Diospyros virginiana grows to 20 m (66 ft), in well-drained soil. The tree

196-409: A Pneumocystis carinii infection, which indicates a weak immune system. Triploidy may be the result of either digyny (the extra haploid set is from the mother) or diandry (the extra haploid set is from the father). Diandry is mostly caused by reduplication of the paternal haploid set from a single sperm, but may also be the consequence of dispermic (two sperm) fertilization of the egg. Digyny

294-636: A hybrid genome with two sets of chromosomes derived from Triticum urartu and two sets of chromosomes derived from Aegilops speltoides . Each chromosome pair derived from the Triticum urartu parent is homoeologous to the opposite chromosome pair derived from the Aegilops speltoides parent, though each chromosome pair unto itself is homologous . Examples in animals are more common in non-vertebrates such as flatworms , leeches , and brine shrimp . Within vertebrates, examples of stable polyploidy include

392-410: A miscarriage ; those that do survive to term typically die shortly after birth. In some cases, survival past birth may be extended if there is mixoploidy with both a diploid and a triploid cell population present. There has been one report of a child surviving to the age of seven months with complete triploidy syndrome. He failed to exhibit normal mental or physical neonatal development, and died from

490-407: A 4-parted calyx , a corolla , and 24 stamens in 2 rows. Female flowers are creamy-white and appear singly. They have a large calyx, a 4-parted, yellow corolla, 8 undeveloped stamens, and a rounded ovary bearing the style and stigma. 'Perfect' flowers are a cross between the two. Persimmon fruit matures late in the fall and can stay on the tree until winter . In color, the ripe fruit of

588-484: A heritage crop. The common persimmon is a generally small to medium sized tree, usually 30 to 80 feet (9 to 24 m) in height, but reaching 115 feet (35 m) west of the southern Mississippi. It has a short, slender trunk and spreading, often pendulous branches, which form a broad or narrow, round-topped canopy. The roots are thick, fleshy and stoloniferous. The species has a shrubby growth form. The plant has oval entire leaves, and unisexual flowers on short stalks. In

686-407: A lot of seeds, making the processing of fruit pulp used in food and beverage manufacture more difficult. Cultivation has reduced the number of seeds, and some varieties have developed a very sweet flavor profile without the dreaded astringency of wild persimmon. Harvested fruits are shelf durable. The tree prefers light, sandy, well-drained soil, but will grow in rich southern bottom lands. The tree

784-481: A more common path to allopolyploidy because F 1 hybrids between taxa often have relatively high rates of unreduced gamete formation – divergence between the genomes of the two taxa result in abnormal pairing between homoeologous chromosomes or nondisjunction during meiosis. In this case, allopolyploidy can actually restore normal, bivalent meiotic pairing by providing each homoeologous chromosome with its own homologue. If divergence between homoeologous chromosomes

882-403: A paleopolyploid. It is a middle aged polyploid. Often this refers to whole genome duplication followed by intermediate levels of diploidization. Ancient genome duplications probably occurred in the evolutionary history of all life. Duplication events that occurred long ago in the history of various evolutionary lineages can be difficult to detect because of subsequent diploidization (such that

980-695: A polyploid starts to behave cytogenetically as a diploid over time) as mutations and gene translations gradually make one copy of each chromosome unlike the other copy. Over time, it is also common for duplicated copies of genes to accumulate mutations and become inactive pseudogenes. In many cases, these events can be inferred only through comparing sequenced genomes . Examples of unexpected but recently confirmed ancient genome duplications include baker's yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), mustard weed/thale cress ( Arabidopsis thaliana ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), and two rounds of whole genome duplication (the 2R hypothesis ) in an early evolutionary ancestor of

1078-960: A rare genetic mutation, E. peregrina is not sterile. On the other hand, polyploidization can also be a mechanism for a kind of 'reverse speciation', whereby gene flow is enabled following the polyploidy event, even between lineages that previously experienced no gene flow as diploids. This has been detailed at the genomic level in Arabidopsis arenosa and Arabidopsis lyrata . Each of these species experienced independent autopolyploidy events (within-species polyploidy, described below), which then enabled subsequent interspecies gene flow of adaptive alleles, in this case stabilising each young polyploid lineage. Such polyploidy-enabled adaptive introgression may allow polyploids at act as 'allelic sponges', whereby they accumulate cryptic genomic variation that may be recruited upon encountering later environmental challenges. Polyploid types are labeled according to

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1176-493: A sweetish astringent pulp. It is surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx-lobes, which increase in size as the fruit ripens. The astringency renders the fruit somewhat unpalatable, but after it has been subjected to the action of frost, or has become partially rotted or " bletted " like a medlar , its flavor is improved. The tree is very common in the South Atlantic and Gulf states, and attains its largest size in

1274-401: A variety of dessert dishes, most notably pies. They can be used in cookies, cakes, puddings, salads, curries and as a topping for breakfast cereal. Persimmon pudding is a baked dessert made with fresh persimmons that has the consistency of pumpkin pie but resembles a brownie and is almost always topped with whipped cream . An annual persimmon festival, featuring a persimmon pudding contest,

