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27-621: Siping may refer to: Siping (rubber) , process of cutting thin slits across a rubber surface China [ edit ] Siping, Jilin (四平市) formerly Sipingjie Siping Road Station (四平路站), in Shanghai Siping, Liaoning (四平镇), town in Pulandian See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Siping All pages with titles containing Siping Sipe (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

54-519: A 3PMSF symbol to indicate that the tire has exceeded the industry requirement from a reference (non-snow) tire. As of 2016, snow tires were 3.6% of the US market and 35% of the Canadian market. US states and Canadian provinces control the use of snow tires. Of these, Quebec is the only jurisdiction that requires snow tires throughout. Some may require snow tires or chains only in specified areas during

81-539: A tread design with larger gaps than those on conventional tires, increasing traction on snow and ice. Such tires that have passed specific winter traction performance tests are entitled to display a 3PMSF (Three-Peak Mountain Snow Flake) and/or a IMP (Icy Mountain Peak) symbols on their sidewalls. Tires designed for winter conditions are optimized to drive at temperatures below 7 °C (45 °F). Studded tires are

108-427: A function of temperature. At temperatures below −7 °C (20 °F), snow crystals are harder and generate more friction as a tire passes over them than at warmer conditions with snow or ice on the road surface. However, as temperatures rise above −2 °C (28 °F), the presence of free water increasingly lubricates the snow or ice and diminishes tire friction. Hydrophilic rubber compounds help create friction in

135-425: A point where the snow is so wet that it lubricates the tire-road interface. New and powder snow have densities of 0.1 to 0.3 g/cm (6 to 20 lb/cu ft). Compacted snow may have densities of 0.45 to 0.75 g/cm (28 to 47 lb/cu ft). Snow or ice-covered roadways present lower braking and cornering friction, compared to dry conditions. The roadway friction properties of snow, in particular, are

162-471: A point, more sipes give more traction in snow or mud. As is often the case, there are compromises. Winter tires , and "mud and snow" tires, may have thousands of sipes and give good traction, but they may feel "squirmy" on a warm, dry road. Unpatterned racing "slicks" on dry roads give maximum traction. These have no sipes, no grooves, and no tread blocks. However, they have very poor traction on even slightly wet surfaces. Large sipes are usually built into

189-745: A series of diagonal cuts across the tread. For improved traction, the tire may be siped twice, leaving diamond-shaped blocks. A significant problem with field siping is that the tread picks up rocks, glass, and other hard road debris in use, and even with thorough cleaning the knife service life is often poor. Microsiping can dramatically improve tire traction in rain and snow. However, microsiped tires may also have increased road noise and tire wear when operated on dry surfaces. Consumer Reports recommends against adding more than "the sipes that your tires come with" because of longevity and dry performance. Some companies such as Les Schwab claim that microsiped tires reduce tire friction heat and tire wear and extends

216-689: A type of snow tires which have metal or ceramic studs that protrude from the tire to increase traction on hard-packed snow or ice. Studs abrade dry pavement, causing dust and creating wear in the wheel path. Regulations that require the use of snow tires or permit the use of studs vary by country in Asia and Europe, and by state or province in North America. All-season tires have tread gaps that are smaller than snow tires and larger than conventional tires. They are quieter than winter tires on clear roads, but less capable on snow or ice. Snow tires operate on

243-431: A variety of surfaces, including pavement (wet or dry), mud, ice, or snow. The tread design of snow tires is adapted primarily to allow penetration of the snow into the tread, where it compacts and provides resistance against slippage. The snow strength developed by compaction depends on the properties of the snow, which depend on its temperature and water content—wetter, warmer snow compacts better than dry, colder snow up to

270-455: Is a criminal offence to operate a vehicle fitted with a studded tire on dry asphalt or concrete. As of 2016, regulations pertaining to snow tires in Europe varied by country. The principal aspects of regulations were whether the use was mandatory and whether studded tires were permitted. The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Transport Canada allow display of

297-442: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Siping (rubber) Siping was invented and patented in 1923 under the name of John F. Sipe . The story told on various websites is that, in the 1920s, Sipe worked in a slaughterhouse and grew tired of slipping on the wet floors. He found that cutting slits in the tread on the bottoms of his shoes provided better traction than

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324-444: Is done by using a special tool that spreads the rubber hole so that a stud jacket can be inserted and the flange at the bottom of the jacket can be fitted nicely to the bottom of the hole. The metal studs come in specific heights to match the depths of the holes molded into the tire tread based on the tread depths. For this reason, stud metals can only be inserted when the tires have not been driven on. A proper stud insertion results in

351-428: The council has retracted that study and is "not currently recommending or endorsing the siping procedure". Tire tread block shapes, groove configurations, and sipes affect tire noise pattern and traction characteristics. Typically, wide, straight grooves have a low noise level and good water removal. More lateral grooves usually increase traction . Sipes are small grooves that are cut across larger tread elements. Up to