1372-623: A year. "Sharon fruit" (named after the Sharon plain in Israel) is the marketing name for the Israeli-bred cultivar 'Triumph'. As with most commercial pollination-variant-astringent persimmons, the fruit are ripened off the tree by exposing them to carbon dioxide . The "sharon fruit" has no core, is seedless and particularly sweet, and can be eaten whole. The primary variety produced in Spain

1470-658: Is a registered trademark. California produces 10,000 short tons or 9,100 tonnes of Fuyu a year. Most persimmons produced in California are seedless. California and Florida account for most commercial production. The first commercial orchards in Florida were planted in the 1870s and production peaked in the 1990s before declining. Most persimmon orchards in the US are small scale (70% less than 1 acre or 0.5 hectares and 90% less than 5 acres or 2 hectares). Unripe persimmons contain

1568-539: Is considered to be an evolutionary anachronism that was consumed by one or more of the Pleistocene megafauna that roamed the North American continent until 10,000 years ago. A 2015 study found that passage of persimmon seeds through the gut of modern elephants increased the rate of seed germination and decreased time to sprouting, which supports the idea that Pleistocene members of the elephant family were

1666-441: Is dependent upon temperature (5 to 7 days at 25–28 °C or 77–82 °F) . For centuries, Japanese have consumed persimmon leaf tea (Kaki-No-Ha Cha) made from the dried leaves of "kaki" persimmons ( Diospyros kaki ). In some areas of Manchuria and Korea, the dried leaves of the fruit are used for making tea . The Korean name for this tea is gamnip cha . In the US from Ohio southward, persimmons are harvested and used in

1764-446: Is dotted by past and recent whole-genome duplication events (see Albertin and Marullo 2012 for review). Several examples of polyploids are known: In addition, polyploidy is frequently associated with hybridization and reticulate evolution that appear to be highly prevalent in several fungal taxa. Indeed, homoploid speciation (hybrid speciation without a change in chromosome number) has been evidenced for some fungal species (such as

1862-698: Is even across the two subgenomes, this can theoretically result in rapid restoration of bivalent pairing and disomic inheritance following allopolyploidization. However multivalent pairing is common in many recently formed allopolyploids, so it is likely that the majority of meiotic stabilization occurs gradually through selection. Because pairing between homoeologous chromosomes is rare in established allopolyploids, they may benefit from fixed heterozygosity of homoeologous alleles. In certain cases, such heterozygosity can have beneficial heterotic effects, either in terms of fitness in natural contexts or desirable traits in agricultural contexts. This could partially explain

1960-885: Is frequent in plants, some estimates suggesting that 30–80% of living plant species are polyploid, and many lineages show evidence of ancient polyploidy ( paleopolyploidy ) in their genomes. Huge explosions in angiosperm species diversity appear to have coincided with the timing of ancient genome duplications shared by many species. It has been established that 15% of angiosperm and 31% of fern speciation events are accompanied by ploidy increase. Polyploid plants can arise spontaneously in nature by several mechanisms, including meiotic or mitotic failures, and fusion of unreduced (2 n ) gametes. Both autopolyploids (e.g. potato ) and allopolyploids (such as canola, wheat and cotton) can be found among both wild and domesticated plant species. Most polyploids display novel variation or morphologies relative to their parental species, that may contribute to

2058-514: Is greatly inclined to vary in the character and quality of its fruit, which varies in size from that of a large cherry to a small apple. Some trees in the south produce fruit that is delicious without the action of the frost, while adjoining trees produce fruit that never becomes edible. It was brought to England before 1629 and is cultivated, but rarely if ever ripens its fruit. It is easily raised from seed and can also be propagated from stolons , which are often produced in great quantity. The tree

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2156-481: Is hardy in the south of England and in the Channel Islands. The persimmon rarely develops any heartwood until it is nearly one hundred years old. Persimmon The persimmon ( / p ər ˈ s ɪ m ə n / ) is the edible fruit of a number of species of trees in the genus Diospyros . The most widely cultivated of these is the kaki persimmon, Diospyros kaki  – Diospyros

2254-461: Is held every September in Mitchell, Indiana . Persimmons may be stored at room temperature 20 °C (68 °F) where they will continue to ripen. In northern China, unripe persimmons are frozen outdoors during winter to speed up the ripening process. Ripe persimmons can be refrigerated for as long as a couple of weeks, though extreme temperature changes may contribute to a mushy texture. It

2352-401: Is high in vitamin C , and extremely astringent when unripe. It is eaten by birds, raccoons, skunks, white-tailed deer, semi-wild hogs, flying squirrels, and opossums. The ripe fruit may be eaten raw by humans, typically once bletted , or it can be cooked or dried. The fruit pulp can be made into pie, pudding , jam, molasses , and candy. An herbal tea that can be made from the leaves and

2450-412: Is in the family Ebenaceae , and a number of non-persimmon species of the genus are grown for ebony timber. In 2022, China produced 77% of the world total of persimmons. Like the tomato , persimmons are not berries in the general culinary sense, but its morphology as a single fruit derived from the ovary of a single flower means it is a berry in the botanical sense. The tree Diospyros kaki

2548-571: Is known as haluwabed (हलुवाबेद) in Nepal and it is used for various culinary purposes and eaten as a seasonal fruit. In Nepal, it is one of the most popular fruits and has been consumed for a very long time. It was introduced to California and southern Europe in the 1800s and to Brazil in the 1890s, in the State of São Paulo , afterwards spreading across Brazil with Japanese immigrants; the State of São Paulo

2646-514: Is more rarely diagnosed than triploidy, but is observed in 1–2% of early miscarriages. However, some tetraploid cells are commonly found in chromosome analysis at prenatal diagnosis and these are generally considered 'harmless'. It is not clear whether these tetraploid cells simply tend to arise during in vitro cell culture or whether they are also present in placental cells in vivo . There are, at any rate, very few clinical reports of fetuses/infants diagnosed with tetraploidy mosaicism. Mixoploidy

2744-473: Is most commonly caused by either failure of one meiotic division during oogenesis leading to a diploid oocyte or failure to extrude one polar body from the oocyte . Diandry appears to predominate among early miscarriages , while digyny predominates among triploid zygotes that survive into the fetal period. However, among early miscarriages, digyny is also more common in those cases less than 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 weeks gestational age or those in which an embryo

2842-433: Is most commonly induced by treating seeds with the chemical colchicine . Some crops are found in a variety of ploidies: tulips and lilies are commonly found as both diploid and triploid; daylilies ( Hemerocallis cultivars) are available as either diploid or tetraploid; apples and kinnow mandarins can be diploid, triploid, or tetraploid. Besides plants and animals, the evolutionary history of various fungal species

2940-755: Is native to Taiwan , the Philippines and Borneo , and may be the same species as Diospyros blancoi . Texas persimmon ( Diospyros texana ) is native to central and west Texas and southwest Oklahoma in the United States, and eastern Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico. The fruit of D. texana are black, subglobose berries with a diameter of 1.5–2.5 cm ( 5 ⁄ 8 –1 in) that ripen in August. The fleshy berries become edible when they turn dark purple or black, at which point they are sweet and can be eaten from

3038-623: Is often associated with apomictic mating systems. In agricultural systems, autotriploidy can result in seedlessness, as in watermelons and bananas . Triploidy is also utilized in salmon and trout farming to induce sterility. Rarely, autopolyploids arise from spontaneous, somatic genome doubling, which has been observed in apple ( Malus domesticus ) bud sports . This is also the most common pathway of artificially induced polyploidy, where methods such as protoplast fusion or treatment with colchicine , oryzalin or mitotic inhibitors are used to disrupt normal mitotic division, which results in

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3136-440: Is part of cytology and, more specifically, cytogenetics . Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes , the same cannot be said for their karyotypes, which are highly variable between species in chromosome number and in detailed organization despite being constructed out of the same macromolecules. In some cases, there is even significant variation within species. This variation provides

3234-435: Is present. There are also two distinct phenotypes in triploid placentas and fetuses that are dependent on the origin of the extra haploid set. In digyny, there is typically an asymmetric poorly grown fetus , with marked adrenal hypoplasia and a very small placenta . In diandry, a partial hydatidiform mole develops. These parent-of-origin effects reflect the effects of genomic imprinting . Complete tetraploidy

3332-412: Is quite commonly observed in human preimplantation embryos and includes haploid/diploid as well as diploid/tetraploid mixed cell populations. It is unknown whether these embryos fail to implant and are therefore rarely detected in ongoing pregnancies or if there is simply a selective process favoring the diploid cells. A polyploidy event occurred within the stem lineage of the teleost fish. Polyploidy

3430-413: Is recommended to store persimmons stem end down. Persimmons can also be fermented in the manner of black garlic . In China, Korea, Japan and Vietnam, persimmons after harvesting are prepared using traditional hand-drying techniques outdoors for two to three weeks. The fruit is then further dried by exposure to heat over several days before being shipped to market, to be sold as dried fruit . In Japan,

3528-524: Is still the greatest producer within Brazil, with an area of 3,610 hectares (8,900 acres) dedicated to persimmon culture in 2003; It is deciduous , with broad, stiff leaves. Its fruits are sweet and slightly tangy with a soft to occasionally fibrous texture. Numerous cultivars have been selected. Some varieties are edible in the crisp, firm state but it has its best flavor when allowed to rest and soften slightly after harvest. The Japanese cultivar 'Hachiya'

3626-640: Is the Coast Redwood Sequoia sempervirens , which is a hexaploid (6 x ) with 66 chromosomes (2 n = 6 x = 66), although the origin is unclear. Aquatic plants, especially the Monocotyledons , include a large number of polyploids. The induction of polyploidy is a common technique to overcome the sterility of a hybrid species during plant breeding. For example, triticale is the hybrid of wheat ( Triticum turgidum ) and rye ( Secale cereale ). It combines sought-after characteristics of