378-405: The damage they may cause to road surfaces. The metal studs are fabricated by encapsulating a hard pin in a softer material base, sometimes called the jacket . The pin is often made of tungsten carbide , a very hard high performance ceramic. The softer base is the part that anchors the stud in the rubber of the tire. As the tire wears with use, the softer base wears so that its surface is at about

405-526: The legal requirements. Drivers will be fined for failing to comply with the snow tire or tire chains requirements, and checkpoints are in place on major highways. Nationwide studded tire restrictions in Japan for passenger vehicles came into effect in April 1991, followed by restrictions for commercial trucks in 1993. Studded tires are still legal in Japan, but their usage is restricted by environmental law and it

432-454: The life of the tire. Both Bridgestone and Michelin sell snow tires that are siped at the factory, while Saf-Tee Siping and Grooving sells machines that can sipe most standard vehicle tires. Siping can also be done by hand. Siping tires may void the manufacturer's warranty. Claims that extended life is achieved by siping may only apply to certain environments, operating temperatures , and rubber compound builds. Fine slits are cut into

459-444: The metal jacket that is flush with the surface of the tire tread having only the pin part that protrudes. The compacted snow develops strength against slippage along a shear plane parallel to the contact area of the tire on the ground. At the same time, the bottom of the tire treads compress the snow on which they are bearing, also creating friction. The process of compacting snow within the treads requires it to be expelled in time for

486-433: The presence of water or ice. Attributes that can distinguish snow tires from "all-season" and summer tires include: Wet-film conditions on hard-compacted snow or ice require studs or chains. Many jurisdictions in Asia, Europe, and North America seasonally allow snow tires with metal or ceramic studs to improve grip on packed snow or ice. Such tires are prohibited in other jurisdictions or during warmer months because of

513-458: The resistance to slippage achieved by the tread's contact with the snow and the tires with power begin to slip and spin. Deeper snow means that climbing a hill without spinning the powered wheels becomes more difficult. However, the plowing/compaction effect aids in braking to the extent that it creates rolling resistance. The 3PMSF (Three-Peak Mountain Snow Flake) indicates 10% better acceleration on snow . ASTM International F1805 (formalized in

540-453: The same level as the rubber, whereas the hard pin wears so that it continues to protrude from the tire. The pin should protrude at least 1 millimetre (0.04 in) for the tire to function properly. Snow tires do not eliminate skidding on ice and snow, but they greatly reduce risks. Studdable tires are manufactured with molded holes on the rubber tire tread . Usually, there are 80 to 100 molded holes per tire for stud insertion. The insertion

567-448: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Siping . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siping&oldid=1120682052 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

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594-504: The tire with a narrow blade, not near the size of a groove. Racing tires are siped to increase speed. The increased traction allows better contact to the racing surface for increased braking, acceleration, and turning. The sipes allow the tire to heat quicker at the start of their use and cool quicker. Siped soles are a characteristic feature of boat shoes . Winter tire Snow tires , also known as winter tires , are tires designed for use on snow and ice . Snow tires have

621-413: The tread during manufacturing. Sipes may also be cut into the tread at a later date, called "microsiping". Bandag developed a machine for microsiping which places a curved knife blade at a slight angle on a rotating drum. The drum is placed so when it is pressed against the tread the tire is pressed into an exaggerated hollow, as if driving down a rail. The drum is lubricated and rotated and the knife makes

648-446: The tread to compact snow anew on the next rotation. The compaction/contact process works both in the direction of travel for propulsion and braking, but also laterally for cornering. The deeper the snow that the tire rolls through, the higher the resistance encountered by the tire, as it compacts the snow it encounters and plows some of it to either side. At some point on a given angle of uphill pitch, this resistance becomes greater than

675-436: The uncut tread. Another story is that he was a deckhand and wanted to avoid slipping on a wet deck. John Sipe's invention was unsuccessful. It was applied to solid rubber tires, rather than pneumatic tires, and so the tires had poor wet grip anyway, owing to their limited contact patch . It was his son, Harry E. Sipe, who popularised the use of sipes in the US for the new low-pressure balloon tires around 1939. The process

702-687: The year 1999) The IMP (Icy Mountain Peak) indicates 18% better deceleration on ice . ASTM International F2493 (formalized in the year 2021) All prefectures of Japan , except for the southernmost prefecture of Okinawa , have a traffic regulation requiring motorized vehicles to be fitted with winter tires or tire chains when the road is covered by ice or snow. In addition, tire chains must be fitted for all vehicles on rural designated highways in snow country regions when regulated by traffic signs requiring tire chains. In many prefectures, tread grooves of snow tires are worn off for more than 50% of their original depth, tires must be replaced to meet

729-656: Was not applied to vehicle tires on a large scale until the 1950s, when superior tread compounds were developed that could stand up to the siping process. On roads covered with snow, ice, mud, and water, sipes usually increase traction . A US patent to Goodyear also claimed sipes improve tire traction, and tend to close completely in the tire "footprint" on the road. A 1978 study by the US National Safety Council found siping improved stopping distances by 22 percent, breakaway traction by 65 percent, and rolling traction by 28 percent on glare ice . Since then,

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