3724-562: Is the Rojo Brillante. Spain produces 400,000 tons of Rojo Brillante a year. In the Valencia region of Spain, there is a production area of kaki called the " Ribera del Xùquer " which has a protected label and where only persimmons of the variety "Rojo Brillante" or derived mutations are cultivated. The largest part of these astringent type persimmons are CO2 treated to remove astringency and marketed as "Persimon" with one "m", which

3822-657: Is the most commercially important persimmon. It is native to China, Northeast India and northern Indochina . It was first cultivated in China more than 2,000 years ago, and introduced to Japan in the 7th century and to Korea in the 14th century. China, Japan and South Korea are also the top producers of persimmon. It is known as shi (柿) in Chinese, kaki (柿) in Japanese and gam (감) in Korean and also known as Korean mango. It

3920-482: Is the most common variety of astringent persimmon. Astringent persimmons contain very high levels of soluble tannins and are unpalatable if eaten before completely softened. The astringency of tannins is removed in various ways. Examples include ripening by exposure to light for several days and wrapping the fruit in paper (probably because this increases the ethylene concentration of the surrounding air). Ethylene ripening can be increased in reliability and evenness, and

4018-419: Is the most widely cultivated species of persimmon. Typically the tree reaches 4.5 to 18 metres (15 to 60 feet) in height and is round-topped. It usually stands erect, but sometimes can be crooked or have a willowy appearance. The leaves are 7–15 centimetres (3–6 inches) long, and are oblong in shape with brown-hairy petioles 2 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4  in) in length. They are leathery and glossy on

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4116-603: Is the plant Erythranthe peregrina . Sequencing confirmed that this species originated from E. × robertsii , a sterile triploid hybrid between E. guttata and E. lutea, both of which have been introduced and naturalised in the United Kingdom. New populations of E. peregrina arose on the Scottish mainland and the Orkney Islands via genome duplication from local populations of E. × robertsii . Because of

4214-526: Is the result of whole-genome duplication during the evolution of species. It may occur due to abnormal cell division , either during mitosis, or more commonly from the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis or from the fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm. In addition, it can be induced in plants and cell cultures by some chemicals: the best known is colchicine , which can result in chromosome doubling, though its use may have other less obvious consequences as well. Oryzalin will also double

4312-457: Is typically dioecious , so one must have both male and female plants to obtain fruit. Most cultivars are parthenocarpic (setting seedless fruit without pollination). The fragrant flowers are pollinated by insects and wind. Fruiting typically begins when the tree is about 6 years old. The fruit is round or oval and usually orange-yellow, sometimes bluish, and from 2 to 6 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 to 2 + 1 ⁄ 4  in) in diameter. Both

4410-555: Is under- or over-represented are said to be aneuploid (from the Greek words meaning "not", "good", and "fold"). Aneuploidy refers to a numerical change in part of the chromosome set, whereas polyploidy refers to a numerical change in the whole set of chromosomes. Polyploidy occurs in some tissues of animals that are otherwise diploid, such as human muscle tissues. This is known as endopolyploidy . Species whose cells do not have nuclei, that is, prokaryotes , may be polyploid, as seen in

4508-457: Is widely grown. The fruit has a high tannin content, which makes the unripe fruit astringent and bitter. The tannin levels are reduced as the fruit matures. Persimmons like 'Hachiya' must be completely ripened before consumption. When ripe, this fruit consists of thick, pulpy jelly encased in a waxy thin-skinned shell. Commercially and in general, there are two types of persimmon fruit: astringent and non-astringent. The heart-shaped Hachiya

4606-422: The D. virginiana rootstock most commonly used in the U.S. Such seedling trees may produce fruit that bears more seeds, usually 6 to 8 per fruit, and the fruit itself may vary slightly from the parent tree. Seedlings are said to be more susceptible to root nematodes. The non-astringent persimmon is squat like a tomato and is most commonly sold as fuyu . Non-astringent persimmons are not actually free of tannins as

4704-475: The Daily Value , DV) and provitamin A beta-carotene (10% DV, table for raw Japanese persimmons per 100-gram amount). Raw American persimmons are a rich source of vitamin C (80% DV per 100g) and iron (19% DV). In Ozark folklore , the severity of the upcoming winter is said to be predictable by slicing a persimmon seed and seeing whether it is shaped like a knife, fork, or spoon within. According to

4802-546: The basidiomycota Microbotryum violaceum ). As for plants and animals, fungal hybrids and polyploids display structural and functional modifications compared to their progenitors and diploid counterparts. In particular, the structural and functional outcomes of polyploid Saccharomyces genomes strikingly reflect the evolutionary fate of plant polyploid ones. Large chromosomal rearrangements leading to chimeric chromosomes have been described, as well as more punctual genetic modifications such as gene loss. The homoealleles of

4900-510: The dried persimmon fruit is called hoshigaki , in China shìbǐng (柿餠), in Korea gotgam or Geonsi (乾枾), and in Vietnam hồng khô (紅枯). It is eaten as a snack or dessert and used for other culinary purposes. Persimmons have higher levels of dietary fiber and some dietary minerals than apples , but overall are not a significant source of micronutrients , except for manganese (17% of

4998-664: The salmonids and many cyprinids (i.e. carp ). Some fish have as many as 400 chromosomes. Polyploidy also occurs commonly in amphibians; for example the biomedically important genus Xenopus contains many different species with as many as 12 sets of chromosomes (dodecaploid). Polyploid lizards are also quite common. Most are sterile and reproduce by parthenogenesis ; others, like Liolaemus chiliensis , maintain sexual reproduction. Polyploid mole salamanders (mostly triploids) are all female and reproduce by kleptogenesis , "stealing" spermatophores from diploid males of related species to trigger egg development but not incorporating

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5096-420: The vertebrates (which includes the human lineage) and another near the origin of the teleost fishes . Angiosperms ( flowering plants ) have paleopolyploidy in their ancestry. All eukaryotes probably have experienced a polyploidy event at some point in their evolutionary history. A karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species . The preparation and study of karyotypes

5194-498: The Missouri Department of Conservation, this is not a reliable method. In Korean folklore the dried persimmon (gotgam, Korean: 곶감) has a reputation for scaring away tigers. In Malaysia and Singapore, large persimmons are viewed as a status symbol. In 1999, the first report of leaf blight on sweet persimmon tree by fungal pathogen Pestalotiopsis theae in Spain was documented. Polyploidy Polyploidy

5292-869: The United Arab Emirates. Persimmons have various local names across India, including japani phal or amar phal in Uttar Pradesh, amlok in Assam, and lukum in Manipur. They are grown in Jammu & Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Uttarakhand , Sikkim , Darjeeling Region of West Bengal & Arunachal Pradesh . The primary variety produced in Israel is the Sharon fruit. Israel produces 30,000 tonnes (33,000 short tons) of Sharon fruit

5390-425: The agamic complexes of Crepis . Some plants are triploid. As meiosis is disturbed, these plants are sterile, with all plants having the same genetic constitution: Among them, the exclusively vegetatively propagated saffron crocus ( Crocus sativus ). Also, the extremely rare Tasmanian shrub Lomatia tasmanica is a triploid sterile species. There are few naturally occurring polyploid conifers . One example

5488-575: The allotetraploid yeast S. pastorianus show unequal contribution to the transcriptome . Phenotypic diversification is also observed following polyploidization and/or hybridization in fungi, producing the fuel for natural selection and subsequent adaptation and speciation. Other eukaryotic taxa have experienced one or more polyploidization events during their evolutionary history (see Albertin and Marullo, 2012 for review). The oomycetes , which are non-true fungi members, contain several examples of paleopolyploid and polyploid species, such as within

5586-844: The basin of the Mississippi River . Its habitat is southern, at the turn of the 20th century it appeared along the coast from Connecticut to Florida ; west of the Alleghenies it is found in southern Ohio and along through southeastern Iowa and southern Missouri ; and in Louisiana , eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, where it grew tallest. Its fossil remains have been found in Miocene rocks of Greenland and Alaska and in Cretaceous formations in Nebraska. Diospyros virginiana

5684-567: The basis for a range of studies in what might be called evolutionary cytology. Homoeologous chromosomes are those brought together following inter-species hybridization and allopolyploidization , and whose relationship was completely homologous in an ancestral species. For example, durum wheat is the result of the inter-species hybridization of two diploid grass species Triticum urartu and Aegilops speltoides . Both diploid ancestors had two sets of 7 chromosomes, which were similar in terms of size and genes contained on them. Durum wheat contains

5782-437: The common name of durum or macaroni wheat, and hexaploid (six sets of chromosomes) with the common name of bread wheat. Many agriculturally important plants of the genus Brassica are also tetraploids. Sugarcane can have ploidy levels higher than octaploid . Polyploidization can be a mechanism of  sympatric speciation  because polyploids are usually unable to interbreed with their diploid ancestors. An example

5880-438: The cultivated strains range from glossy light yellow-orange to dark red-orange depending on the species and variety. They similarly vary in size from 1.5 to 9 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 to 3 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) in diameter, and in shape the varieties may be spherical, acorn-, or pumpkin-shaped. The flesh is astringent until fully ripe and is yellow, orange, or dark-brown in color. The calyx generally remains attached to

5978-407: The diploid species. A similar relationship exists between three diploid species of Tragopogon ( T. dubius , T. pratensis , and T. porrifolius ) and two allotetraploid species ( T. mirus and T. miscellus ). Complex patterns of allopolyploid evolution have also been observed in animals, as in the frog genus Xenopus . Organisms in which a particular chromosome, or chromosome segment,

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6076-581: The ends of a spectrum of divergence between parental subgenomes. Polyploids that fall between these two extremes, which are often referred to as segmental allopolyploids, may display intermediate levels of polysomic inheritance that vary by locus. About half of all polyploids are thought to be the result of autopolyploidy, although many factors make this proportion hard to estimate. Allopolyploids or amphipolyploids or heteropolyploids are polyploids with chromosomes derived from two or more diverged taxa. As in autopolyploidy, this primarily occurs through

6174-471: The evolved polyploids. The high degree of homology among duplicated chromosomes causes autopolyploids to display polysomic inheritance . This trait is often used as a diagnostic criterion to distinguish autopolyploids from allopolyploids, which commonly display disomic inheritance after they progress past the neopolyploid stage. While most polyploid species are unambiguously characterized as either autopolyploid or allopolyploid, these categories represent

6272-581: The existing chromosome content. Among mammals , a high frequency of polyploid cells is found in organs such as the brain, liver, heart, and bone marrow. It also occurs in the somatic cells of other animals , such as goldfish , salmon , and salamanders . It is common among ferns and flowering plants (see Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ), including both wild and cultivated species . Wheat , for example, after millennia of hybridization and modification by humans, has strains that are diploid (two sets of chromosomes), tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes) with

6370-613: The four expected if it were truly a tetraploid. This rodent is not a rat , but kin to guinea pigs and chinchillas . Its "new" diploid (2 n ) number is 102 and so its cells are roughly twice normal size. Its closest living relation is Octomys mimax , the Andean Viscacha-Rat of the same family, whose 2 n = 56. It was therefore surmised that an Octomys -like ancestor produced tetraploid (i.e., 2 n = 4 x = 112) offspring that were, by virtue of their doubled chromosomes, reproductively isolated from their parents. Polyploidy

6468-436: The frog, Xenopus (an extension of the work of Briggs and King in 1952) that were able to develop to the tadpole stage. The British scientist J. B. S. Haldane hailed the work for its potential medical applications and, in describing the results, became one of the first to use the word " clone " in reference to animals. Later work by Shinya Yamanaka showed how mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent, extending

6566-529: The fruit after harvesting, but becomes easy to remove once the fruit is ripe. The ripe fruit is high in sucrose , mainly in the form of fructose and glucose content, and is sweet in taste. Persimmon fruits contain phytochemicals , such as catechin , gallocatechin and betulinic acid . While many species of Diospyros bear fruit inedible to humans or only occasionally gathered, the following are grown for their edible fruit: Oriental persimmon, Chinese persimmon or Japanese persimmon ( Diospyros kaki )

6664-478: The fruit can be eaten when firm. These varieties are highly sought after. Tsurunoko, sold as "chocolate persimmon" for its dark brown flesh, Maru, sold as "cinnamon persimmon" for its spicy flavor, and Hyakume, sold as "brown sugar", are the three best known. Date-plum ( Diospyros lotus ), also known as lotus persimmon, is native to southwest Asia and southeast Europe. Its English name probably derives from Persian Khormaloo خرمالو literally "date-plum", referring to

6762-401: The fruit is grown. Persimmons are eaten fresh, dried, raw or cooked. When eaten fresh, they are usually eaten whole like an apple in bite-size slices and may be peeled, although the skin is edible. One way to consume ripe persimmons, which may have soft texture, is to remove the top leaf with a paring knife and scoop out the flesh with a spoon. Riper persimmons can also be eaten by removing

6860-425: The fusion of unreduced (2 n ) gametes, which can take place before or after hybridization . In the former case, unreduced gametes from each diploid taxon – or reduced gametes from two autotetraploid taxa – combine to form allopolyploid offspring. In the latter case, one or more diploid F 1 hybrids produce unreduced gametes that fuse to form allopolyploid progeny. Hybridization followed by genome duplication may be

6958-509: The fusion of unreduced (2 n ) gametes, which results in either triploid ( n + 2 n = 3 n ) or tetraploid (2 n + 2 n = 4 n ) offspring. Triploid offspring are typically sterile (as in the phenomenon of triploid block ), but in some cases they may produce high proportions of unreduced gametes and thus aid the formation of tetraploids. This pathway to tetraploidy is referred to as the triploid bridge . Triploids may also persist through asexual reproduction . In fact, stable autotriploidy in plants

7056-653: The genus Phytophthora . Some species of brown algae ( Fucales , Laminariales and diatoms ) contain apparent polyploid genomes. In the Alveolata group, the remarkable species Paramecium tetraurelia underwent three successive rounds of whole-genome duplication and established itself as a major model for paleopolyploid studies. Each Deinococcus radiodurans bacterium contains 4-8 copies of its chromosome . Exposure of D. radiodurans to X-ray irradiation or desiccation can shatter its genomes into hundred of short random fragments. Nevertheless, D. radiodurans

7154-533: The ghost partner who accomplished seed dispersal prior to extinction of the North American members of the elephant family. There are two races of American persimmon: the tetraploid (60-chromosome) race is centered in the southern Appalachian region, while the hexaploid (90-chromosome) race generally occupies a range north and west of the tetraploid range. The boundary between these races has not been well defined except in Kentucky, where hexaploid persimmons were in

7252-501: The hand or made into pudding or custard. The word persimmon is derived from putchamin , pasiminan , pechimin or pessamin , from Powhatan , an Algonquian language of the southern and eastern United States , meaning "a dry fruit". Other sources have suggested that the word “persimmon” comes from a Persian word meaning date-plum. It was first used in English in the early 17th century . In 2022, world production of persimmons

7350-457: The insoluble form. Such bletting processes sometimes are jump-started by exposing the fruit to cold or frost. The resultant cell damage stimulates the release of ethylene, which promotes cellular wall breakdown. Astringent varieties of persimmons also can be prepared for commercial purposes by drying. Tanenashi fruit will occasionally contain a seed or two, which can be planted and will yield a larger, more vertical tree than when merely grafted onto

7448-429: The large bacterium Epulopiscium fishelsoni . Hence ploidy is defined with respect to a cell. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. The more general term for such organisms is haploid . A polyploid that is newly formed. That has become polyploid in more recent history; it is not as new as a neopolyploid and not as old as

7546-671: The majority in Bullitt County but were not present in Barren County to its south nor Franklin County to its east. It has been observed that the tetraploid trees tend to grow much taller than the hexaploid trees and have smaller fruit, but no formal research has been done into these differences of traits. The vast majority of named American Persimmon cultivars are hexaploid, with the only known tetraploid cultivars being Ennis Seedless, Weeping, Sugar Bear, and SFES. The fruit

7644-433: The male flowers, which are numerous, the stamens are sixteen in number and arranged in pairs; the female flowers are solitary, with traces of stamens, and a smooth ovary with one ovule in each of the eight cells—the ovary is surmounted by four styles, which are hairy at the base. The fruit-stalk is very short, bearing a subglobose fruit an inch in diameter or a bit larger, of an orange-yellow color, ranging to bluish, and with

7742-518: The males' DNA into the offspring. While some tissues of mammals, such as parenchymal liver cells, are polyploid, rare instances of polyploid mammals are known, but most often result in prenatal death. An octodontid rodent of Argentina 's harsh desert regions, known as the plains viscacha rat ( Tympanoctomys barrerae ) has been reported as an exception to this 'rule'. However, careful analysis using chromosome paints shows that there are only two copies of each chromosome in T. barrerae , not

7840-408: The number of chromosome sets in the nucleus . The letter x is used to represent the number of chromosomes in a single set: Autopolyploids are polyploids with multiple chromosome sets derived from a single taxon . Two examples of natural autopolyploids are the piggyback plant, Tolmiea menzisii and the white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanum . Most instances of autopolyploidy result from

7938-417: The parents, but the initial hybrids are sterile. After polyploidization, the hybrid becomes fertile and can thus be further propagated to become triticale. In some situations, polyploid crops are preferred because they are sterile. For example, many seedless fruit varieties are seedless as a result of polyploidy. Such crops are propagated using asexual techniques, such as grafting . Polyploidy in crop plants

8036-721: The possibilities to non-stem cells. Gurdon and Yamanaka were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in 2012 for this work. True polyploidy rarely occurs in humans, although polyploid cells occur in highly differentiated tissue, such as liver parenchyma , heart muscle, placenta and in bone marrow. Aneuploidy is more common. Polyploidy occurs in humans in the form of triploidy , with 69 chromosomes (sometimes called 69, XXX), and tetraploidy with 92 chromosomes (sometimes called 92, XXXX). Triploidy, usually due to polyspermy , occurs in about 2–3% of all human pregnancies and ~15% of miscarriages. The vast majority of triploid conceptions end as

8134-550: The prevalence of allopolyploidy among crop species. Both bread wheat and triticale are examples of an allopolyploids with six chromosome sets. Cotton , peanut , and quinoa are allotetraploids with multiple origins. In Brassicaceous crops, the Triangle of U describes the relationships between the three common diploid Brassicas ( B. oleracea , B. rapa , and B. nigra ) and three allotetraploids ( B. napus , B. juncea , and B. carinata ) derived from hybridization among

8232-552: The privation of the American Civil War in the South. The American persimmon mostly grows wild. Experimental research stations in the 1890s tested native varieties of persimmon, but interest in cultivation of the native persimmon has been limited. Newly planted persimmon trees take a relatively long time to bear fruit. There are many sorts of fruit trees that are easier to grow for commercial purposes. Wild varieties contain

8330-627: The process can be greatly accelerated by adding ethylene gas to the atmosphere in which the fruit is stored. For domestic purposes, the most convenient and effective process is to store the ripening persimmons in a clean, dry container together with other varieties of fruit that give off particularly large quantities of ethylene while they are ripening; apples and related fruits such as pears are effective, as well as bananas and several others. Other chemicals are used commercially in artificially ripening persimmons or delaying their ripening. Examples include alcohol and carbon dioxide , which change tannin into

8428-796: The processes of speciation and eco-niche exploitation. The mechanisms leading to novel variation in newly formed allopolyploids may include gene dosage effects (resulting from more numerous copies of genome content), the reunion of divergent gene regulatory hierarchies, chromosomal rearrangements, and epigenetic remodeling, all of which affect gene content and/or expression levels. Many of these rapid changes may contribute to reproductive isolation and speciation. However, seed generated from interploidy crosses , such as between polyploids and their parent species, usually have aberrant endosperm development which impairs their viability, thus contributing to polyploid speciation . Polyploids may also interbreed with diploids and produce polyploid seeds, as observed in

8526-460: The production of aneuploid gametes. Natural or artificial selection for fertility can quickly stabilize meiosis in autopolyploids by restoring bivalent pairing during meiosis. Rapid adaptive evolution of the meiotic machinery, resulting in reduced levels of multivalents (and therefore stable autopolyploid meiosis) has been documented in Arabidopsis arenosa and Arabidopsis lyrata , with specific adaptive alleles of these species shared between only

8624-419: The production of polyploid cells. This process can be useful in plant breeding, especially when attempting to introgress germplasm across ploidal levels. Autopolyploids possess at least three homologous chromosome sets, which can lead to high rates of multivalent pairing during meiosis (particularly in recently formed autopolyploids, also known as neopolyploids) and an associated decrease in fertility due to

8722-441: The roasted seed is used as a coffee substitute. The fruit is also fermented with hops , cornmeal or wheat bran into a sort of beer or made into brandy. The wood is heavy, strong and very close-grained and used in woodturning . Its heartwood, which may take a century before being produced, is a true ebony , extremely close-grained and almost black; it is not harvested commercially. The seeds were used as buttons during

8820-432: The soluble tannin shibuol, which, upon contact with a weak acid, polymerizes in the stomach and forms a gluey coagulum, a "foodball" or phytobezoar , that can affix with other stomach matter. These phytobezoars are often very hard and almost woody in consistency. More than 85% of phytobezoars are caused by ingestion of unripened persimmons. Persimmon bezoars (diospyrobezoars) often occur in epidemics in regions where

8918-400: The taste of this fruit, which is reminiscent of both plums and dates . American persimmon ( Diospyros virginiana ) is native to the eastern United States. Harvested in the fall or after the first frost, its fruit is eaten fresh, in baked goods, in steamed puddings , and to make a mildly alcoholic beverage called persimmon beer . The Mabolo or velvet-apple ( Diospyros discolor )

9016-457: The term suggests but rather are far less astringent before ripening and lose more of their tannic quality sooner. Non-astringent persimmons may be consumed when still very firm and remain edible when very soft. There is a third type, less commonly available, the pollination-variant non-astringent persimmons. When fully pollinated, the flesh of these fruit is brown inside—known as goma in Japan—and

9114-446: The top leaf, breaking the fruit in half, and eating from the inside out. The flesh ranges from firm to mushy, and, when firm owing to being unripe, has an apple-like crunch. Some varieties are completely inedible until they are fully ripe, such as American persimmons ( Diospyros virginiana ) and Diospyros digyna . The leaves can be used to make a tisane and the seeds can be roasted. In Korea, dried persimmon fruits are used to make

9212-407: The traditional Korean spicy punch sujeonggwa , while the matured, fermented fruit is used to make a persimmon vinegar called gamsikcho . In Taiwan, fruits of astringent varieties are sealed in jars filled with limewater to get rid of bitterness. Slightly hardened in the process, they are sold under the name "crisp persimmon" ( cuishi ) or "water persimmon" ( shuishizi ). Preparation time

9310-651: The tree and the fruit are referred to as persimmons, with the latter appearing in desserts and cuisine in the U.S. South and Midwest . Commercial varieties include the very productive Early Golden, the productive John Rick, Miller, Woolbright and the Ennis, a seedless variety. Another nickname of the American persimmon, 'date-plum' also refers to a persimmon species found in South Asia and South Europe, Diospyros lotus . Today, persimmons are also grown on small farms as

9408-486: The upper surface, brown and silky underneath. The leaves are deciduous and bluish-green in color. In autumn, they turn to yellow, orange, or red. Persimmon trees are typically dioecious , meaning male and female flowers are produced on separate trees. Some trees have both male and female flowers and in rare cases may bear a perfect flower , which contains both male and female reproductive organs in one flower. Male flowers are pink and appear in groups of 3. They have

9506-742: Was 4.44 million tonnes , led by China with 77% of the total (table). In China, the Taiqiu persimmon variety yields approximately 30 tonnes of fruit per year at full production. The persimmon was introduced to Australia by Chinese immigrants in the 1850s. Only astringent varieties were cultivated until the introduction of non-astringent varieties from Japan in the 1970s. In 2022 the vast majority of persimmons sold domestically in Australia were non-astringent varieties. Persimmons are one of Azerbaijan's most important non-petroleum exports. The main export markets are Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Iran, Kazakhstan and

9604-412: Was induced in fish by Har Swarup (1956) using a cold-shock treatment of the eggs close to the time of fertilization, which produced triploid embryos that successfully matured. Cold or heat shock has also been shown to result in unreduced amphibian gametes, though this occurs more commonly in eggs than in sperm. John Gurdon (1958) transplanted intact nuclei from somatic cells to produce diploid eggs in

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